In response, people are forced to flee their country,

全世界，有 15 億人經歷武裝衝突。

leaving over 15 million refugees.

他們因此被迫逃離祖國，

Children, without a doubt,

造成超過一千五百萬個難民。

are the most innocent and vulnerable victims ...

無疑的，孩童

but not just from the obvious physical dangers,

是最無辜、最脆弱的受害者。

but from the often unspoken effects that wars have on their families.

他們不只面臨明顯的實體危害，

The experiences of war leave children at a real high risk

還會受到戰爭對他們的 家庭造成的無聲影響。

for the development of emotional and behavioral problems.

戰爭的經歷讓孩童有很高的風險，

Children, as we can only imagine,

可能會發展出情緒和行為問題。

will feel worried, threatened and at risk.

我們只能想像，孩童

But there is good news.

會感到擔心、被威脅、面臨風險。

The quality of care that children receive in their families

但有個好消息，

can have a more significant effect on their well-being

孩童的幸福比較會受到

than from the actual experiences of war that they have been exposed to.

他們在家中受到的照顧 之品質好壞所影響，

So actually, children can be protected

他們所接觸的戰爭經歷 造成的影響相對沒這麼大。

by warm, secure parenting during and after conflict.

其實，孩童可以被保護，

In 2011, I was a first-year PhD student

方式是在衝突中及衝突後， 提供他們溫暖安全的養育。

in the University of Manchester School of Psychological Sciences.

2011 年時， 我是博士班一年級學生，

Like many of you here,

就讀曼徹斯特大學的心理科學系。

I watched the crisis in Syria unfold in front of me on the TV.

跟你們許多人一樣，

My family is originally from Syria,

我在電視上看到敘利亞危機爆發。

and very early on,

我的家庭是來自敘利亞。

I lost several family members in really horrifying ways.

非常早的時候，

I'd sit and I'd gather with my family and watch the TV.

我就以非常可怕的方式 失去了數名家人。

We've all seen those scenes:

我會坐著，和家人 聚在一起，看電視。

bombs destroying buildings,

我們都曾看過那些場景：

chaos, destruction

炸彈摧毀建築、

and people screaming and running.

混亂、毀滅、

It was always the people screaming and running that really got me the most,

人們尖叫、竄逃。

especially those terrified-looking children.

讓我最有感觸的總是 人們尖叫、竄逃的部份，

I was a mother to two young, typically inquisitive children.

特別是那些看來嚇壞的孩童。

They were five and six then,

我是個母親，有兩個小孩， 都是典型的好奇寶寶，

at an age where they typically asked lots and lots of questions,

當時他們分別是五歲和六歲。

and expected real, convincing answers.

在那個年齡， 他們通常會問很多問題，

So, I began to wonder what it might be like

且期望得到真實、有說服力的答案。

to parent my children in a war zone and a refugee camp.

所以我開始納悶，如果在

Would my children change?

戰區和難民營中養育我的孩子 會是怎樣的狀況？

Would my daughter's bright, happy eyes lose their shine?

我的孩子會改變嗎？

Would my son's really relaxed and carefree nature become fearful and withdrawn?

我女兒那明亮快樂的雙眼 會失去光芒嗎？

How would I cope?

我兒子那悠閒自在的天性 會變得恐懼退縮嗎？

Would I change?

我要如何處理？

As psychologists and parent trainers,

我會改變嗎？

we know that arming parents with skills in caring for their children

我們這些心理學家 和父母訓練者知道，

can have a huge effect on their well-being,

提供父母照顧孩子的技能，

and we call this parent training.

對於他們的幸福能有很大的影響。

The question I had was,

我們稱這為父母訓練。

could parent training programs be useful for families

我的問題是，

while they were still in war zones or refugee camps?

父母訓練專案對於那些

Could we reach them with advice or training

還在戰區或難民營的家庭會有用嗎？

that would help them through these struggles?

我們是否能接觸到他們， 提供建議或是訓練，

So I approached my PhD supervisor,

來協助他們渡過這些困難？

Professor Rachel Calam,

所以我去找了我的 博士學位指導教授，

with the idea of using my academic skills to make some change in the real world.

瑞秋卡蘭博士，

I wasn't quite sure what exactly I wanted to do.

告訴她我的想法是用我的 學術技能在真實世界上做出改變。

She listened carefully and patiently,

我不太確定我到底想做什麼，

and then to my joy she said,

她很仔細且耐心地聽著，

"If that's what you want to do, and it means so much to you,

接著她說的話讓我很高興：

then let's do it.

「如果那是你想做的事、 且對你有如此重大的意義，

Let's find ways to see if parent programs

那就做吧！

can be useful for families in these contexts."

我們來找看看有什麼方法 可以使父母專案

So for the past five years, myself and my colleagues --

也能對那些情境中的 家庭有所幫助。」

Prof. Calam and Dr. Kim Cartwright --

所以過去五年，我自己和我同事──

have been working on ways to support families

卡蘭教授和金卡特萊博士──

that have experienced war and displacement.

致力於尋找方法來支持那些

Now, to know how to help families that have been through conflict

經歷了戰爭與遷移的家庭。

support their children,

若要知道如何幫助 那些經歷過衝突的家庭、

the first step must obviously be to ask them what they're struggling with,

如何支援他們的孩子，

right?

第一步驟很明顯是要詢問 他們的困難是什麼，

I mean, it seems obvious.

對吧？

But it's often those that are the most vulnerable,

我的意思是，這似乎很明顯。

that we're trying to support,

但通常，我們實際上卻不會去問

that we actually don't ask.

那些最脆弱的的人、

How many times have we just assumed we know exactly the right thing

我們試圖去支援的人。

that's going to help someone or something without actually asking them first?

我們多常會直接假設， 我們很清楚要協助

So I travelled to refugee camps in Syria and in Turkey,

某人或某事時該做的是什麼， 卻沒有真正先問當事人？

and I sat with families, and I listened.

所以我旅行到敘利亞和 土耳其的難民營，

I listened to their parenting challenges,

和許多家庭坐下來談，我傾聽他們，

I listened to their parenting struggles

我傾聽他們 在養育上的挑戰是什麼，

and I listened to their call for help.

我傾聽他們 在養育上的困難是什麼，

And sometimes that was just paused,

我傾聽他們的求助。

as all I could do was hold hands with them

有時候會中斷停下來，

and just join them in silent crying and prayer.

因為我能做的只有握住他們的手，

They told me about their struggles,

和他們一起默默地落淚和禱告。

they told me about the rough, harsh refugee camp conditions

他們告訴我他們的困難，

that made it hard to focus on anything but practical chores

他們告訴我難民營的條件 有多簡陋惡劣，

like collecting clean water.

讓他們很難聚焦做任何事， 只能做家庭雜務，

They told me how they watched their children withdraw;

比如收集乾淨的水。

the sadness, depression, anger,

他們告訴我他們如何看著孩子退縮，

bed-wetting, thumb-sucking, fear of loud noises,

那悲傷、沮喪、憤怒、

fear of nightmares --

尿床、吮手指、害怕大聲的噪音、

terrifying, terrifying nightmares.

害怕惡夢……

These families had been through what we had been watching on the TV.

非常非常恐怖的惡夢。

The mothers --

這些家庭經歷了 我們在電視上看到的那些狀況。

almost half of them were now widows of war,

那些母親們……

or didn't even know if their husbands were dead or alive --

幾乎有一半在戰爭中喪偶，

described how they felt they were coping so badly.

或是不知道丈夫是生是死。

They watched their children change and they had no idea how to help them.

她們訴說著她們 覺得自己處理得有多糟。

They didn't know how to answer their children's questions.

她們看著自己的孩子改變， 卻不知道怎麼幫助他們，

What I found incredibly astonishing and so motivational

她們不知道怎麼回答孩子的問題。

was that these families were so motivated to support their children.

讓我覺得最震驚且最激勵我的事，

Despite all these challenges they faced,

是這些家庭很積極 想要支持他們的孩子。

they were trying to help their children.

儘管他們面臨這些挑戰，

They were making attempts at seeking support from NGO workers,

他們仍然試著協助他們的孩子，

from refugee camp teachers,

他們試圖求助的對象 包括非政府組織人員、

professional medics,

難民營老師、

other parents.

專業醫務員、

One mother I met had only been in a camp for four days,

及其他父母。

and had already made two attempts

我見到一位母親，她才到營中四天，

at seeking support for her eight-year-old daughter

就已經做了兩項嘗試，

who was having terrifying nightmares.

試著尋求支助，幫助她那飽受

But sadly, these attempts are almost always useless.

可怕惡夢所苦的八歲女兒。

Refugee camp doctors, when available,

但不幸的是， 那些嘗試幾乎總是無用的。

are almost always too busy,

當難民營醫生能接受看診時，

or don't have the knowledge or the time for basic parenting supports.

他們幾乎總是很忙碌，

Refugee camp teachers and other parents are just like them --

或是沒有知識或時間 來協助養育方面的問題。

part of a new refugee community who's struggling with new needs.

難民營老師和其他父母的 狀況都和他們一樣──

So then we began to think.

都是新難民社區的一部份， 且為了新的需求而掙扎著。

How could we help these families?

所以我們開始想，

The families were struggling with things much bigger than they could cope with.

我們要如何協助這些家庭？

The Syrian crisis made it clear

這些家庭所遇到的困難 遠超過他們能處理的程度。

how incredibly impossible it would be to reach families on an individual level.

敘利亞危機讓我們知道，

How else could we help them?

想在個人層級上去接觸家庭 是非常不可能的。

How would we reach families at a population level

我們還能用什麼 其他方式協助他們？

and low costs

我們要如何在非常非常恐怖的時期，

in these terrifying, terrifying times?

在群體居民的層級上，

After hours of speaking to NGO workers,

以低成本接觸到家庭？

one suggested a fantastic innovative idea

在和非政府組織人員 談了數小時後，

of distributing parenting information leaflets via bread wrappers --

有個人提出一項非常創新的好建議，

bread wrappers that were being delivered to families in a conflict zone in Syria

用包麵包的紙 來發送養育資訊的傳單。

by humanitarian workers.

人道主義工作者會把包麵包的紙

So that's what we did.

送到敘利亞衝突區的家庭中。

The bread wrappers haven't changed at all in their appearance,

所以我們就那麼做了。

except for the addition of two pieces of paper.

包麵包的紙在外表上完全沒改變，

One was a parenting information leaflet that had basic advice and information

只是多了額外的兩張紙：

that normalized to the parent what they might be experiencing,

一張是養育資訊傳單， 上面有基本建議和資訊，

and what their child might be experiencing.

都是一般父母自身 可能正在經歷的狀況、

And information on how they could support themselves and their children,

他們的孩子可能正在經歷的狀況。

such as information like spending time talking to your child,

傳單上也提供如何支持 他們自己和孩子的相關資訊，

showing them more affection,

這些資訊包括 比如花時間和孩子說話、

being more patient with your child,

對他們展現更多感情、

talking to your children.

對孩子更有耐心、

The other piece of paper was a feedback questionnaire,

和孩子說話。

and of course, there was a pen.

另一張紙是回饋問卷，

So is this simply leaflet distribution,

當然，也有附一枝筆。

or is this actually a possible means of delivering psychological first aid

所以，這只不過是發傳單？

that provides warm, secure, loving parenting?

或是這真的是種可行的手段， 能提供溫暖、安全、慈愛的養育，

We managed to distribute 3,000 of these in just one week.

將心理急救遞送過去給他們？

What was incredible was we had a 60 percent response rate.

我們只在一週內 就成功發送出 3000 份，

60 percent of the 3,000 families responded.

很不可思議的是回應率有 60%，

I don't know how many researchers we have here today,

三千個家庭中有 60% 回覆了問卷。

but that kind of response rate is fantastic.

我不知道今天 在現場有多少研究者，

To have that in Manchester would be a huge achievement,

但這種回應率實在太棒了。

let alone in a conflict zone in Syria --

在曼徹斯特若有這種回應率 就可以算是很大的成就，

really highlighting how important these kinds of messages were to families.

何況是在敘利亞的衝突區。

I remember how excited and eager we were for the return of the questionnaires.

這突顯出這類資訊 對那些家庭有多重要。

The families had left hundreds of messages --

我還記得收到回覆的回卷時， 我們有多興奮和熱切。

most incredibly positive and encouraging.

那些家庭留下了數以百計的訊息──

But my favorite has got to be,

大部份都非常正面且鼓舞人心。

"Thank you for not forgetting about us and our children."

但我最愛的是這一則：

This really illustrates the potential means

「謝謝你們沒有忘記 我們和我們的孩子。」

of the delivery of psychological first aid to families,

這真的說明了將心理急救

and the return of feedback, too.

遞送到家庭中的可行手段，

Just imagine replicating this using other means

同時還可得到回饋。

such as baby milk distribution, or female hygiene kits,

想像一下套用其他手段 來複製這做法，

or even food baskets.

比如兒童牛奶配送、 或是女性衛生包、

But let's bring this closer to home,

甚至食物籃。

because the refugee crisis

但是我們先把這帶到 離家近一點的地方，

is one that is having an effect on every single one of us.

因為難民危機

We're bombarded with images daily of statistics and of photos,

對我們每個人都有影響。

and that's not surprising,

我們每天被統計數字 和照片給轟炸著。

because by last month,

那並不讓人意外，

over one million refugees had reached Europe.

因為上個月，

One million.

有超過一百萬難民抵達歐洲，

Refugees are joining our communities,

一百萬！

they're becoming our neighbors,

難民開始加入我們的社區，

their children are attending our children's schools.

他們變成我們的鄰居，

So we've adapted the leaflet to meet the needs of European refugees,

他們的孩子會跟 我們的孩子上同一間學校。

and we have them online, open-access,

所以我們修改了傳單 以符合歐洲難民的需求。

in areas with a really high refugee influx.

我們把它們放上網，開放取用，

For example, the Swedish healthcare uploaded it onto their website,

放在有大量難民湧入的區域，

and within the first 45 minutes,

比如，瑞士健康照顧 就把它上傳到他們的網站上。

it was downloaded 343 times --

才上傳 45 分鐘，

really highlighting how important it is

就有 343 次下載。

for volunteers, practitioners and other parents

這顯示出，非常重要的是要

to have open-access, psychological first-aid messages.

讓志工、醫生、及其他父母

In 2013, I was sitting on the cold, hard floor of a refugee camp tent

能取得公開取用的心理急救訊息。

with mothers sitting around me as I was conducting a focus group.

在 2013 年，我在難民營的帳篷中 坐在冰冷的硬地板上，

Across from me stood an elderly lady

我在進行一個焦點團體訪談， 許多母親圍繞在我身邊。

with what seemed to be a 13-year-old girl lying beside her,

我對面站著一個老女人，

with her head on the elderly lady's knees.

有個看似 13 歲的女孩 躺在她身邊，

The girl stayed quiet throughout the focus group,

頭放在老女人的膝蓋上。

not talking at all,

整過個程中女孩很安靜，

with her knees curled up against her chest.

完全沒說話，

Towards the end of the focus group,

整個人蜷曲著，膝蓋靠向胸部。

and as I was thanking the mothers for their time,

在焦點團體訪談尾聲，

the elderly lady looked at me while pointing at the young girl,

我正在感謝母親們花時間來，

and said to me, "Can you help us with...?"

老女人看著我，手指向那女孩，

Not quite sure what she expected me to do,

對我說：「你能幫幫我們嗎……？」

I looked at the young girl and smiled,

我不太確定她期望我做什麼，

and in Arabic I said,

我微笑看著小女孩，

"Salaam alaikum. Shu-ismak?"

我用阿拉伯語說：

"What's your name?"

「Salaam alaikum. Shu-ismak?」

She looked at me really confused and unengaged,

「你好，你叫什麼名字？」

but then said, "Halul."

她看著我，表情困惑， 完全在狀況外。

Halul is the pet's name for the Arabic female name, Hala,

但接著她說：「赫魯爾。」

and is only really used to refer to really young girls.

赫魯爾是寵物用的名字， 來自阿拉伯女性名字赫拉，

At that point I realized that actually Hala was probably much older than 13.

只會用來稱呼非常小的女孩。

It turns out Hala was a 25-year-old mother to three young children.

那時，我了解到赫拉的 實際年齡很可能遠大於 13 歲。

Hala had been a confident, bright, bubbly, loving, caring mother

結果赫拉是 25 歲， 且是三個孩子的媽。

to her children,

對她的孩子來說，赫拉過去 是個有自信、聰明、活潑、

but the war had changed all of that.

慈愛、關懷的母親，

She had lived through bombs being dropped in her town;

但戰爭改變了一切。

she had lived through explosions.

她經歷過炸彈被投在她的小鎮上，

When fighter jets were flying around their building,

她經歷過爆炸。

dropping bombs,

當戰機在他們的樓房附近飛行，

her children would be screaming, terrified from the noise.

投下炸彈，

Hala would frantically grab pillows and cover her children's ears

她的孩子會尖叫，害怕那噪音，

to block out the noise,

赫拉會瘋狂地抓枕頭 來蓋住孩子的耳朵，

all the while screaming herself.

擋住噪音，

When they reached the refugee camp

她自己則一直尖叫。

and she knew they were finally in some kind of safety,

當他們到達難民營，

she completely withdrew to acting like her old childhood self.

她知道他們終於得到某種安全了，

She completely rejected her family --

她完全退縮回去， 行為舉止回到孩童時期，

her children, her husband.

她完全排拒她的家庭、

Hala simply could no longer cope.

她的孩子、她的先生。

This is a parenting struggle with a really tough ending,

赫拉就是再也無法承受了。

but sadly, it's not uncommon.

這是個養育的掙扎困境， 而結局很困苦。

Those who experience armed conflict and displacement

但很讓人悲傷的是，這很常見。

will face serious emotional struggles.

經歷過武裝衝突和遷移的人，

And that's something we can all relate to.

會要面對嚴重的情緒掙扎。

If you have been through a devastating time in your life,

那是我們都能懂的，

if you have lost someone or something you really care about,

如果你在人生中有經過 讓你身心交瘁的時期，

how would you continue to cope?

如果你失去過 你非常在乎的人或物，

Could you still be able to care for yourself and for your family?