Electricity is all around us all the time.​

電磁輻射無時無刻圍繞著我們​​

It makes our lives easier, safer, more fun,​

它讓我們的生活更輕鬆、安全、有趣​

It makes our lives easier, safer, more fun,​

它讓我們的生活更輕鬆、安全、有趣​

and most of us never think about it.​

我們大多數人從未想過它是否會帶來負面影響​

and most of us never think about it.​

我們大多數人從未想過它是否會帶來負面影響​

But is there such a thing as too much electricity?​

我們知道電磁輻射是現代世界的基礎​​

But is there such a thing as too much electricity?​

我們知道電磁輻射是現代世界的基礎​​​

Could the thing that is the foundation of the modern world​

但太多的電磁輻射圍繞在我們身邊

Could the thing that is the foundation of the modern world​

但太多的電磁輻射圍繞在我們身邊

slowly be killing us?​

算不算是一種慢性自殺？

slowly be killing us?​

算不算是一種慢性自殺？​

Before we dive deeper,​

在我們深入探討之前

Before we dive deeper,​

在我們深入探討之前​

let's try to understand what electricity is,​

先來了解電磁輻射到底是什麼​

let's try to understand what electricity is,​

先來了解電磁輻射到底是什麼​​

and how it affects us.​

以及它如何影響我們​

and how it affects us.​

以及它如何影響我們​

Electricity is the movement of an electric charge.​

電磁輻射是電荷的運動​

Electricity is the movement of an electric charge.​

電磁輻射是電荷的運動

This movement generates ​​Electric​ and ​Magnetic Fields​

電荷運動時產生電和​磁場​

This movement generates ​​Electric​ and ​Magnetic Fields​

電荷運動時產生電和​磁場​

that spread out through space and carry energy.​

通過空間傳播並攜帶能量

that spread out through space and carry energy.​

通過空間傳播並攜帶能量​

We call this phenomenon:​ ​​​Electromagnetic Radiation​.​

我們稱之為：電磁輻射​

We call this phenomenon:​ ​​​Electromagnetic Radiation​.​

我們稱之為：​電磁輻射​​

Radiation is a word that makes people very nervous.​

輻射這個詞聽起來十分可怕​

Radiation is a word that makes people very nervous.​

輻射這個詞聽起來十分可怕​​

But, to radiate just means, "giving off".​

但輻射只是意味著「發出」​

But, to radiate just means, "giving off".​

但輻射只是意味著「發出」​

Like when the radiator in your house gives off heat​

就像你家裡的暖氣一樣

Like when the radiator in your house gives off heat​

就像你家裡的暖氣​一樣

in the form of infrared radiation.​

以紅外線來散發輻射熱

in the form of infrared radiation.​

以紅外線來散發輻射熱

Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum​

電磁波譜的不同部分

Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum​

電磁波譜的不同部分​

correspond to different types of radiation.​

對應於不同類型的輻射​

correspond to different types of radiation.​

對應於不同類型的輻射​

And, many of them are perfectly harmless.​

其中許多是完全無害的​

And, many of them are perfectly harmless.​

其中許多是完全無害的​

Some of them can be dangerous though.​

但其中一些暗藏危險

Some of them can be dangerous though.​

但其中一些暗藏危險

Radiation with very short wavelengths​

波長短的輻射​

Radiation with very short wavelengths​

波長短的輻射​​

like UV Light, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays​

如紫外線、X 光和伽馬射線​

like UV Light, X-Rays, and Gamma Rays​

如紫外線、X 光和伽馬射線​

are strong enough to rip electrons out of their atoms,​

強度足以將電子從原子中撕裂出來​

are strong enough to rip electrons out of their atoms,​

強度足以將電子從原子中撕裂出來​

which can cause burns and genetic damage.​

這將導致燒傷和 DNA 損傷​

which can cause burns and genetic damage.​

這將導致燒傷和 DNA 損傷​

This is what many people have in mind when they hear the term "radiation".​

這就是為什麼人們懼怕「輻射」這個詞​

This is what many people have in mind when they hear the term "radiation".​

這就是為什麼人們懼怕「輻射」這個詞​

The rest of the spectrum covers a large range of longer waves​

其餘頻譜涵蓋了大範圍的長波

The rest of the spectrum covers a large range of longer waves​

其餘頻譜涵蓋了大範圍的長波​

from Visible Light, Infrared,​

從可視光、紅外線、微波到無線電波​

from Visible Light, Infrared,​

從可視光、紅外線、微波到無線電波​

Microwaves, to Radio Waves.​

這就是從各種人類技術發出的輻射​

Microwaves, to Radio Waves.​

這就是從各種人類技術發出的輻射​

This is the kind of radiation that's emitted by all sorts of human technology.​

手機、Wi-Fi 路由器​

This is the kind of radiation that's emitted by all sorts of human technology.​

手機、Wi-Fi 路由器​

Mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers,​

輸電系統和家用電器​

Mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers,​

輸電系統和家用電器​​

electric power lines, and household appliances.​

這種輻射不會破壞我們體內的分子​

electric power lines, and household appliances.​

這種輻射不會破壞我們體內的分子​

This radiation doesn't disrupt molecules in our body.​

然而，某些輻射可以刺激肌肉和神經​

This radiation doesn't disrupt molecules in our body.​

然而，某些輻射可以刺激肌肉和神經

However, some kinds of radiation can stimulate muscles and nerves​

並且還可以使你的頭髮振動​

However, some kinds of radiation can stimulate muscles and nerves​

並且還可以使你的頭髮振動​​

and can also make the hair on your body vibrate,​

這有時會導致刺痛​

and can also make the hair on your body vibrate,​

這有時會導致刺痛​​

which can sometimes cause a tingly feeling above certain threshold values.​

不過其他種類的輻射對於製作晚餐很有用

which can sometimes cause a tingly feeling above certain threshold values.​

不過其他種類的輻射對於製作晚餐很有用​

Other kinds are useful for making dinner.​

微波爐電磁場使水分子轉動摩擦因而產生熱​

Other kinds are useful for making dinner.​

微波爐電磁場使水分子轉動摩擦因而產生熱​​

Microwaves push the water molecules in your food around​

這些是我們的日常

Microwaves push the water molecules in your food around​

這些是我們的日常​

which warms it up.​

例如：您在海灘享受溫暖的​陽光

which warms it up.​

例如：您在海灘享受溫暖的​陽光​

This happens to us all the time.​

是因為你的皮膚暴露在來自太陽的太陽輻射而升溫

This happens to us all the time.​

是因為你的皮膚暴露在來自太陽的太陽輻射而升溫​

For example, the pleasant warmth you feel at the beach​

我們被通常無害的天然輻射圍繞​

For example, the pleasant warmth you feel at the beach​

我們被通常無害的天然輻射圍繞​​

is your skin heating up from exposure to​

一直都是​

is your skin heating up from exposure to​

一直都是​​

electromagnetic infrared radiation from the sun.​

但自工業革命以來​

electromagnetic infrared radiation from the sun.​

但自工業革命以來​

We are surrounded by natural, and generally harmless,​

環境中的電磁輻射日益增加​

We are surrounded by natural, and generally harmless,​

環境中的電磁輻射日益增加​​

sources of electromagnetic radiation all the time​

關於電磁輻射是否危險的問題

sources of electromagnetic radiation all the time​

關於電磁輻射是否危險的問題

and always have been.​

在 1979 年的一項研究首次引起公眾的注意​

and always have been.​

在 1979 年的一項研究首次引起公眾的注意​

But, since the Industrial Revolution,​

發現白血病與住家附近的輸電系統之間存在相關性​

But, since the Industrial Revolution,​

發現白血病與住家附近的輸電系統之間存在相關性​​

we have added a lot of it to our immediate environment.​

儘管如此，這項研究很快就失去了信譽

we have added a lot of it to our immediate environment.​

儘管如此，這項研究很快就失去了信譽​

The question of whether this is actually dangerous​

這其中的關聯無法被解釋​

The question of whether this is actually dangerous​

這其中的關聯無法被解釋​​

first got public attention when a 1979 study​

而且無法證實這其中的關聯​

first got public attention when a 1979 study​

而且無法證實這其中的關聯​​

linked leukemia to living near power lines.​

但一傳十十傳百​

linked leukemia to living near power lines.​

但一傳十十傳百​​

This particular study was quickly discredited though.​

成千上萬的研究​

This particular study was quickly discredited though.​

成千上萬的研究​

The connection could not be explained​

說明它仍被視為一種威脅​

The connection could not be explained​

說明它仍被視為一種威脅​​

and no direct causal link was confirmed.​

很多人聲稱對電器和手機的輻射很敏感

and no direct causal link was confirmed.​

很多人聲稱對電器和手機的輻射很敏感

But once this had been proposed, the idea persisted.​

他們回報了頭痛、噁心、皮膚過敏、眼睛灼熱或疲憊等症狀​

But once this had been proposed, the idea persisted.​

他們回報了頭痛、噁心、皮膚過品、眼睛灼熱或疲憊等症狀​

And the thousands of studies about possible dangers​

但這些僅是影響日常生活的回報​​

And the thousands of studies about possible dangers​

但這些僅是影響日常生活的回報​​

illustrate that it's still seen as a very real threat.​

一些研究發現更令人不安的結果

illustrate that it's still seen as a very real threat.​

一些研究發現更令人不安的結果​

A lot of people claim to be sensitive to the radiation​

像是使用手機與​腦瘤的產生之間存在相關性

A lot of people claim to be sensitive to the radiation​

像是使用手機與​腦瘤的產生之間存在相關性

coming from our appliances and cell phones.​

但關於輻射造成的劇烈影響的科學研究為數不多

coming from our appliances and cell phones.​

但關於輻射造成的劇烈影響的科學研究為數不多

They report symptoms like headaches,​

眾所皆知，例如​

They report symptoms like headaches,​

眾所皆知，例如​​

nausea, skin reactions,​

X 光會損害細胞中的 DNA​

nausea, skin reactions,​

>X 光會損害細胞中的 DNA​

burning eyes, or exhaustion.​

但無線電波不會發生這種情況​

burning eyes, or exhaustion.​

但無線電波不會發生這種情況​​

But those are just effects reported on a day-to-day basis.​

問題是：​

But those are just effects reported on a day-to-day basis.​

問題是：​​

A few studies have found much more unsettling results.​

圍繞在我們身邊的微弱電磁輻射​

A few studies have found much more unsettling results.​

圍繞在我們身邊的微弱電磁輻射​​

Like, possible connections between the side of the brain,​

長期下來有害嗎​

Like, possible connections between the side of the brain,​

長期下來有害嗎​​

which people use when they are on their phones,​

要回答這個問題比我們最初想的要困難得多​

which people use when they are on their phones,​

要回答這個問題比我們最初想的要困難得多​​

and the appearance of brain tumors.​

有成千上萬來自不同組織的主要來源、報告和聲明

and the appearance of brain tumors.​

有成千上萬來自不同組織的主要來源、報告和聲明​​

The question that science is trying to answer,​

所以，我們為這支影片閱讀了很多內容​

The question that science is trying to answer,​

所以，我們為這支影片閱讀了很多內容​​

is not so much about the acute effects of irradiation.​

您可以在底下的說明中查看我們的研究。​

is not so much about the acute effects of irradiation.​

您可以在底下的說明中查看我們的研究。​​

We know, for example,​

我們發現，這場辯論是一個很好的例子​

We know, for example,​

我們發現，這場辯論是一個很好的例子​

that x-rays cause immediate damage to the DNA in your cells​

說明如何傳播科學以及如何傳播科學​

that x-rays cause immediate damage to the DNA in your cells​

說明如何傳播科學以及如何傳播科學​

but that the same doesn't happen with radio waves.​

許多引起恐慌的電磁輻射研究備受爭議。

but that the same doesn't happen with radio waves.​

許多引起恐慌的電磁輻射研究備受爭議。

The question is rather:​

例如​

The question is rather:​

例如​​

Is the sort of weak electromagnetic radiation we are constantly surrounded by​

一系列基於問卷調查和自主報告的研究​

Is the sort of weak electromagnetic radiation we are constantly surrounded by​

一系列基於問卷調查和自主報告的研究​​

harmful in the long run as a result of some as-yet-unknown mechanism?​

這意味著什麼？例如​

harmful in the long run as a result of some as-yet-unknown mechanism?​

這意味著什麼？例如​

Answering this question was much harder than we first thought.​

詢問腦腫瘤患者他們認為他們在過去幾年中使用了多久手機​

Answering this question was much harder than we first thought.​

詢問腦腫瘤患者他們認為他們在過去幾年中使用了多久手機​​

There are thousands of primary sources,​

問題是人們並不可靠​

There are thousands of primary sources,​

問題是人們並不可靠​

reports, and statements by an onslaught of different organizations.​

我們常常會記錯或容易受到影響​

reports, and statements by an onslaught of different organizations.​

我們常常會記錯或容易受到影響​​

So, we read a lot for this video.​

除此之外​

So, we read a lot for this video.​

除此之外​

You can take a look at our research in the video description.​

研究或媒體報導可能會缺乏客觀性

You can take a look at our research in the video description.​

研究或媒體報導可能會缺乏客觀性​

What we found is that this debate is a good example​

或製作聳動的標題​

What we found is that this debate is a good example​

或製作聳動的標題​

of how science should be communicated and how it shouldn't.​

例如​

of how science should be communicated and how it shouldn't.​

例如​

Many of the much-cited studies that spread panic about electromagnetic radiation​

一項研究從手機輻射中尋找大鼠與小鼠和癌症之間的關聯​

Many of the much-cited studies that spread panic about electromagnetic radiation​

一項研究從手機輻射中尋找大鼠與小鼠和癌症之間的關聯​​

are highly controversial.​

結果似乎顯示出一種聯繫​

are highly controversial.​

結果似乎顯示出一種聯繫​

For example,​

但基於某種原因，只有雄性大鼠​

For example,​

但基於某種原因，只有雄性大鼠​

a series of population studies based on surveys and self-reporting.​

而且小老鼠也沒有​

a series of population studies based on surveys and self-reporting.​

而且小老鼠也沒有​​

What this means is, for example,​

但被報導得好像這項研究證實了手機輻射會導致癌症​

What this means is, for example,​

但被報導得好像這項研究證實了手機輻射會導致癌症

asking brain tumor patients how much they think they used their phone in the last few years.​

不幸的是，對於該問題的正面和負面研究結果都是如此​

asking brain tumor patients how much they think they used their phone in the last few years.​

不幸的是，對於該問題的正面和負面研究結果都是如此​

The problem is that people are unreliable.​

另一方面，世界衛生組織將射頻電磁場歸類列為人類可能致癌因子

The problem is that people are unreliable.​

另一方面，世界衛生組織將射頻電磁場歸類列為人類可能致癌因子

We tend to misremember things or can be influenced easily.​

但這實際上意味著什麼​

We tend to misremember things or can be influenced easily.​

但這實際上意味著什麼​

On top of this,​

這是否有暗示著它們可能會導致癌症​

On top of this,​

這是否有暗示著它們可能會導致癌症​​

studies or media reports may be cherry picking the findings that best suit their opinion​

但我們無法證明這一點，我們會密切關注​

studies or media reports may be cherry picking the findings that best suit their opinion​

但我們無法證明這一點，我們會密切關注​

or make for the most exciting headline.​

所以如果我們鳥瞰來看，那麼大局是什麼？

or make for the most exciting headline.​

所以如果我們鳥瞰來看，那麼大局是什麼？​

For example,​

總體上​

For example,​

總體上​

a study looking for cancer in rats and mice from cell phone radiation.​

在人體研究中沒有一致的證據

a study looking for cancer in rats and mice from cell phone radiation.​

在人體研究中沒有一致的證據​

The results seemed to show a connection.​

低於暴露值限制的電磁輻射會導致健康問題​

The results seemed to show a connection.​

低於暴露值限制的電磁輻射會導致健康問題​

But, for some reason, only in male rats.​

有一些統計學上的研究​

But, for some reason, only in male rats.​

有一些統計學上的研究​

And, none at all in mice.​

但他們的觀點大多軟弱及不一致​

And, none at all in mice.​

但他們的觀點大多軟弱及不一致​​

But it was ​​reported​ as if this study did prove​

如果有任何明確的因果關係

But it was ​​reported​ as if this study did prove​

如果有任何明確的因果關係​

that mobile phone radiation causes cancer.​

我們會從資料中看到​

that mobile phone radiation causes cancer.​

我們會從資料中看到​​

Unfortunately, this is the case for studies with both positive and negative findings on the issue.​

所以基於目前的研究​

Unfortunately, this is the case for studies with both positive and negative findings on the issue.​

所以基於目前的研究​

Another aspect, is that the WHO did officially classify radio frequency fields​

你該擔心筆電、手機或電視的輻射嗎

Another aspect, is that the WHO did officially classify radio frequency fields​

你該擔心筆電、手機或電視的輻射嗎​

as possibly carcinogenic.​

答案是否定的​

as possibly carcinogenic.​

答案是否定的​

But what this actually means​

你不必擔心​

But what this actually means​

你不必擔心​

is that there are some hints that they might cause cancer,​

但那些說輻射會傷害他們的人呢

is that there are some hints that they might cause cancer,​

但那些說輻射會傷害他們的人呢

but we can't prove it, and that we will keep an eye out.​

研究表明他們可能正在經歷所謂的反安慰劑效應​

but we can't prove it, and that we will keep an eye out.​

研究表明他們可能正在經歷所謂的反安慰劑效應​

So, if we zoom out a bit, what's the big picture?​

如果你頭痛並在關閉您的筆電時剛好得到紓解​

So, if we zoom out a bit, what's the big picture?​

如果你頭痛並在關閉您的筆電時剛好得到紓解​​

On the whole,​

你可能會認為這其中存在關聯​

On the whole,​

你可能會認為這其中存在關聯​​

there was no consistent evidence in human studies​

​當你開始懷疑時，便會將矛頭指向輻射

there was no consistent evidence in human studies​

​當你開始懷疑時，便會將矛頭指向輻射

that electromagnetic radiation below exposure value limits causes health problems.​

貶低這些人很容易​

that electromagnetic radiation below exposure value limits causes health problems.​

貶低這些人很容易​

There are some statistical associations​

但我們並沒有認真看待他們中的大多數人​

There are some statistical associations​

但我們並沒有認真看待他們中的大多數人​

but they're mostly weak and inconsistent.​

這使他們的情況更加糟糕​

but they're mostly weak and inconsistent.​

這使他們的情況更加糟糕

If there were any definite cause-effect relations​

他們需要幫助​

If there were any definite cause-effect relations​

他們需要幫助​

we would know by now because of all the data we have.​

但，請注意​

we would know by now because of all the data we have.​

但，請注意​

So, based on the current state of science,​