Use the link in the description to watch my course or thousands of others with a free

使用描述中的鏈接觀看我的課程或其他數千人的免費課程。

two-month trial.

兩個月的試用期。

In 2018, the U.S. imported $540 billion worth of goods from China, but exported only 120.

2018年，美國從中國進口了價值5400億美元的商品，但只出口了120。

In response, President Trump imposed tariffs, immediately shaking the Chinese, American,

對此，美國總統特朗普徵收關稅，立即震動了中國、美國。

and, therefore, world, economies.

是以，世界經濟。

But while the trade war defines today's economy, another deficit will decide tomorrow's.

但雖然貿易戰決定了今天的經濟，但另一個赤字將決定明天的經濟。

In the 2017-18 school year, 363,000 Chinese students came to study in the U.S., while

2017-18學年，有36.3萬名中國學生來美留學，而

only 24,000 Americans went to China.

只有24000名美國人去了中國。

This, on the surface, isn't all that surprising.

這一點，從表面上看，並不是很奇怪。

What's weird - really weird - is how fast it happened.

最奇怪的--真的很奇怪--是它發生得太快了。

All of a sudden, starting in 2007, Chinese students in the U.S. absolutely exploded,

突然間，從2007年開始，在美國的中國學生絕對爆發了。

accounting for 93% of all international student growth in the last decade.

佔過去十年所有國際學生增長的93%。

More students come from China to America than the next six countries combined, including

從中國到美國的學生比接下來六個國家的總和還要多，包括

India, despite having almost the same size population.

印度儘管人口數量幾乎相同，但。

So, why so many?

那麼，為什麼這麼多？

Why so sudden?

為什麼這麼突然？

And is the U.S. right to worry about incoming spies?

而美國對來犯間諜的擔心是否正確？

The answer has less to do with academics and more with economics, complex social dynamics,

答案與學術無關，更多的是與經濟學、複雜的社會動態有關。

and, above all, politics.

而最重要的是，政治。

On June 7th, Chinese cities become… eerily quiet.

6月7日，中國的城市變得......詭異的安靜。

Traffic is as busy as ever but no horns are honking, stress is collectively unusually

交通一如既往的繁忙，但沒有喇叭聲，壓力集體異常的

high, free water bottles are handed out, and drones watch overhead.

高，免費派發水壺，無人機在上空觀察。

Today, tomorrow, and sometimes, on a third day, 10 million students across China take

今天、明天，有時甚至是第三天，全中國有1000萬學生參加了

the National Higher Education Entrance Exam, aka the Gaokao, aka, the most important nine

聯考，又名聯考，又名，重中之重的九門。

hours of a Chinese person's life.

小時的中國人的生活。

The test covers Chinese language and literature, math, foreign language (usually English),

考試內容包括漢語言文學、數學、外語（一般為英語）。

and a choice of social or natural science.

並選擇社會科學或自然科學。

The top roughly 7-million scorers are admitted to college, and a select few are offered places

頂尖的約700萬名考生被大學錄取，少數人被錄取。

in the C9 - mainland China's equivalent to the Ivy-League.

在C9--中國大陸相當於常春藤聯盟。

But unlike the SAT, AP, or IB, Gaokao scores are really the only factor in Chinese college

但與SAT、AP、IB不同，聯考成績確實是中國大學的唯一因素

admissions.

錄取；

The first 18 years of your life, therefore, are dedicated to preparation.

是以，你人生的前18年，是專門用來準備的。

Leading up to the big test, parents burn incense, pray, and book hotels near the exam to avoid

大考前，家長們燒香、祈禱、預訂考試附近的酒店，以避開

traffic.

販賣人口；

Students sometimes study with IV drips.

學生有時打點滴學習。

Some, known as “Gaokao migrants”, travel to other provinces with higher admissions

有的被稱為 "聯考移民"，到其他錄取率較高的省份旅遊

quotas in hopes of having a slight advantage.

配額，希望能略佔優勢。

When the day finally comes, provincial governments order quiet streets for concentration and

當這一天終於到來的時候，省委省政府命令安靜的街道進行集中和

fly drones to catch cheaters.

飛無人機抓金光黨。

Supporters of the Gaokao say it levels the playing field - creating a meritocracy wherein

支持聯考的人說，聯考為我們創造了一個公平的競爭環境，創造了一個任人唯賢的環境。

any student, from any geographic or socioeconomic part of China has the same opportunity for

任何來自中國任何地域或社會經濟部分的學生，都有同樣的機會獲得以下服務。

social mobility.

社會流動性；

Critics, in turn, argue a level playing field is only ever an illusion - that success is

批評者則認為，公平的競爭環境永遠只是一種假象--成功是一種假象。

handed to those with families wealthy enough to afford private tutors.

遞給那些家庭富裕，能夠負擔得起私人家教的人。

Like continued middle-class growth, the national exam is both a practical and political tool

和中產階級的持續增長一樣，國考既是實用工具，也是政治工具

for maintaining stability - shifting questions of who has power and who is entitled to riches

轉變誰擁有權力和誰有權獲得財富的問題；

onto the individual.

到個人身上。

The extreme, sometimes insurmountable stress, they say, doesn't even produce good citizens

他們說，這種極端的、有時是不可逾越的壓力，甚至不能培養出好的公民

or employees.

或僱員。

While Chinese students rank very highly in math and science, they're often seen as

雖然中國學生在數學和科學方面的排名非常高，但他們往往被視為

lacking in other skills like creative and critical thinking, a side effect of their

缺乏其他技能，如創造性和批判性思維，這是他們的副作用。

rigid education system.

僵化的教育制度。

Classrooms are dominated by the teacher, who lectures behind a podium to a sea of totally-silent

課堂由老師主導，老師在講臺後對著一片寂靜的海洋講課。

students expected to memorize as much as possible.

學生應儘可能多地記憶。

To ask questions is both to disrespect your teacher and admit to your peers that you don't

問問題，既是對老師的不尊重，也是向同行承認自己的不

understand the material.

理解材料。

Finally, discipline is placed above all else, with low performers at one high school not

最後，把紀律放在首位，某中學成績差的學生不

being allowed air conditioning.

被允許使用空調；

For any number of these reasons, some, disenchanted parents seek a way out.

由於以上種種原因，一些，心灰意冷的父母尋求出路。

If their child performs poorly on his or her high school entrance exam, rather than lose

如果他們的孩子聯考成績不理想，與其失去了

face, families may place them in international schools, designed to prepare them for exams

面臨的問題，家庭可能會將他們安排到國際學校，為他們的考試做準備。

like the SAT, instead.

像SAT考試，而是。

Others pursue an education abroad with the intent of eventually migrating the whole family,

還有的人在國外求學，打算最終全家移民。

or, simply, for more opportunity.

或者，只是為了更多的機會。

The perception is that, while school in China is more intense up until the Gaokao, afterward,

的看法是，雖然中國的學校在聯考前比較緊張，但聯考後。

students feel they've satisfied their family's expectations and can relax at university,

學生覺得自己滿足了家庭的期望，可以在大學裡放鬆一下。

whereas American college is when students start getting serious.

而美國大學則是學生開始認真學習的時候。

In other words, students leave China on their parents' suggestion, who usually pay their

換句話說，學生在父母的建議下離開中國，父母通常會支付他們的費用。

tuition.

補習。

And pay, do they!

他們會付錢的，是嗎？

There are English lessons, extracurriculars for admissions, exam fees, and travel costs.

有英語課、入學的課外活動、考試費、差旅費。

On top of that, families pay agencies about $10,000 per child for help in the process.

除此之外，在這個過程中，家庭還要向機構支付每個孩子約1萬元的幫助費用。

In other words, this is only possible thanks to China's rising, newly-wealthy middle-class,

換句話說，這要歸功於中國正在崛起的新富中產階級。

and the demographics which leave parents with only one child to pay for - and, more importantly,

和人口結構，使只有一個孩子的父母需要支付----更重要的是，。

only one chance to get it right.

只有一次機會讓它正確。

The truly wealthy get started even earlier - sending their child to an elite American

真正的富人更早開始--把孩子送進美國精英學校。

feeder middle school, which can charge up to 60, $70,000 a year.

哺育中學，每年收費可達6、7萬元。

And when old fashion studying doesn't work, upper-class families resort to “gifts”

而當老式學習行不通的時候，上流社會的家庭就會採取 "送禮 "的方式。

- usually about $250,000, and as much as $6.5 million.

- 通常25萬元左右，高達650萬元。

There's one more, unexpected reason Chinese students come to America…

還有一個讓人意想不到的原因，中國學生來美國... ...

When Deng Xiaoping began opening up the country in the '80s and '90s, creating thousands

80、90年代鄧小平開始對外開放時，創造了數以千計的

of newly rich families, he also, for the first time, allowed students to study overseas.

的新富家庭，他還首次允許學生出國留學。

For this reason, the first international students who returned to China were its most well-off,

為此，第一批迴國的留學生都是中國最富裕的人。

launching high-paying, high-profile careers.

啟動高薪、高調的職業。

This association of studying in America and success in life has never faded.

美國留學與人生成功的這種關聯從未消退。

So, while the American Dream may not be alive and well in America, it certainly is in Beijing.

所以，雖然美國夢在美國可能不存在，但在北京肯定是存在的。

Americans have Louis Vuitton, McMansions, and Porsche's.

美國人有路易威登、麥當勞，還有保時捷。

Chinese people have Harvard and Yale.

中國人有哈佛、耶魯。

One hospital in central China even named its maternity wards after Ivy-League schools for

華中地區的一家醫院甚至以常春藤名校的名字來命名其產房，以備不時之需。

good luck.

好運氣

All of these factors help explain this, but they don't justify this.

所有這些因素都有助於解釋這一點，但它們並不能證明這一點。

Why did it all happen so fast?

為什麼這一切發生得這麼快？

To answer that, we need to understand how schools really make money.

要回答這個問題，我們需要了解學校到底是如何賺錢的。

Broadly speaking, in the U.S., there are two university business models.

大致來說，在美國，大學的商業模式有兩種。

The first way a school can make money is simple: charging students.

學校賺錢的第一個方法很簡單：向學生收費。

Private schools are the Apple of education - they forgo massive market share in exchange

私立學校是教育的蘋果--他們放棄了大量的市場份額，換來的是

for a smaller number of higher-paying students.

為較少的高薪學生。

And, because they attract high-income families, they can expect good, lifelong customers - aka

而且，由於他們吸引的是高收入家庭，他們可以期待良好的、終生的客戶--也就是

endowments!

捐贈！

On the other hand, the way public schools pay the bills is a little less obvious.

另一方面，公辦學校的繳費方式就不那麼明顯了。

Lower tuition is made up for by state and federal funding - aka, everyone's favorite,

較低的學費由州政府和聯邦政府的資助來彌補--也就是大家最喜歡的。

taxes!

稅！

Government subsidizing is great - when it's great.

政府補貼是偉大的--當它是偉大的。

Low prices grant low-income families access to a great education.

低廉的價格使低收入家庭有機會接受良好的教育。

The problem is that state and federal governments have other priorities and are subject to economic

問題是，州政府和聯邦政府有其他優先事項，並受經濟

downturns.

衰退。

During the 2008 recession, Americans spent and made less money, governments collected

在2008年經濟衰退期間，美國人花的錢少了，賺的錢也少了，政府徵收的錢也少了。

less revenue, and colleges received less funding.

收入較少，高校獲得的經費也較少。

From 2008 to 13, states alone lost out on $283 billion.

從2008年到13年，僅各州就損失了2830億美元。

Now, ten years later, most of us have long forgotten the recession - but not universities.

十年後的今天，我們大多數人早已忘記了經濟衰退--但大學不會。

Still in 2018, state funding for higher education was down 13% from before the crisis.

但在2018年，國家對高等教育的資助還是比危機前下降了13%。

So, as government subsidies fell, schools immediately turned to a new subsidy - international

於是，隨著政府補貼的下降，學校馬上轉向了新的補貼--國際

tuition.

補習。

The current model is one where colleges can segment prices without appearing to discriminate.

目前的模式是，高校可以在不出現歧視的情況下進行價格分割。

In other words, tuition is set very high, but aid is handed out very generously.

換句話說，學費定得很高，但援助金卻發放得很慷慨。

The average full-time undergraduate in 2017-18 received nearly $15,000 in total aid.

2017-18年全日制大學生平均獲得近1.5萬元的資助總額。

But while something like 85% of students receive some amount of financial aid, international

但是，雖然有85%的學生獲得了一定數額的經濟援助，但國際學生的經濟援助卻很少。

students almost always pay full price.

學生幾乎都是付全價。

At Michigan State University, for example, in-state freshmen pay $25,064 a year for tuition,

以密歇根州立大學為例，州內新生每年要支付25064美元的學費。

fees, room, and board.

費、食宿費。

Out-of-state residents pay just over double, and international students pay $9,133 on top

外州居民支付的費用略高於一倍，國際學生在此基礎上支付9133美元。

of that.

的。

Across America, an international student generates about twice as much revenue as an in-state

在整個美國，一個國際學生的收入大約是一個州內學生的兩倍。

resident.

居民：

Students also complain about a so-called “International Tax”, where schools place a greater emphasis

學生們還抱怨所謂的 "國際稅"，學校比較重視

on English courses to prolong their studies.

參加英語課程，以延長他們的學習時間。

Increasingly, Chinese students find themselves caught between two worlds…

越來越多的中國學生髮現自己被夾在兩個世界之間......。

As more and more students return home, 30% in 2007, but 80% today, they're often disappointed

隨著越來越多的學生返鄉，2007年是30%，如今是80%，他們往往會感到失望

by what they find.

由他們發現。

While English is still very valuable and many find high-paying jobs in America, the rest,

雖然英語還是很有價值的，很多人在美國找到了高薪的工作，但剩下的。

“Haigui”, as they're known in Chinese, have a disadvantage.

"海貴"，在中國人看來，他們有一個缺點。

One study found U.S. diploma-holders were 18% less likely to receive a call back from

一項研究發現，持有美國文憑的人接到美國大學回電的可能性降低了18%。

potential employers than Chinese ones.

比中國的潛在僱主。

On the other hand, they may also feel isolated and unwelcome in America.

另一方面，他們在美國也可能感到孤立和不受歡迎。

Because schools tend only to keep one or two dorms open during breaks, during which international

因為學校往往只在休息時間開放一個或兩個宿舍，而在這期間，國際

students tend to stay on campus, they get placed in the same dorms, have less opportunity

學生傾向於留在校園裡，他們被安排在同一個宿舍，有更少的機會

to perfect their language skills, and a harder time socializing outside their bubble.

完善他們的語言能力，更難在他們的圈子之外進行社交。

At the same time, some Chinese students are experiencing delayed or rejected visas and

同時，一些中國學生的簽證被延遲或被拒籤的情況時有發生，而且。

accusations of espionage.

間諜罪的指控；

The fear stems from Confucius Institutes or Chinese Student and Scholars Associations,

這種恐懼源於孔子學院或中國學生學者協會。

groups set-up by or associated with China's Communist Party on American campuses.

中國共產黨在美國校園內設立的或與之有關的團體。

Officially, their goal is to help Chinese students acclimate abroad - like, by organizing

官方表示，他們的目標是幫助中國學生適應國外的生活--比如，通過組織。

parties around Chinese New Year.

春節前後的聚會。

Chinese embassies also create WeChat groups to organize students, even paying them to

中國大使館也會建立微信群組織學生，甚至給他們發錢。

welcome Xi Jinping during his 2015 visit to Washington.

歡迎習近平2015年訪問華盛頓時。

Several Chinese students and faculty have been arrested or fired in recent years for

近年來，有多名中國師生因?

alleged spying or failing to disclose connections to China.

涉嫌從事間諜活動或未披露與中國的關係。

According to sources, President Trump seriously considered banning all Chinese students completely,

據消息人士透露，特朗普總統認真考慮過全面禁止所有中國學生。

only narrowly deciding against it after an ambassador pointed out how it would harm American

在一位大使指出這將損害美國的利益後，才勉強決定反對。

schools.

學校：

Students in STEM fields, in other words, most Chinese students, are already subject to additional

STEM領域的學生，換句話說，大多數中國學生，已經受到了額外的。

scrutiny.

審查。

The truth is, visa issues are not yet widespread, and the U.S. government has, at times, even

事實上，簽證問題還不普遍，美國政府有時甚至是

encouraged Chinese arrivals, with Trump declaring “We want to have Chinese students (go) to

鼓勵中國人的到來，特朗普宣稱 "我們希望中國學生（去）到。

our great schools and great universities.

我們偉大的學校和偉大的大學。

They are great students and tremendous assets”.

他們是優秀的學生和巨大的財富"。

Regardless, issues are common enough to create a perception of risk, leading to an 8% drop

無論怎樣，問題都是很普遍的，足以讓人產生風險意識，導致下降8%。

of international students in 2018, who increasingly choose other countries like Canada or affordable

的留學生，在2018年，他們越來越多地選擇加拿大等其他國家或經濟實惠的國家。

Thailand.

泰國：

The University of Illinois went so far as to take out a $424,000 insurance policy in

伊利諾伊大學竟然投保了42.4萬美元的保險，在。

case of a significant drop in Chinese students.

中國學生大幅減少的情況下。

The U.S. can and should be worried about Chinese influence on campuses.

美國可以也應該擔心中國對校園的影響。

Their free, open-minded approach has the potentially dangerous side-effect of also creating a vulnerable

他們的自由、開放的做法有一個潛在的危險的副作用，那就是也造成了一個脆弱的、不穩定的、不安全的環境。

hole easily filled by nationalist propaganda.

漏洞很容易被民族主義宣傳所填補。

There has never been a better time in history to be wary of China's influence abroad.

歷史上從來沒有比現在更好的時機來警惕中國的海外影響力。

But there has also never been a more important moment to be cautious about conflating a government

但是，現在也是一個前所未有的重要時刻，我們要謹慎地將一個政府混為一談。

and its ideology with 1.4 billion individuals.

及其意識形態與14億人。

Suspecting everyone of espionage leaves America economically and culturally weaker, not stronger.

懷疑每個人的間諜行為，會讓美國在經濟和文化上變得更弱，而不是更強。

Every year, Chinese students contribute $15 billion to the U.S. economy.

每年，中國學生為美國經濟貢獻150億美元。

Education is now Australia's third-largest export, more than tourism, and behind only

教育現在是澳洲第三大出口產品，超過了旅遊業，僅次於

iron and coal.

鐵和煤。

But whether economically useful or not, cultural exchanges act as a countervailing force to

但無論經濟上是否有用，文化交流都會起到反作用，對

propaganda - both exposing Chinese nationals to a wider intellectual world and American

宣傳--既讓中國國民接觸到了更廣闊的知識世界，也讓美國的

citizens to foreign cultures.

公民對外國文化的。

The fact that America has so many high-ranking, sought-after institutions - where even Xi

事實上，美國有這麼多高大上、受人追捧的機構--在這裡，連習近平都

Jinping sends his daughter - is a massive diplomatic advantage that risks being wasted

金平送女兒--是巨大的外交優勢有被浪費的危險

if foreigners aren't welcome.

如果不歡迎外國人。

When students return to China, these schools often constitute their entire conception of

當學生回到中國後，這些學校往往構成了他們的全部觀念。

America, the one that spreads to friends, family, and, eventually, decision-makers.

美國，那個傳播給朋友、家人，最終傳播給決策者。

Cutting off Chinese students may help win today's trade war, but welcoming them is

斬斷中國學生可能有助於打贏今天的貿易戰，但歡迎他們是

the only way to stop tomorrow's conflicts before they even begin.

只有這樣才能在明天的衝突開始之前就阻止它們。

While not everyone can leave their country and study abroad, we all have access to some

雖然不是每個人都能出國留學，但我們都有機會獲得一些

of the most interesting classes online with Skillshare!

最有趣的類在線與技能共享!

For example, maybe after watching “The Magic of In-N-Out”, you want to start your own

例如，也許看完《In-N-Out的魔力》後，你想開闢自己的。

business - this course can help you create an amazing logo for it.

業務--本課程可以幫助您為其創建一個令人驚歎的標誌。

Perhaps you want to avoid a marketing disaster like Huawei, in which case, you should watch

也許你想避免像華為這樣的營銷災難，在這種情況下，你應該看一看

these brand strategy courses from the experts.

這些來自專家的品牌戰略課程。

Whatever you want to learn - like design, business, or investing - Skillshare has thousands

無論你想學習 - 像設計，商業，或投資 - 技能共享有成千上萬的。

of classes to teach you.

的課程來教你。

You can try Skillshare today with a 2-month free trial using the link in the description.

你可以嘗試Skillshare今天與2個月的免費試用，使用描述中的鏈接。

After that, an annual subscription is less than $10 bucks a month.

之後，年費每月不到10塊錢。

Thanks to Skillshare, and to you for watching!

感謝技能分享，也感謝你的觀看!