Subaru Outback helped us stay comfortable during filming. If you want to learn more

about the 2020 Subaru Outback and its features, you can check out the link in the description.

[♪INTRO]

Stefan: Welcome to a very special episode of SciShow!

We're going on a road trip!

I'm Stefan Chin, one of your usual hosts, but today I'm here with Alexis Dahl, SciShow's

content manager!

Alexis: Thanks for having me, Stefan! This is not

the side of the camera I usually end up on.

Over the next three episodes, Stefan and I will be exploring Olympic National Park in

Washington to bring you some of the coolest geology stories there. We've been doing

lots of research to prepare for this trip, and we're excited to finally see the park!

Stefan: So, shall we get going?

Alexis: Let's go!

[ ♪MUSIC ]

Alexis: Even if you've lived in Washington State

your whole life, there's a chance you've never seen Mt. Olympus. It's tucked away

on the Olympic Peninsula, and there aren't many places to get a good view of it.

Stefan: That's why we're headed up to Hurricane

Ridge. Partly to show you the view, and partly because there's a really good story here.

Alexis: See, here's the thing about Mt. Olympus.

Every year for millions of years, new material has been added to the bottom of the mountain

and the mountain range. Except… Mt. Olympus hasn't noticeably grown in more than 10

million years.

Stefan: And as for why… that requires a cool geology

lesson.

Stefan: The Olympic Mountains started forming somewhere

between 5 and 20 million years ago, largely thanks to the work of two tectonic plates.

Tectonic plates are the huge slabs of rock that make up Earth's crust, and they move

over time, changing the landscape as they go.

There are a bunch of them, but the two plates to know here are the Juan de Fuca plate and

the North American plate.

Juan de Fuca is an oceanic plate, meaning it's made of dense rock and tends to hang

out below sea level. And the North American plate is continental, so it tends to be above

sea level.

In any case, millions of years ago, this oceanic plate started subducting, or traveling underneath,

the North American plate.

And during that process, material from Juan de Fuca got scraped off and piled onto the

North American plate.

Alexis: It was kind of like stuff piling up at the

end of a conveyor belt. And over time, that material kept building, getting taller and

taller until, finally… the Olympic Mountains were born!

Alexis: Now, to be clear, the mountains didn't get

so tall just because a tectonic plate subducted underneath this area. Geologists are still

trying to figure out exactly how they got their height, and they do have a few other

ideas.

Stefan: Like, one hypothesis is that in this part

of Washington, the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting at a shallower angle than average and is making

the crust above it curve upwards, like a dome.

Alexis: Another idea is that it might have to do with

how other geologic features around here are moving.

Stefan: Honestly, when you're trying to study things

that have happened over millions of years, the research is… kind of tricky.

Stefan: Regardless of why the mountains are so tall,

though, one thing is for sure: They're not done growing. For example, the Juan de Fuca

plate is still subducting, so new material is being added to the mountains all the time.

Alexis: Also, this area is currently undergoing something

called isostatic rebound.

During the last Ice Age, this part of Washington was covered by a large ice sheet that's

mostly disappeared.

Stefan: Yeah mostly. But we're here and it's January,

and it's pretty cold as you can see among other things. So why don't we get back inside?

Alexis: Good idea!

[ ♪MUSIC ]

Stefan: Well, this is a little bit nicer.

Alexis: It is! Weather aside, thousands of years ago, when that ice sheet existed, it

was really heavy. So heavy that it pushed down the Earth's crust underneath it.

Now that the ice is gone, the crust is rebounding and rising up again. So besides the Juan de

Fuca Plate and everything else, that's contributing to the growth of the Olympic Mountains as

well.

Stefan: Except the kicker is, even though these processes

are still going, geologists think Mt. Olympus and the Olympic Mountains have been about

this high, with the same overall shape, for 14 million years.

Alexis: Which is a surprisingly long time.

It's like this because there's actually a really cool system happening here, where

the uplift of the mountains seems to be balanced by the rate they're eroding.

Let's use Mt. Olympus as an example.

Stefan: Actually, why don't we head into the Hoh

Rain Forest? That seems appropriate, given what's going on.

Alexis: Oh yeah! Let's do that.

[ ♪MUSIC ]

Stefan: So, as you might have noticed, Olympic National

Park is wet.

One of the reasons it happens is the Olympic Peninsula is the first land rainclouds encounter

after they cross the Pacific Ocean.

Over time, that rain hits the mountains and wears away the landscape. It's like how

you can erode a sandcastle by dumping water on it, but on a much larger scale.

Alexis: But that's not the only thing happening

here.

Mt. Olympus is also eroded by rivers and streams running down its slopes, and that's where

the balance comes in.

See, as the mountain gets taller and steeper, water can flow down it faster and cut deeper

channels into the rock. Those channels wear away the mountain. And thanks to them — along

with sudden events like landslides — the mountain becomes shorter and less steep.

As a result, water flows down it more slowly and erodes the mountain less.

Then, over time, Mt. Olympus gets taller and steeper again, the process repeats.

Stefan: This is a stable or near-stable system, so

we don't really see Mt. Olympus or any of its buddies getting noticeably taller over

the years. And unless something drastic changes, we probably won't.

It will just exist in a nice, even balance, frozen around 2400 meters tall.

Alexis: So, that's the story! There's a careful

balance here between the rising mountains and the erosion that wears them down. And

thanks to that, Mt. Olympus doesn't really grow — even though it gets new material

all the time.

But hey, that's not the only story in Olympic National Park.

Stefan: Oh, definitely not. Next up, we're going

to head to the beach to learn about the ancient island that transformed Washington. So, stay

tuned next week! But for now…

Alexis: Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!

Hey, I never get to say that.

This adventure wouldn't have been possible without the 2020 Subaru Outback, so we'd

like to give the team at Subaru a big “Thank You”.

Stefan: From the comfy seats to the Subaru Starlink

Touchscreen Navigation, the Outback helped us get to Olympic National Park and navigate

the roads to Hurricane Ridge.

Alexis: We also got to take advantage of some features

like X-mode, which were super helpful on all those hills and winter roads.

Stefan: If you want to learn more about the 2020 Subaru

Outback, you can check out the link in the description.

[ ♪OUTRO ]