leopard seals.

But some of them are down there to fly balloons or watch ice cubes.

Special balloons and special ice cubes.

Like the balloon-based experiment ANITA, which has seen things we thought weren’t possible,

and could show us that our current knowledge of particle physics is just the tip of the

iceberg.

ANITA, short for the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna, was designed to study ultra-high-energy

cosmic neutrinos by taking advantage of the ice sheets that blanket Antarctica.

Now I know you are already an expert in neutrinos because you watch all my videos, right?...

Right??

Okay then, quick refresher: neutrinos are ultra lightweight and chargeless particles

that almost never interact with other matter.

Because of those properties, they can travel through entire planets without being affected.

At least that’s true for the low energy neutrinos we usually talk about.

That variety mostly comes from atomic decay deep inside the sun act like me at a party;

rarely interacting with anything.

These are the same neutrinos we use massive tanks of ultrapure water like the Super-Kamiokande

detector to spot.

But there are other types of neutrinos, and the ultra-high energy variety is something

of a different animal.

They have wider “cross sections” meaning they’re more likely to collide with other

particles as they pass.

They’re made during high-energy collisions like when cosmic rays and photons interact.

Then they zip along through the universe until they reach us here on Earth.

Because of that bigger cross section, they don’t penetrate very far before they interact

with something, causing a cascade of particles that gives off what scientists describe as

a “snap” of radio frequencies.

To pick up these fairly faint signals, known as Askaryan pulses, scientists need somewhere

without a lot of other radio signals.

They also need a lot of a radio transparent medium so the high-energy particle interaction

can occur, but the Askaryan pulses can still propagate.

A medium like ice.

And that is why the ANITA experiment was flown over Antarctica.

Attached to a NASA long Duration Balloon, the antenna flew a total of four missions

from 2006 to 2016, staying aloft between three and five weeks at a time.

While it was up there it picked up the refracted radio signals coming from the ice below.

Scientists basically turned an entire continent into a scientific instrument.

That is some comic-book villain logic.

And it totally worked.

Actually, it worked so well it spotted something we can’t explain with our current particle

physics.

On multiple occasions, ANITA detected signals coming straight up from beneath it, meaning

in theory they must have traveled through the earth as opposed to just skimming through

the ice at an angle.

Since ultra high-energy neutrinos interact much more frequently than their low-energy

counterparts, they shouldn’t be able to travel through the entire Earth.

To double check there was no mistake, they looked through the results of another Antarctic

based neutrino detector, IceCube.

Not the rapper-turned-actor, he's not down there.

Making use of stable ultra-clear ice, IceCube’s sensors monitor a cubic kilometer of ice for

neutrino interactions starting 1500 meters below the surface.

Sure enough, the data revealed three other events where particles seemed to come straight

up from below.

Three detections may not sound like a lot, but mathematically it’s way more than they

should be seeing.

It shouldn’t even happen once.

This is potentially huge news for particle physics.

If we can rule out the idea that these are neutrinos that are blasting at us from one

specific place so intensly that the detectors can see them –– what’s called the ‘point

source hypothesis’ –– then these can’t be ultra-high energy neutrinos at all.

Which means NOTHING in the standard model explains it.

This means it could point to other theories that could supplant or expand the standard

model one day.

But scientists aren’t ready to throw out the standard model just yet.

More data is necessary, so ANITA’s proposed successor, the Payload for Ultrahigh Energy

Observations, may continue the hunt for these inexplicable interactions.

The resulting data from it, and experiments like ANITA and IceCube could help tell the

Large Hadron Collider where to look as it searches for particles outside the standard

model.

Of course, we can’t discuss Antarctic research

without acknowledging the giant penguin in the room: the climate crisis.

Check out this episode of Focal Point about scientists creating an “Ice Vault” in

Antarctica to store glaciers’ “memories” before they’re gone forever.

And for more stone-cold-stunning science news, subscribe, and I’ll see you next time on Seeker.