Sushi, geishas, karate!

Temples, ramen, anime!

Sumos, weird stuff, weird cosplay, poison fish,

and I'm not even gonna ask about that...

De wa, ikimashou! では, 行きましょう!

It's time to learn Geography

NOW!

Hey everybody, I'm your host Barbs. We have reached the Land of the Rising Sun,

Asia's island powerhouse and home to a culture that I'm sure you've heard of. Let's just jump into it.

Ah, Japan, you have such a story behind you.

First of all, Japan is located right off the east coast of the Asian continent

between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan,

stretching all the way from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north with the East China Sea to the south.

The country is divided into 47 prefectures, each with incredibly beautiful minimalistic style flags.

The prefectures are divided into four different categories: "ken", "to", "fu", and "do".

The first level, "ken"

(heh heh, "Ken")

refers to the 43 plain prefectures. Then you have "to",

which means something like "metropolis", and this category only applies to Tokyo City.

"Fu" refers to the urban prefectures, which applies only to the cities of Osaka and Kyoto.

And finally, "do", which is a unique category translating to something like "circuit"

and that applies to all of Hokkaido in the north.

Speaking of which, Tokyo, Japan's capital, is the largest city in the world,

with its greater metropolitan area including Kanto containing about 37 million people.

That's more than the entire population of Canada.

However, Tokyo is kinda like 23 smaller cities all smashed into one, divided into units called wards.

And the closest thing to a capital one would probably be Chiyoda,

where the Emperor, Prime Minister, and Supreme Court are located.

After the Greater Toyko Kanto region, you have the next largest cities Osaka and Nagoya coming in at third.

Keep in mind, about 90% of people in Japan live in cities, and the vast majority on Honshu and Kyushu

The busiest airports, of course, being Tokyo's two twins:

Haneda, which is actually in Tokyo,

and Narita International, which is like an hour and a half drive away outside of Tokyo.

Then you have Osaka's Kansai International

Heh heh, "KIX".

and Fukoka International on Kyushu.

Heh heh, fu-

Gotta keep it clean, Keith!

Speaking of which, Japan is made up of about 6,850 islands,

but about 97% of the land is made up of four main islands:

Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido.

South of the main four, you have the Ryukyu Islands chain

which extends just south of Kyushu, partially making up Okinawa Prefecture.

You've probably heard of Okinawa – it's where Uma Thurman got that sword that she used to kill Lucy Liu.

It's also where these two isla- *ahem* never mind...

Nonetheless, Japan can still kind of be separated into ten historical main regions,

six of which divided amongst Honshu.

Then you have the interesting less-highlighted Kuril Islands dispute with Russia in the north.

Basically, Russia administers all of them but Japan claims these two islands closest to Hokkaido:

Iturup (or Etoro-futo) and Kunashir (or Kunashiri),

which is only less than ten miles away from Hokkaido.

On a clear day, you can even see it from the coast, but it's like, "Nope! Russia."

They even have a statue of Lenin.

The Russians and Japanese have kind of had a long dispute over this area –

at one point Japan even tried to take over all of Sakhalin in the 1800's.

Then you have the Dokdo/Takeshima island dispute between them and South Korea.

To this day South Korea has a patrol building built on the island and they fiercely guard it.

And finally, you have Okinotori-shima,

which is probably the loneliest place in Japan as a shallow reef in the middle of the ocean.

It looks like it's trying so hard to become an island, complete with three helipads and a research station.

There's no diplomatic dispute, but rather a dispute within the UN on whether or not it qualifies as "land"

for an exclusive economic zone in the ocean.

Whew, okay, all right, that kind of took forever.

Getting around in Japan is incredibly easy,

often touted as having the best public transportation system in the world.

They have highways and trains everywhere, even one that cuts through an office building,

as well as the Shinkansen bullet train system that can get you to virtually every corner of Honshu and Kyushu

as well as the bottom tip of Hokkaido.

But not Shikoku! If you want to go Shikoku,

you have to take this slower, local Seto-Ohashi Line across the Seto Bridge.

Yeah, Shikoku is kind of like the runt of the litter in Japan.

Basically, Japan is like one big massive machine constantly running and moving,

with flashing neon lights, vending machines, and robots, and everything,

EVERYTHING, even the garbage cans have cartoons, cartoons everywhere!

Anyway! Some notable places of interest might include:

Tokyo Skytree, the second tallest building in the world,

Miyajima Pagoda,

Matsumoto, Himeji, and Osaka Castles,

the Fushimi Inari Shrine, the Great Buddha Hall,

Nakagin Capsule Tower, the vine bridges of Iya Valley,

the Ramen Museum,

so many weird-themed restaurants and hot springs,

the self-mummified monks of sokushinbutsu,

That hotel run by robots

the Ninja Museum in Iga, Kan-mangafuji Lava Buddhas,

the restricted-access Ise Grand Shrine, the most significant of all Shinto shrines,

the Shirakawa-go Traditional Village armed with water cannons to protect itself from fires,

abandoned theme parks like Greenland and Nara Dreamland,

Kochia Hill with red cypress,

and the national treasure, Itsu-Kushima Shrine, featured on numerous pieces of art, films, and even banknotes.

Now despite the bustling metropolis regions and skyscrapers,

Japan does an incredible job at maintaining its natural integrity. Find out how in...

Now Japan's land is kind of like a gingerbread house:

beautiful on the outside, but potentially dangerous on the inside.

First of all, Japan is a straddle volcanic archipelago located on the most precariously-situated section where

four major tectonic plates converge: the Pacific, the Philippine, the Eurasian, and the North American Plates.

Of course, this means that not only is Japan subject to earthquakes but also tsunamis

(which by the way is a Japanese word – “津波”)

caused from sub oceanic activities, such as the one recently in Fukushima

caused by the epicenter in the Japan Trench off the Pacific.

This also means that Japan is a volcanic area, with numerous volcanoes still active

like Aogashima, a volcano within a volcano, and Mt. Aso, the largest volcanic caldera.

This, in return, also blesses Japan with countless natural hot springs

which they like to exploit and build bathhouses on called “onsen”, typically indicated with this symbol.

All this plate activity and volcanoes means that about 70% of Japan is mountainous,

with the highest peak Mt. Fuji overlooking Tokyo,

which by the way is still technically an active volcano which erupted about 300 years ago.

The rift between the Philippine Plate and the Eurasian Plate creates the Japanese Alps

which bisects the country on Honshu. This isolated geologic warzone in return, though,

kinda blesses Japan with an abundance of unique flora and fauna.

Today, about 70% of Japan is forested, with nice natural water sources

like the longest river, the Shinano, and the largest lake, Lake Biwa on Honshu.

Endemic animals can be found, like

Japanese hornets, macaque monkeys, tanukis,

giant salamanders, Bob-tail cats, serow,

red fox, red crown crane,

the national dog the shiba inu, the national bird the green pheasant, and the national fish koi.

Speaking of animals, Japan has quite a few feral animal islands and towns,

such as Tashirojima the cat island, Okunoshima the rabbit island,

the town of Miyajima for deer, Miyagi Zao for foxes,

and of course Jigoku-dani where you can see those monkeys in hot springs.

With limited space and only about 20% (highly subsidized) arable land,

Japan has kinda had to think outside the box, so they said, “Hey! Why not go to the sea?”

Today, Japan is disputably the most advanced aquaculture society on the planet.

Not only do they have the largest merchant marine fleet in the world,

but they also harvest everything from shellfish to seaweed in offshore ocean plots and fish farms.

They love fish – they even have the largest fish market in the world, Tsukiji.

Speaking of which, we all know about Japanese food –

I feel like I don't really have to give you a list of notable dishes like sushi, mochi, or ramen.

However, Japan is known for making strange flavors of conventional snacks, drinks, and desserts, such as:

yogurt Pepsi, spaghetti popsicles,

horse and octopus ice cream,

pancake juice, wasp crackers,

and Kit-Kat has tried pretty much anything under the sun.

Itadakimasu! いただきます! (Let's eat!)

Speaking of which, Japan is the third-largest world economy by nominal GDP,

mostly due to their various technology and automotive industries

that have swept over the world by storm since the middle of the 20th Century.

The largest automotive companies include Toyota, Mitsubishi, Honda, Nissan, Mazda, Suzuki, and Subaru.

As well as tech companies and their subsidiaries like

Hitachi, Sony, Epson, Canon, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Panasonic, Nikon, and Nintendo.

This does, however, cause a problem: Japan is classified as a high-throwaway society

in which lots of resources get unnecessarily used and tossed.

Like, c'mon Japan! I know you have aesthetic standards

but seriously, I don't need one apple in vacuum-sealed plastic wrap!

Nonetheless, Japan is often seen as one of, if not the, world leader in robotics and tech science,

receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than any other Asian country. And it's kind of impressive –

I mean, with a high population and limited space, Japanese people know how to consolidate and innovate.

Speaking of Japanese people…

Now, Japanese people are like, you never know what they're gonna come up with next.

You know it's probably going to be a little weird, but you're still gonna be a little interested in it.

First of all, the country has about 127 million people and is the 10th most populous country in the world

(however, Mexico is getting really close to beating them).

The country is incredibly homogenous, with over 98% of the populace identifying as ethnically Japanese

while the remainder is mostly made up of Koreans, Chinese, and very small Caucasian minorities

of Americans and Europeans, and the indigenous Ryukyu and Ainu peoples.

They use the Japanese yen as their currency,

they surprisingly use the Type A American-style plug outlet,

and they drive on the left side of the road.

As mentioned like eight seconds ago, Japan has two main indigenous ethnic groups,

each with their own languages. You have the Ainu,

which predominantly inhabit Hokkaido and some of the Kuril Islands administered by Russia,

known for their rustic, scruffy features, where men grew beards and women used to tattoo their lips and arms.

Today there are less than 30,000 left, but some estimate that there could be up to 200,000 if you include

the other Ainu that have assimilated into the rest of Japan and are kind of faintly aware of their own culture.

Otherwise, you have the Ryukyu people or the “Okinawans”,

which are kind of like the “Hawaiians” of Japan, known for their own distinct art and traditions and beliefs.

Now, everybody in the world has had at least a little bit of exposure to some kind of Japanese culture,

whether it be samurais, geishas, sumos, kabuki, shamisen music, kimonos,

and excessively weird products and advertisements

aimed at using nonconformity as a hook to engage viewers.

But apart from all that flashy Japan stuff, let's look at the basics first.

Japan (no surprise) speaks Japanese which is actually not that hard to learn conversationally,

but it's a nightmare when it comes to writing.

The Japanese language uses three alphabets: hiragana, katakana, and kanji

(technically four if you include romaji, but that's kinda like for lazy people).

The first two, hiragana and katakana, are syllabaries made up of 46 corresponding base characters each.

That means you have two ways to write each syllable.

Whereas kanji is basically the list of Chinese characters that they borrowed from China.

Most students have to learn about 2000-3000 of these.

That means that Chinese people can kind of get by in Japan just by reading the signs

as most of the characters have identical meanings, just different pronunciations.

It's kind of hard to explain, but the reason why they use three alphabets is because

each one kind of plays a role for certain words and contexts.

They don't use spaces in writing so each alphabet kind of acts as like word dividers,

and katakana is used for technical and foreign words.

Well, why don't they just fix the problem by using spaces and discard the other two alphabets?

Shut up, that's why!

If you didn't grow up here and actually learn this stuff, you're either obsessed with Japan or criminally insane.

Sorry, I'm boring the crap out of you guys with language stuff – anyway!

Let's talk about history. Now I'm sure many of you have seen that video by Bill Wurtz

(whom I am totally not jealous of considering that he racked up more views and subscribers in two videos

than I have in all these years of working on this channel), but in the quickest way I can summarize it:

Yayoi Period, Kofun Period (Yamatos unite Japan),

Asuka regime (Chinese culture comes in),

Heian Period (aristocrats take over),