metals and metallic bonds.

And in this video we're going to dig a little bit deeper

and in particular, we're going to talk about alloys,

which are mixtures of elements,

but still have metallic properties.

So first of all, what are metallic properties?

Well those tend to be things like they're shiny,

they reflect light.

This is actually a pure iron sample right over here.

You can see that it reflects light.

It tends to be malleable,

which means you can bend it without breaking it.

And it tends to conduct electricity.

And alloys are when you can mix

multiple elements together

and still have most of these properties.

And just as a review of where these properties come from,

we can imagine metallic bonds.

And there's a whole video on this,

but in metallic bonds, let's say we were

to take a bunch of iron and you can see right over here,

iron, Fe, it is a transition metal.

And what happens with metals is,

is when they form bonds with each other,

they're valence electrons,

because each of the atoms aren't that electronegative,

they don't want to hog the electrons.

They don't want them, just for themselves.

They're willing to share their valence electrons

into a bit of a communal pool of electrons.

And so even though you have a bunch of neutral,

let's say iron atoms, you could actually view them

as positively charged ions in a sea of electrons.

And so you have a bunch of electrons here.

And where did these electrons come from?

Well these are the valence electrons

from the neutral atoms that get contributed to this sea.

And this is why most metals are good

at conducting electricity.

This is why they are malleable.

And depending on the metal,

if you're talking about a Group one metal,

you could imagine that the charge

of these ions right over here would be a plus one.

But if we're talking about a Group two metal

or a transition metal, they have more valence electrons

that they might be able to contribute to this pool.

And so if you're thinking about these ions,

they can even have a positive two charge

or a positive three charge.

But as promised in this video we're gonna talk about

the notion of alloys.

And we're going to do these particulate diagrams

that we have seen in other videos.

And in the particulate diagrams,

we're not going to show this sea of electrons,

but they're going to help us visualize

the structure of the alloys.

So let's imagine what iron could look like.

And we're just going to look at a two-dimensional slice

of a solid of iron, where all the iron atoms

have formed metallic bonds.

And as I said, we're not going

to draw this sea of electrons,

but they might form a pretty regular structure,

something like this.

And so each of these circles represent an iron atom.

But as promised, this video is about alloys.

So let's imagine what steel might look like.

This is a steel blade and steel is a bunch of iron,

so once again, we can visualize each of these

as an iron atom, but mixed in with that iron

is a little bit of carbon.

And when you look at the periodic table of elements

you can see that carbon is a good bit higher

on the periodic table of elements

and to the right of iron.

Neutral iron has 26 protons and 26 electrons,

and neutral carbon only has six protons and six electrons.

The valence electrons in carbon are in their second shell.

The valence electrons of iron are in the fourth shell.

So carbon is a good bit smaller.

And so, when you mix that carbon in,

because it is smaller,

it's able to fit in the gaps between the irons.

So you might have, I'll draw this right here.

You might have a little bit of carbon there.

You might have a little bit of carbon there.

You might have a little bit of carbon there.

And so when you form an alloy,

where one atom has a larger radius

or a significantly larger radius than the other,

you tend to form things like this,

which are known as interstitial alloys,

and basic carbon steel is a good example of it.

Now you have other situations where you have alloys

between atoms of similar size.

And this right over here, this is a brass,

I don't know if this is a clock or an astrolabe,

or something like this,

but brass is made up of a mix of copper and zinc.

And so when you have an alloy like this,

that's between atoms of similar radius,

this is called a substitutional alloy.

You can imagine that some of the copper

has been substituted with zinc.

So this is substitutional alloy.

Now the last thing you might be wondering about is

can you have a combination of both?

And you indeed can.

This is over here are panels

on the International Space Station,

and it's made out of stainless steel.

You're likely to have stainless steel in your kitchen.

And stainless steel, you could view it as

it's basic steel but instead of just iron and carbon,

It also has a little bit of chromium mixed in.

And so we can visualize this.

If this is stainless steel,

maybe the blue ones, we say are iron,

but it has a little bit of chromium.

I'll do that with red.

Chromium has a similar radius to iron.

It's not exactly the same, but it is close.

So maybe a little chromium there,

a little bit of chromium right over there,

a little bit of chromium right over there.

And if it was just iron chromium

we would call it substitutional,

but it also has carbon and carbon has a smaller radius.

So maybe a little bit of carbon fitting

in the gaps between the larger atoms there.

A little bit of carbon there.

A little bit of carbon right over here.

And so this is an example of an alloy,

that is both interstitial and substitutional.

Now one final question, you're like okay

this is all interesting,

but why have we decided to put things like carbon in iron?

Well it turns out that even by putting

a little bit of carbon in or mixing in

with other metals, you're able to change

the properties and for example, steel as an alloy,

is much stronger than iron, by itself.

And stainless steel once you mix that chromium in,

it's much more resistant to corrosion, than basic steel.

So I'll leave you there.

You just learned a little bit more about metals and alloys.