I'm most often asked what my favorite discovery is.

身為考古學家，

The answer's easy:

我經常被問到 「最喜歡哪一個發現。」

my husband, Greg.

答案很簡單：

(Laughter)

我的丈夫格雷格。

We met in Egypt on my first dig.

（笑聲）

It was my first lesson in finding unexpected, wonderful things.

我們相遇於我第一次 在埃及挖掘的時候。

This began an incredible archaeological partnership.

這是我第一個意料之外的精彩發現。

Years later, I proposed to him in front of our favorite pair statue

一段令人難以置信的 考古夥伴關係就此展開。

of the Prince and Princess Rahotep and Nofret,

幾年後，我在我們最喜歡的 一對雕像前面向他求婚，

in the Cairo Museum,

是拉和泰浦王子及 妻子諾芙列王妃的雕像，

dating to 4,600 years ago.

位於開羅博物館，

I thought if I was going to ask Greg to spend the rest of this life with me,

追溯到 4,600 年前。

then I should ask him in front of two people

我想若要邀請格雷格與我共渡餘生，

who had pledged to be together for eternity.

那麼我應該在兩位 承諾永結同心的人面前問他。

These symbols endure because when we look at them,

這些象徵挺過歲月的洗禮，

we're looking at mirrors.

因為當我們看著他們時，

They are powerful reminders

我們如面對著鏡子。

that our common humanity has not changed.

他們強烈地提醒著我們

The thrill of archaeological discovery is as powerful as love,

共通的人性並未改變。

because ancient history is the most seductive mistress imaginable.

考古發現的震撼力道 與愛一樣地強大，

Many archaeologists have devoted their lives

因為古代歷史

to unraveling the mysteries of the past

是想像得到最誘人的情婦。

under hot suns

許多考古學家獻身於

and Arctic winds

揭開過往的奧秘面紗，

and in dense rainforests.

不論置身於炙熱的太陽下，

Many seek.

頂著極地寒風，

Some discover.

或是深入叢密的熱帶雨林。

All worship at the temple of possibility

很多人追尋，

that one discovery might change history.

有些人找到了；

On my first day in Egypt, I worked at a site

大家都在聖殿禮拜，

in the Northeast Egyptian Delta called Mendes, dating to 4,200 years ago,

期望一個可能改變歷史的發現。

in a cemetery.

我在埃及的首日，

That's a picture of me --

挖掘埃及三角洲東北的門德斯，

I'm just in my bliss.

約 4,200 年歷史的墓地。

On the dig, surrounded by emerald green rice paddies,

這張照片中的我

I discovered an intact pot.

完全沈浸在幸福裡。

Flipping it over,

我被鮮綠色的稻禾包圍，

I discovered a human thumbprint left by whoever made the vessel.

挖到一只完整的鍋子。

For a moment, time stood still.

翻了過來，

I didn't know where I was.

我發現了一枚造鍋人留下的指紋。

It was because at that moment I realized,

瞬間時間凍結了。

when we dig,

我不知身在何處。

we're digging for people,

因為當下我意識到，

not things.

我們挖掘的是人，不是物品。

Never are we so present as when we are in the midst of the great past.

我們未曾像此刻這樣 身處在偉大的過往之間。

I can't tell you how many times I've stood in front of the Pyramids of Giza,

我無數次站在吉薩金字塔前面

and they leave me speechless.

無以言喻，

I feel like the luckiest person in the world.

覺得自己是世上最幸運的人。

They're a monument to our human brilliance and everything that is possible.

它們是人類智慧所及 最輝煌的紀念碑。

Many cannot process their brilliance as human --

許多人不相信人類可造出 如此輝煌的建築，

they think aliens built them.

認為是外星人建造的。

But this is ridiculous.

多麼的可笑。

All you need to do is get up close and personal,

只要靠得夠近，

and see the hidden hand of man

就會看到人手的鑿痕。

in the chisel marks left by the tools that built them.

偉大的吉薩金字塔 是一塊塊石頭堆砌起來的，

The Great Pyramid of Giza was built one stone at a time

用了二百三十萬石塊，

with 2.3 million blocks,

和無與倫比的組織效率。

with incredible bureaucratic efficiency.

經時間考驗屹立不搖的不是金字塔，

It is not the pyramids that stand the test of time;

而是人類的聰明才智，

it is human ingenuity.

乃是我們共有的人類輝煌。

That is our shared human brilliance.

儘管歷史循環，

History may be cyclical,

但我們是獨特的。

but we are singular.

我熱愛我的工作，

I love what I do,

因我知道我們和以前沒什麼不同。

because I learn that we haven't changed.

我讀到 3,500 年前 美索不達米亞的婆婆笑話。

I get to read about mother-in-law jokes from Mesopotamia

（笑聲）

from 3,500 years ago.

我聽到 4,600 年前 埃及鄰居彼此的詛咒。

(Laughter)

我最喜愛的是一則 3,300 年前在盧克索的銘文：

I get to hear about neighbors cursing each other

描述學生逃課去飲酒。

from 4,600 years ago in Egypt.

（笑聲）

And my absolute favorite, from 3,300 years ago in Luxor:

當今的孩子們啊。

an inscription that describes schoolboys who cut class to go drinking.

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

我看到最難以置信的建築物，

Kids these days.

看到驚人的雕塑──

(Laughter)

基本上這是自拍的石像──

I get to see the most incredible architecture,

也看到我們一直對寶石著迷。

see stunning sculptures --

我們也在牆上公告，

I mean, this is basically a selfie in stone --

對貓癡迷──

and see that we've always rocked serious bling.

（笑聲）

And also, we've been posting on walls

數千年了。

and obsessing about cats --

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

（掌聲）

for thousands of years.

考古學家保存文化，

(Laughter)

為數十億的古人 和成千上萬的古文化發言。

(Applause)

我們用科學、想像力和信任

Archaeologists are the cultural memory preservers

作為金三角來起死回生。

and the spokespeople

去年，

for the billions of people and the thousands of cultures

考古學家的驚人發現，包括：

that came before us.

在南非發現了新的人類祖先、

Good science, imagination and a leap of faith

在肯亞發現的 三百三十萬年前用的工具──

are the trifecta we use to raise the dead.

乃是被發現的最古老工具 ──

In the last year,

以及 1718 年黑鬍子海盜船上 發現的一系列醫療用具，

archaeologists have made incredible discoveries, including:

這個用來治療梅毒。

new human ancestors from South Africa;

哎喲，痛啊！

tools from 3.3 million years ago --

（笑聲）

these are the oldest tools ever discovered --

這裡的每一件

in Kenya.

都伴隨著數以千計被我的同事發現，

And this, from a series of medical implements found

但未曾成為新聞標題的重要古物。

from Blackbeard's ship from 1718.

儘管如此，我認為 考古學家最重要的任務，

What you're looking at is a medical tool used to treat syphilis.

是承認過去有人類存在，

Ouch!

並且他們的生活值得我們學習。

(Laughter)

各位能否想像

For each of these,

若我們這樣看待每個人， 今天的世界會是什麼樣貌呢？

there are thousands of other incredibly important discoveries

因此，我們挖掘時面對的挑戰，

made by my colleagues,

通常像這樣。

that do not make headlines.

你看不到任何東西。

However, I believe that the most important thing we do as archaeologists

要在哪裡開始挖呢？

is acknowledge that past people existed

這是開羅南部的一個遺址。

and lived lives worth learning about.

若從太空往下看，

Can you even imagine what the world would be like today

仍然沒看出什麼。

if we acknowledged all human beings in this way?

這是遙測衛星 「世界觀 3 號」照的圖像，

So, on a dig, we have a challenge:

解析度為 0.3 公尺，

it often looks like this.

約當 10 英吋。

You can't see anything.

這意味著可從四百英里的高空，

Where are we going to start digging?

拉近看到你的平板電腦。

This is from a site south of Cairo.

我怎麼知道的呢？

Let's have a look from space.

因我是個太空考古學家。

Again, you can't really see much.

讓我複述：

What you're looking at is a WorldView-3 satellite image,

我是個太空考古學家。

which has a .3 meter resolution.

意即──

That's 10 inches.

謝謝。

This means that you can zoom in from 400 miles in space

（掌聲）

and see your tablets.

意思是我用演算法處理衛星圖像，

How do I know about this?

查看光譜中的微妙差異，

It's because I'm a space archaeologist.

那意味著地底下埋藏著東西，

Let me repeat that.

值得我們去挖掘和調查。

I am a space archaeologist.

順便一提──

This means --

美國太空總署有個太空考古計劃，

(Applause)

所以這是一門真正的職業。

Thank you.

（笑聲）

This means I use satellite images and process them using algorithms,

讓我們再看看。

and look at subtle differences in the light spectrum

我們回到開羅南部的考古遺址。

that indicate buried things under the ground

看不到任何東西。

that I get to go excavate and survey.

專注目光於紅色矩形裡。

By the way --

用演算法處理衛星圖像後──

NASA has a Space Archaeology program,

想像它是太空的斷層掃瞄機──

so it's a real job.

會看到這樣。

(Laughter)

這長方形狀是個古墓，

So, let's have a look again.

以前未知、未被開挖過，

We're back at the site just south of Cairo.

而你們是幾千年後首次看到的人。

You can't see anything.

（掌聲）

Keep your eye on the red rectangle.

我相信有待我們去發現的遺址很多， 我們只觸碰到一點點皮毛而已。

When we process the image using algorithms --

僅僅埃及三角洲一地，

think like a space-based CAT scan --

我們已經開掘的

this is what you see.

不到埃及遺址總量的 百分之 0.001。

This rectilinear form is an ancient tomb

如果加上數以千計 我和同事發現的遺址，

that is previously unknown and unexcavated,

我們以為已經知道的

and you all are the first people to see it in thousands of years.

遠遠比不上仍待我們去發現的。

(Applause)

看看我的同事在世界各地的 驚人工作和發現，

I believe we have barely scratched the surface

我相信，

in terms of what's left to discover.

還有數百萬尚未被發現的考古遺址。

In the Egyptian Delta alone,

發現那些遺址，

we've excavated less than one-1000th of one percent

將會開啟人類存在的全部潛能。

of the total volume of Egyptian sites.

但我們面臨一個挑戰。

When you add to that the thousands of other sites

過去一年裡，

my team and I have discovered,

我們看到了可怖的新聞標題，

what we thought we knew pales in comparison

報導考古遺址遭到驚人的破壞，

to what we have left to discover.

遭受伊斯蘭國恐怖組織 之類的大規模掠奪。

When you look at the incredible work

「伊斯蘭國」摧毀位於 帕邁拉的寺廟。

that my colleagues are doing all around the world

什麼人會炸毀寺廟啊？

and what they're finding,

他們摧毀了約拿的墳墓。

I believe that there are millions of undiscovered archaeological sites

我們看到了如此猖獗的掠奪，

left to find.

看起來像是月亮的隕石坑。

Discovering them will do nothing less

伊斯蘭國擺明要摧毀現代人的生活，

than unlock the full potential of our existence.

當然也延伸摧毀文化的認同。

But we have a challenge.

歷史上無數的入侵軍隊 做過同樣的事。

Over the last year,

我們知道伊斯蘭國出售掠奪物牟利，

we've seen horrible headlines

但不知道規模有多大。

of incredible destruction going on to archaeological sites,

意味著從中東市場上買的任何東西，

and massive looting by people like ISIL.

都可能資助恐怖主義。

ISIL has destroyed temples at Palmyra.

被掠劫過的遺址，

Who blows up a temple?

如同是一個已經失踪了 90％ 碎片的拼圖，

They've destroyed the Tomb of Jonah.

餘下的碎片又被弄得面目全非。

And we've seen looting at sites so rampant,

這是大咧咧明顯的盜竊。

it looks like craters of the moon.

我們知道兩種掠奪：

Knowing ISIL's desire to destroy modern human lives,

伊斯蘭國之類的犯罪掠奪，

it's a natural extension for them to destroy cultural identity as well.

和當地絕望缺錢的人盜墓。

Countless invading armies have done the same throughout history.

為了養家活口我們可能也會那樣做；

We know that ISIL is profiting from the looting of sites,

我不責怪當地的盜墓者。

but we don't know the scale.

我責怪無恥的中間人、 沒道德的販運者，

This means that any object purchased on the market today

和國際藝術市場。

from the Middle East

他們利用模糊的法律，

could potentially be funding terrorism.

或甚至於因無法可管來牟利。

When a site is looted,

我們知道當下在全球各地 正進行著越來越多的掠奪，

it's as if a puzzle already missing 90 percent of it pieces

而目前我們沒任何工具去阻止它。

has had the rest obscured beyond recognition.

但這開始改變了。

This is ancient identity theft writ large.

我和團隊剛剛完成了一項 關於在埃及發生的掠奪的研究。

We know that there are two kinds of looting going on:

我們研究開放的數據，

looting by criminal elements like ISIL,

測繪 2002 到 2013 年間 發生於全埃及的掠奪。

and then more local looting by those that are desperate for money.

我們發現了 267 個 掠奪和摧毀遺址的證據，

We would all do the same to feed our families;

對應繪製超過二十萬個掠奪坑。

I don't blame the local looters.

非常的驚人。

I blame the middlemen, the unethical traffickers

整合這些數據──

and an international art market

能看到這些標記的掠奪坑。

that exploits often ambiguous or even completely nonexistent laws.

在這個地區特別糟糕， 從 2009、2011、2012 年起

We know looting is going on on a global scale and it's increasing,

數百坑遭劫。

but presently we don't have any tools to stop it.

在整合所有的數據後，

This is beginning to change.

我們發現與一般的認知相反，

My team and I have just completed a study looking at looting in Egypt.

埃及的掠奪變糟並非始於 2011 年的阿拉伯之春，

We looked at open-source data

而是 2009 年的全球經濟衰退。

and mapped the entirety of looting across Egypt

因此，大數據明白顯示了

from 2002 to 2013.

掠奪根本上是個經濟的問題。

We found evidence of looting and site destruction at 267 sites,

如果我們什麼都不做， 不阻止這問題，

and mapped over 200,000 looting pits.

所有埃及的遺址都會在 2040 年以前被掠奪殆盡。

It's astonishing.

因此，我們正處於轉折點。

And putting that data together --

我們這一代

you can see the looting pits marked here.

有阻止掠奪的工具和技術，

At one site, the looting got bad from 2009, 2011, 2012 --

但我們的動作不夠快。

hundreds and hundreds of pits.

有時一個考古遺址 有著你意想不到的韌性。

Putting all the data together,

我剛剛從名叫樂詩特的 考古遺址回來，

what we found is that, contrary to popular opinion,

我和埃及古物部在那裡 共同領導一個聯合任務。

looting did not start to get worse in Egypt in 2011 after the Arab Spring,

此遺址遠溯至公元前 2000 至 1750 年的埃及中王國。

but in 2009, after the global recession.

中王國是古埃及的文藝復興時期。

Thus, we've shown with big data

經歷了一段時間的 激烈的內部衝突和環境的挑戰後，

that looting is fundamentally an economic issue.

埃及向上反彈，

If we do nothing to stop the problem,

產生了令人難以置信的藝術、 建築和文學的復甦。

all of Egypt's sites will be affected by looting by 2040.

這是我最喜歡研究的埃及時段，

Thus, we are at a tipping point.

因為它大量教我們 如何在大災難後生存和繁榮。

We are the generation with all the tools and all the technologies

如今，我們已繪下 無數被掠奪後的坑坑洞洞。

to stop looting,

樂施特曾是皇家所在地；

but we're not working fast enough.

本來有成千上萬的人埋葬在那裡。

Sometimes an archaeological site can surprise you with its resilience.

他們是曾在法老底下工作 和生活的那些人。

I am just back from the field,

比較掠奪之前和之後， 看到幾十個掠奪坑。

where I co-led a joint mission with Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities

這是北樂施特。

at a site called Lisht.

這是南樂施特，之前和之後。

This site dates to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt between 2,000 and 1,750 BC.

我們第一次查看樂施特遺址時，

The Middle Kingdom was Ancient Egypt's Renaissance period.

看到許多已被盜挖的高官墳墓。

After a time of intense internal strife and environmental challenges,

讓我帶你們透析被掠奪的規模。

Egypt rebounded

想像塞滿棺木、首飾和驚人雕像的 兩公尺長、兩公尺寬區域，

with an incredible resurgence of art, architecture and literature.

乘以一千多倍,

It's a favorite period of time to study in Egypt,

就是被掠奪的量。

because it teaches us so much about how we can survive and thrive

所以，當我們開始工作時，

after great disasters.

埃及方面的主任 穆汗默德約瑟夫對我說，

Now at this site, we had already mapped countless looting pits.

「我們必須挖掘這個墳墓。

Lisht is a royal site;

它被盜墓者掠奪過。

there would have been thousands of people buried there

如果我們不做任何事情， 盜墓者會再回來的。」

who lived and worked at the court of Pharaoh.

我當然同意挖掘，

You can see this before and after; you see dozens of looting pits.

但不以為會找到任何東西。

North Lisht.

我認為盜墓者會已偷走了一切。

This is in South Lisht, before and after.

接下來的發現使我們 大大地鬆了一口氣。

When we first visited the site,

看看這幅畫──多麼令人驚嘆。

we could see the tombs of many high-ranking officials

我們找到刻畫的銘文；

that had been looted.

甚至還有墓主的頭銜──

Let me put into perspective for you what was taken.

他的頭銜像是：「軍隊監督」、

Imagine a two meter by two meter area full of coffins, jewelry

「財政監督」。

and incredible statuary.

我升起希望，

Multiply that times over a thousand.

也許，也許能找到他的名字。

That's what was taken.

對於古埃及人而言， 讓名字永誌不朽是他們的目標。