I've asked you, after a few minutes, a bit of an odd question:

我是克里斯·諾因斯基， 如果你在過去的五年中曾遇見我，

Can I have your brain?

很有可能在我們交談幾分鐘後， 我問了你一個怪問題：

Now, it only seems like a strange question if you don't know my story

「可以把你的大腦給我嗎？」

so please let me share it with you.

如果你不知道我的故事， 那就看似是個怪問題，

I grew up outside of Chicago, and I was an athlete

讓我與你們分享吧。

and I was very lucky to get recruited to play football at Harvard University.

我在芝加哥郊區長大， 是一名運動員，

So that's me.

我很幸運地被哈佛大學錄取踢足球。

And then after graduating, like most Harvard graduates,

那就是我。

I decided I wanted to join the WWE.

畢業後，像大多數哈佛畢業生一樣，

So that's also me.

我決定加入世界摔角娛樂圈。

(Laughter)

所以那也是我。

Sure you remember me from Monday Night Raw in 2002 and 2003,

（笑聲）

and I had a blast

當然你還記得 2002 和 2003 年的 Monday Night Raw，

playing what people affectionately like to call

我造成極大的迴響，

Chris Harvard, the Ivy League snob.

扮演大家喜愛的常春藤名校勢利鬼

(Laughter)

克里斯·哈佛。

It was perfect for me.

（笑聲）

But unfortunately,

對我而言，那角色非常完美。

I got kicked in the head by my colleague Bubba Ray Dudley,

但不幸的是，

and I suffered a severe concussion.

我的頭給拍擋 布巴‧雷‧達德利的腳踢中了，

And it led to what became permanent postconcussion symptoms:

我遭受嚴重的腦震盪。

constant headaches, inability to sleep, depression, feeling in a fog.

導致永久性的腦震盪症候群症狀：

And in that first year,

持續頭痛、難以入睡、 抑鬱、感覺迷迷糊糊。

I tried to figure out how could I make this pain go away.

而在第一年裡，

And I wasn't getting the answers I needed from doctors,

我試圖消除這痛苦，

and so I started digging into the medical literature.

醫生沒給我需要的答案，

And I found there's this whole story about concussions

所以我開始深入研究醫學文獻，

that we weren't really being told.

發現了關於腦震盪

So I decided to write a book about it,

原先未知的完整事實。

called "Head Games: Football's Concussion Crisis"

所以我決定為此寫一本書，

that came out in 2006.

書名是「頭部遊戲： 美式足球的腦震盪危機」，

But in that process, I learned it's not really just about concussions.

在 2006 年出版。

I learned about a disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE.

但在寫作的過程中， 我了解到不僅是腦震盪而已，

What we used to call punch-drunk, because we only knew about it from boxers.

有一種稱為「慢性創傷性腦病」 或 CTE 的疾病存在。

We knew that getting hit in the head too many times with boxers

過去只知道是拳擊手的頭 受到重擊而醺醉的現象。

would cause their brain to essentially start to rot, to degenerate.

由於拳擊手頭部被多次擊中，

And they'd have symptoms

會導致他們的大腦開始損壞及退化。

like memory problems and problems with cognition,

他們會有一些症狀

depression, impulse control issues, aggression.

像記憶和認知問題、

So basically, I got ...

抑鬱、衝動控制問題，及侵略性。

I got injured at the right time,

基本上，我得知......

in which the first two NFL players were studied for this disease.

我的受傷時間剛剛好，

And it turned out they both had it.

有兩名前 NFL 球員， 因為這種疾病而被研究。

The first was Mike Webster, 50 years old, already had dementia.

結果證明他們都有 CTE。

The second, Terry Long, 45 years old when he took his life.

第一人是邁克‧韋伯斯特， 50 歲已經患有失智症。

The medical examiner in Pittsburgh decided to look at their brains

第二人是特里‧龍， 於 45 歲時自殺。

and found this disease.

匹茲堡的醫學檢查員 決定查看他們的大腦，

I wrote a chapter about it,

發現他們有這種病。

and I thought people would make a big deal out of it.

我為此寫了一章，

But shockingly, even when the first two cases came in positive,

以為人們會反應強烈。

there was never a national news story about this,

但令我震驚的是 即使有前面兩個陽性的病例，

what's going on in football with these cases of CTE.

從來沒有全國性的新聞

So the book comes out,

報導足球界的這些 CTE 案例。

not a whole lot is happening,

這本書上架了，

and one day I read the newspaper -- November 20, 2006.

沒多少事發生。

I find out that Andre Waters just took his life.

有一天我在讀報紙── 當時是 2006 年 11 月 20 日，

Those of you who know football,

發現安德烈·沃特斯剛自殺。

Andre Waters was someone I grew up watching.

對足球熟識的人，

Former Philadelphia Eagles strong safety,

像我就是看著安德烈·沃特斯長大的，

[44] years old, a Division II football coach

他曾是費城老鷹隊堅固的防守後衛，

when he decided to put a gun to his head.

在 44 歲擔任乙級足球教練時

In the article they reminded me, his nickname was Dirty Waters.

舉槍自殺。

He was known for leading with his head,

報導中提及他的綽號是 「骯髒的沃特斯」，

so I thought I'm just going to look up

以頭先行防守而聞名，

did he ever talk about the concussions he had.

這使我想查查看

And I found a quote from 1994 where Andre Waters said,

他是否曾經談及自己腦震盪的事。

"I stopped counting my concussions at 15.

我找到沃特斯在 1994 年的一段話：

I wouldn't say anything, I'd just sniff smelling salts and go back out there."

「15 次腦震盪後我就不再數了。

And I thought, I wonder if he might have CTE, too.

（撞了頭後）我什麼都沒說， 僅聞聞嗅鹽提提神就又回球場。」

If that might have contributed to whatever made him choose to end his life.

我納悶他是否也有 CTE，

So I ended up calling the doctor who did the first two studies, and I said,

那會不會是造成他 選擇自殺的部分原因。

"Hey, I think you should study Andre Waters."

所以我後來打電話給之前 做兩項研究的醫生，我說︰

And he said, "I'd be happy to.

「嘿，我認為你應該研究 安德烈‧沃特斯。」

The problem is, the first two cases died in the county in which I work,

他說：「我很樂意。

and I could study them as part of my job.

但問題是，前兩次死亡個案 發生在我工作的郡，

I can't do that with Andre Waters, he died in Florida.

我的工作範圍許可研究它們的情況。

If you want me to study him, you're going to have to figure out

沃特斯在佛羅里達州去世， 我沒法處理。

how to get me the brain."

如果你想讓我研究他的情況，

So I said, "OK.

就必須想辦法讓我取得他的大腦。」

How does one get a brain?"

我說：「好的。

(Laughter)

如何取得大腦？」

So I racked my brain

（笑聲）

and I thought, why don't I call the medical examiner

我絞盡腦汁，

who I think has the brain right now?

想到，何不打電話給法醫？

So I called up the medical examiner in Florida, and I said,

大腦現在應該在他那裏。

"Hey, you don't know me, but do you still have the brain of Andre Waters?"

我打電話給佛羅里達州的法醫，

(Laughter)

說：「嘿，你不認識我，但 安德烈‧沃特斯的腦還在你哪兒嗎？」

And he said, "Yes, I do."

（笑聲）

I said, "OK, are you going to study him for CTE?"

他說：「是的，在這裡。」

And he said no, in fact at that time he didn't believe that was a real disease.

我說：「好，你打算研究 他有沒有 CTE 這方面的問題嗎？」

I said, "OK, if you're not, do you mind if I have it?"

他說不，當時他並不認為 CTE 是一種真正的疾病。

And he said, "Well, young man,

我說：「好，如果你用不著， 你介意把這個腦給我嗎？」

I can't give you the brain.

他說：「這樣子吧，年輕人，

You need his family's permission.

我不能把這個腦給你。

But if you do get the permission of his next of kin,

你需要得到他家人的同意。

I will release the brain to you."

如果他的近親許可了，

And I said, "Great!"

我就把大腦交給你。」

And then I realized I had to figure out who his next of kin was and ask them,

我說：「太棒了！」

and it turned out it was Andre Waters's 88-year-old mother.

接著我意識到必須找出 他的近親是誰，詢問他們。

And I sat there, and I took a breath and I thought,

結果是沃特斯 88 歲的母親。

"Am I really going to cold-call an 88-year-old grieving mother

我坐在那裡，深吸一口氣，想︰

who just lost her son to suicide?"

「真的要唐突地打電話 給一個兒子剛剛自殺，

And almost everything in me said, "Don't do it.

88 歲的悲傷母親嗎？」

It's too much to put this poor woman through,

我的內心掙扎著說：「不要這樣做。

she's been through so much already."

實在太過分， 會傷透一個可憐女人的心，

But then this other voice in my head said,

她已經受夠了。」

"You know what?

但是，我腦海中有另一個聲音說：

If guys are killing themselves from this disease

「知道嗎？

and we could study it to maybe prevent this from happening in the future,

如果人們正在因 CTE 而自殺，

sometimes you've just got to suck it up and do something that's very hard."

我們可以通過研究 防止未來再發生同樣的事，

So I called her.

有時你要忍受痛苦， 做一些極困難的事情。」

First time, nobody answered.

所以我打電話給她。

Second time, no one answered, third... no voice mails.

第一次，電話沒人接聽。

The fifth time, I got an answer.

第二次，電話沒人接聽， 第三次......沒語音信箱。

And thank God that Andre Waters's family was so gracious about the call and said,

第五次，有人接電話了。

"You know what, we want to know what happened to Andre.

感謝上帝，沃特斯的家人 如此親切地接電話，回答說：

We want to know why he changed so much in the last five years of his life."

「你知道嗎，我們想知道 安德烈發生了什麼事。

And so we studied the brain,

我們想知道在過去的五年中， 他的變化為何如此之大。」

and it turned out that he did have CTE.

所以，我們研究那個腦，

He became the third NFL player diagnosed with the disease.

事實證明他確實患有 CTE。

This is what it looks like.

他成為第三位被診斷 患有該病的 NFL 球員。

He was somewhere between mild and severe.

腦看起來就是這樣。

OK, we have three of three NFL players here.

他處於輕度和重度之間。

Maybe this needs to get a little bit more serious.

好的，我們有三名 NFL 的球員在這裡，

Maybe something's happening here.

可能這需要更被重視些。

So I ended up starting the Concussion Legacy Foundation,

也許當中發生了一些事情，

actually formalized the work,

所以我最終成立了 「腦震盪後遺症基金會」，

so it wasn't just some guy calling for brains.

正式展開這項工作。

And I searched the world.

我不僅是個打電話要腦的人，

And I put together the best research team I could find.

我還搜尋世界各地，

So we partnered with Boston University,

盡我所能組成最好的研究團隊。

we partnered with scientists at the VA here in Boston,

我們與波士頓大學、

and we started a brain bank.

波士頓美國退伍軍人事務部的 科學家合作，

Turns out, if you want to know how to cure degenerative brain disease,

我們起動了一個大腦儲存庫。

you have to start by actually studying the brains.

原來，如果你想知道 如何治療退行性腦病，

At this point, we were the first center in the world focused on CTE.

就必須從研究大腦開始。

It just had not been studied formally.

我們是目前世界上第一個 專注於研究 CTE 的中心。

And so we start this brain bank, and it's my job to get the brains

以前並沒有正式的研究。

for Dr. Ann McKee and her brain bank, right in the middle.

我們啟動這個腦庫，

We also work with Dr. Bob Stern, Dr. Robert Cantu,

我的工作是為相片中間的 安·麥基博士和腦庫取得腦。

truly my dream team of scientists that I support.

我們還與鮑勃‧斯特恩博士、 羅伯特‧坎圖博士合作，

So my job is to get the brains.

我支持這夢寐以求的科學團隊。

And I was very successful in those early years.

我的工作就是要獲取大腦。

Since 2007 I've started every day by reading the obituaries.

早年我非常成功。

And it's a tough way to live.

從 2007 年起 我每天早晨閱讀訃文。

And it's hard on me

這是個艱難的生活方式，

and it's even worse on these poor families that I've been calling

對我來說很難，

for the last 10 years, to ask for their brains.

更可憐的是曾經在過去 10 年中

And so early on in the process, as it started to really eat away at me,

接我電話的那些家庭， 被要求捐出他們親人的大腦。

I decided, you know what, can I find another way

早期的沉重工作使我精疲力竭，

to get people to donate their brains to this research?

換個角度想，能否找到另一種方式，

And I figured out, what if we could create a culture

讓人們自願捐獻大腦作這項研究？

of brain donation in this country?

如果我們要在這個國家 創造出捐贈大腦的文化，

What if it became normal for athletes to donate their brain after they died?

怎樣才辦得到呢？

And so what I started was a brain donation registry.

運動員去世後捐出他們的腦 可否成為一種常態？

And I started asking athletes

我從捐腦的註冊過程開始。

if they would publicly pledge to donate their brain to science.

我開始詢問運動員

And it started with, actually, a hockey player in 2009.

可願公開承諾捐出大腦供科學研究。

One of my first pledges was a former Harvard hockey player,

計劃始於 2009 年，

Noah Welch, who was in the NHL at the time.

早期承諾的人之一是 前哈佛曲棍球運動員，

It was a slow start people understanding what this was about.

當時在國家冰球聯盟的諾亞‧韋爾奇。

So when the news hit the front page,

起初，人們才開始慢慢理解這事。

"Noah Welch pledging his brain to science,"

所以當頭版新聞出現：

he said he went to the locker room the next day,

「諾亞‧韋爾奇將大腦奉獻給科學」

one of his teammates pulled him aside and said,

之後的第二天，他走進更衣室，

"Hey, I heard you're donating your brain to science."

一個隊友把他拉到一邊說：

And he said, "Yep."

「我聽說你把大腦 捐獻給科學研究。」

And he said, "Wow. How many games are you going to miss?"

他說：「是的。」

(Laughter)

他說：「哇，你會錯過多少場比賽？」

True story.

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

真實的故事。

But we've been remarkably successful --

（笑聲）

over 2,500 athletes have signed up.

但我們非常成功，

They get a brain-donation card they keep in their wallet.

已經有超過 2,500 名運動員承諾。

This is mine, I was obviously first, it says 01.

他們得到一張可放在 錢包的大腦捐贈卡。

And I will donate my brain to this.

這張是我的， 顯然我是一號。

We've also been lucky to have people like Brandi Chastain,

我會捐出我的大腦。

the women's soccer icon,

我們很幸運有像布蘭迪‧查斯坦，

NASCAR's Dale Earnhardt Jr.

她是女子足球的偶像；

Just two weeks ago, Hall-of-Famer Nick Buoniconti

全國運動汽車競賽協會的 戴爾‧恩哈特；

who had been diagnosed with dementia, signed up to pledge his brain.

尼克·布尼康蒂就在兩週前 許諾捐出他的大腦，

So it's been wonderful, and the great thing about it

入選名人堂的他 已被診斷出患有失智症。

is that it has worked in changing how we're able to get brains.

這真是太棒了，

So now, instead of me having to call, more families call us.

棒在它改變了我們獲得大腦的方式。

And our phones ring off the hook.

現在我不用向外打電話， 卻有更多的家屬打電話給我們，

And so I can now focus on taking this information,

我們的電話鈴聲響個不停。

figuring out how do we work towards a cure,

所以我現在能專注於獲取信息，

how do we work towards prevention,

弄清楚我們如何治療，

and so my life has gotten a lot easier.

以及預防的方向，

This is just some of the headlines that we've able to get over the years

所以我的生活變得輕鬆多了。

from athletes pledging their brain.

這只是這些年來我們獲得的 頭條新聞中的一部分，

The problem has been what we learned.

關於承諾捐出大腦的運動員們。

So when we started this,

我們研究腦所獲得的知識才是問題。

only 45 cases existed in the world of this disease

一開始

that had been studied in brain banks.

腦庫研究的這病

Since then, we have acquired 500 brains

世上只有 45 例。

and found over 300 of them had CTE.

從那時起，我們已經 獲得了 500 個大腦，

To put that in perspective,

其中 300 多人被發現患有 CTE 。

the rest of the world has not studied 100 brains since we started this.

從這個角度看來，

What we've seen though is very frightening.

從我們開始到現在， 國外研究過的腦不超過 100。

So some of you might have seen the headline in July

而我們的發現非常駭人。

in the "New York Times."

你們當中有些人可能看過七月份

And a recent study we published,

「紐約時報」的頭條。

that of the first 111 NFL players we looked at

我們最近發表的研究報告顯示，

110 were positive for this disease.

最初 111 名被檢視的 NFL 球員，

Of the first 53 college football players we looked at,

有 110 個確診為 CTE 陽性；

48 had this disease.

我們看過的頭 53 名 大學足球運動員中，

That's something that's a very big concern to me.

48 人有這病。

And so now, I'm very much focused

這是我非常擔心的事情。

on what can we do to actually treat this disease?

所以現在，我非常專注於

We still can't diagnose CTE in living people,

能做些什麼來治療這病？

we have no treatments that are going to be coming

我們仍然無法 為活生生的人診斷 CTE，

out of the pharmaceutical industry in the next five years.

在未來五年內

This is a long, long fight.

我們無法找出藥品治療方案。

But our Concussion Legacy Foundation is here to not only facilitate this work,

這是一場漫長的戰爭。

and that's the long game,

我們的腦震盪後遺症基金會， 不僅促進尋找治療方案，

but the short game is, hey, we can prevent this.

那是長期的工作；

We can prevent this disease

但眼前的是，我們能夠預防這疾病，

if we just stopped hitting people in the head so much.

我們能夠預防這疾病，

And frankly, we need to stop hitting children in the head.

只要不再讓人腦常常受撞擊。

Turns out, it's not a great idea to hit a five-year-old in the head

坦率地說，我們不要再讓 兒童的腦袋受到撞擊。

500 times each year.

事實證明，讓一個五歲孩子的 腦袋每年被撞擊 500 次

And it does actually open up the door to this disease.

並不是個好主意。

And so, we've got a lot of work ahead of us.