trying to resolve two enigmas:

Why is productivity so disappointing

in all the companies where I work?

I have worked with more than 500 companies.

Despite all the technological advances --

computers, I.T., communications, telecommunications,

the Internet.

Enigma number two:

Why is there so little engagement at work?

Why do people feel so miserable,

even actively disengaged?

Disengaging their colleagues.

Acting against the interest of their company.

Despite all the affiliation events,

the celebration, the people initiatives,

the leadership development programs to train

managers on how to better motivate their teams.

At the beginning, I thought there was

a chicken and egg issue:

Because people are less engaged, they are less productive.

Or vice versa, because they are less productive,

we put more pressure and they are less engaged.

But as we were doing our analysis

we realized that there was a common root cause

to these two issues.

That relates, in fact, to the basic pillars of management.

The way we organize is based on two pillars.

The hard -- structure, processes, systems.

The soft --

feelings, sentiments, interpersonal

And whenever a company

reorganizes, restructures, reengineers,

goes through a cultural transformation program,

it chooses these two pillars.

Now, we try to refine them,

we try to combine them.

The real issue is --

and this is the answer to the two enigmas --

these pillars are obsolete.

Everything you read in business books is based

either on one or the other

or their combination.

They are obsolete.

How do they work

when you try to use these approaches

in front of the new complexity of business?

The hard approach, basically

requirements, structures, processes,

committees, headquarters, hubs, clusters,

you name it.

I forgot all the metrics, incentives, committees,

What happens basically on the left,

you have more complexity, the

We need quality, cost, reliability, speed.

And every time there is a new requirement,

we use the same approach.

We create dedicated structure processed systems,

basically to deal with the

The hard approach creates just complicatedness

in the organization.

Let's take an example.

An automotive company, the engineering division

is a five-dimensional matrix.

If you open any cell of the matrix,

you find another 20-dimensional matrix.

You have Mr. Noise, Mr. Petrol Consumption,

Mr. Anti-Collision Properties.

For any new requirement,

you have a dedicated function

in charge of aligning engineers against

the new requirement.

What happens when the new

Some years ago, a new requirement

appeared on the marketplace:

the length of the warranty period.

So therefore the new requirement is repairability,

making cars easy to repair.

Otherwise when you bring the car

if you have to remove the engine

to access the lights,

the car will have to stay one week in the garage

instead of two hours, and the

So, what was the solution using the hard approach?

If repairability is the new requirement,

the solution is to create a new function,

Mr. Repairability.

And Mr. Repairability creates

With a repairability scorecard,

and eventually repairability incentive.

That came on top of 25 other KPIs.

What percentage of these people is variable compensation?

Twenty percent at most, divided by 26 KPIs,

repairability makes a difference of 0.8 percent.

What difference did it make in their actions,

their choices to simplify? Zero.

But what occurs for zero impact?

scorecard, evaluation, coordination

to have zero impact.

Now, in front of the new complexity of business,

the only solution is not drawing boxes

with reporting lines.

It is basically the interplay.

How the parts work together.

The connections, the interactions, the synapses.

It is not the skeleton of boxes,

of adaptiveness and intelligence.

You know, you could call it cooperation, basically.

Whenever people cooperate,

they use less resources. In everything.

You know, the repairability issue

is a cooperation problem.

When you design cars, please take into account

the needs of those who will repair the cars

in the after sales garages.

When we don't cooperate we need more time,

more equipment, more systems, more teams.

We need -- When procurement, supply

we need more stock, more inventories,

Who will pay for that?

Shareholders? Customers?

No, they will refuse.

So who is left?

who have to compensate through their super

individual efforts for the lack of cooperation.

Stress, burnout, they are

No wonder they disengage.

How do the hard and the soft

The hard: In banks, when there is a problem

between the back office and the front office,

they don't cooperate. What is the solution?

They create a middle office.

What happens one year later?

Instead of one problem

now I have two problems.

Between the back and the middle

and between the middle and the front.

Plus I have to pay for the middle office.

The hard approach is unable to foster cooperation.

It can only add new boxes,

The soft approach:

To make people cooperate, we need

Improve interpersonal feelings,

the more people like each other,

It is totally wrong.

It is even counterproductive.

Look, at home I have two TVs. Why?

Precisely not to have to cooperate with my wife.

(Laughter)

Not to have to impose tradeoffs to my wife.

And why I try not to impose tradeoffs to my wife

is precisely because I love my wife.

If I didn't love my wife, one TV would be enough:

You will watch my favorite football game,

if you are not happy, how is the book or the door?

(Laughter)

The more we like each other,

the more we avoid the real cooperation

that would strain our relationships

And we go for a second TV or we escalate

the decision above for arbitration.

Definitely, these approaches are obsolete.

To deal with complexity, to enhance the nervous system,

we have created what we call

based on simple rules.

Simple rule number one:

Understand what others do.

What is their real work?

We need to go beyond the boxes,

the job descriptions, beyond the surface

of the container, to understand the real content.

Me, designer, if I put a wire here,

I know that it will mean that we will have to

remove the engine to access the lights.

Second, you need to reinforce integrators.

Integrators are not middle

existing managers that you reinforce

so that they have power and interest

to make others cooperate.

How can you reinforce your

By removing layers.

When there are too many layers

people are too far from the action,

therefore they need KPIs, metrics,

they need poor proxies for reality.

They don't understand reality

and they add the complicatedness of metrics, KPIs.

By removing rules -- the bigger we are,

the more we need integrators,

therefore the less rules we must have,

to give discretionary power to managers.

And we do the opposite --

the bigger we are, the more rules we create.

And we end up with the Encyclopedia

You need to increase the quanitity of power

so that you can empower everybody

to use their judgment, their intelligence.

You must give more cards to people

so that they have the critical mass of cards

to take the risk to cooperate,

to move out of insulation.

Otherwise, they will withdraw. They will disengage.

These rules, they come from game theory

and organizational sociology.

You can increase the shadow of the future.

Create feedback loops that expose people

to the consequences of their actions.

This is what the automotive company did

when they saw that Mr. Repairability had no impact.

They said to the design engineers:

Now, in three years, when the new

you will move to the after sales

of the warranty budget,

and if the warranty budget explodes,

it will explode in your face. (Laughter)

Much more powerful than 0.8

You need also to increase reciprocity,

by removing the buffers that make us self-sufficient.

When you remove these buffers,

you hold me by the nose, I hold you by the ear.

We will cooperate.

Remove the second TV.

There are many second TVs at work

that don't create value,

they just provide dysfunctional self-sufficiency.

You need to reward those who cooperate

and blame those who don't cooperate.

The CEO of The Lego Group,

Jorgen Vig Knudstorp, has a great way to use it.

He says, blame is not for failure,

it is for failing to help or ask for help.

It changes everything.

Suddenly it becomes in my

on my real weaknesses, my real forecast,

because I know I will not be blamed if I fail,

but if I fail to help or ask for help.

When you do this, it has a lot of implications

on organizational design.

You stop drawing boxes, dotted lines, full lines;

you look at their interplay.

It has a lot of implications on financial policies

that we use.

On human resource management practices.

When you do that, you can manage complexity,

the new complexity of business,

without getting complicated.

You create more value with lower cost.

You simultaneously improve

because you have removed the common root cause

that hinders both.

Complicatedness: This is your

The real battle is not against competitors.

This is rubbish, very abstract.

When do we meet competitors to fight them?

The real battle is against ourselves,

against our bureaucracy, our complicatedness.

Only you can fight, can do it.

Thank you.

(Applause)