Name: 世界上最強大的X射線源內幕 (Inside the Most Powerful X-Ray Source in the World)
Uploaded: 2020-10-21T19:16:43.000Z
Duration: 7 min 51 s

in the deserts of new mexico scientists  have been conducting groundbreaking energy  

在新墨西哥州的沙漠中，科學家們一直在進行突破性的能源開發。

and weapons research since the end of world war ii

and in the shadow of the sandia mountains  inside this u.s government facility  

而在桑迪亞山脈的陰影下 在這個美國政府的設施內。

that work continues we're part of the  national nuclear security administration  

這項工作還在繼續 我們是國家核安全局的一部分。

we're doing work to ensure that we have  safe and reliable nuclear deterrent  

我們正在努力確保我們擁有安全可靠的核威懾力。

but beyond that sandia national labs also works  to develop advanced technologies to ensure global  

但除此之外，桑迪亞國家實驗室還致力於開發先進的技術，以確保全球的安全。

peace though that still involves some danger  there are radiation hazards in the building  

和平，雖然仍然有一定的危險性，但建築物內有輻射危險。

when the machine fires it creates radiation today  this facility is the world's most powerful and  

當機器發射時，它會產生輻射 今天，這個設施是世界上最強大的，也是最重要的。

efficient laboratory radiation source capable of  creating conditions found nowhere else on earth  

高效的實驗室輻射源，能夠創造地球上其他地方沒有的條件。

there's a rumor that some of the folks  filming the avengers movie wanted to use the  

有一個傳言說，一些鄉親拍攝的復仇者電影想使用的

as a portal and have something come out  of it this team of physicists engineers  

作為一個門戶，並有一些東西從裡面出來 這個物理學家工程師團隊。

and technicians are in the final stages of  careful preparation to fire the z machine

和技術人員正在進行最後的精心準備，準備發射z機

so this is a z machine it's the nation's flagship  pulse power facility the whole point of the z  

所以這是一臺Z機 它是國家的旗艦脈衝動力設施 Z的全部意義在於

machine is to store energy and then compress it  in time and space to achieve high energy densities  

機是將能量儲存起來，然後在時間和空間上進行壓縮，以達到高能量密度的目的。

essentially this means the z machine can replicate  the cosmos right here on earth allowing scientists  

本質上，這意味著Z機可以在地球上覆制宇宙，讓科學家們能夠

to run a wide array of experiments giving  researchers the ability to study everything  

運行廣泛的實驗，使研究人員有能力研究所有的東西。

from plasma to x-rays to neutrons and nuclear  fusion expanding beyond weapons research to drive  

從等離子體到X射線再到中子和核聚變，擴展到武器研究以外的領域，以推動發展。

innovation in the fields of material science  renewable energy and even helping redefine our  

材料科學可再生能源領域的創新，甚至幫助重新定義我們的生活。

very understanding of the universe so how does  the z replicate the stars down in the desert

非常瞭解宇宙，所以Z是如何複製的星星在沙漠中的下降

this entire facility a third of a football  field in diameter as essentially one giant  

整個設施的直徑只有一個足球場的三分之一，就像一個巨大的。

machine engineered to store and then  fire more than 20 megajoules of energy  

儲存和發射超過20兆焦耳能量的機器。

the way we do that is the outer ring of the  machine is a series of marks capacitor banks  

我們的做法是在機器的外環上有一系列標記的電容器組。

they store about 20 mega joules of energy  28 mega joules is a fully loaded 18 wheeler  

他們存儲約20兆焦耳的能量 28兆焦耳是一個滿載的18輪車

barreling down the freeway full speed that's  20 megajoules of energy but it's electrical  

全速衝下高速公路，這是20兆焦耳的能量，但它的電

energy stored in capacitors charged up over a  minute and a half there's 36 separate modules  

儲存在電容器中的能量在一分半鐘內充滿，有36個獨立的模塊。

that radially transport that energy into a  target all this energy from the z machine  

徑向將能量輸送到一個目標上，所有這些來自z機的能量。

flows into the very center this is made  possible by the technology beneath our feet  

流入中心，這是我們腳下的技術使然。

we're standing above the oil section of z inside  this whole section is filled with oil right now  

我們正站在Z的石油區上面 這整個區現在充滿了石油。

it's drained out so we can take a look and we  can see the marks capacitors down there these  

我們可以看一下，我們可以看到下面的標記電容器，這些

big silver boxes that store electrical  energy as the machine prepares to fire  

roughly three hours out from the day's scheduled  fire six hundred and fifty thousand gallons of  

距離當天預定的火災時間大約三小時後，六十五萬加侖的水就會被運走。

transformer oil fills the section insulating  disease generators and capacitors three hundred  

變壓器油充填段絕緣病發電機和電容器三百塊

and fifty thousand gallons of deionized water also  fills the adjacent section closer to the center  

和五萬加侖的去離子水也充滿了靠近中心的相鄰部分。

of the machine so deionized water has a very high  dielectric constant and it's good for filling the  

的機器，所以去離子水的介電常數很高，很適合填充在機器上。

parallel plate transmission lines that then take  the energy into the center of the machine when the  

平行的板式傳輸線，然後將能量帶入機器的中心，然後再將能量帶入機器的中心。

z machine fires energy from its marks capacitors  discharge and travels along transforming lines  

z機器從其標記的電容器中發射能量，並沿變換線傳播。

which pulse compress that energy as it makes  its way to the center target so we started out  

脈衝壓縮的能量，因為它使其方式的中心目標，所以我們開始了。

minute half charging by the time we're in this  water section we're shortening that pulse to 100  

半分鐘的充電時間，當我們在這段水裡的時候，我們把脈衝縮短到100

nanosecond rise time that's 100 billionths of a  second with the current from all 36 modules rising  

納秒級的上升時間，即所有36個模塊的電流上升到1000億分之一秒。

to 20 25 mega amps and now if you can imagine that  18 wheeler barreling down the freeway hitting a  

到20-25兆安培，現在，如果你能想象18輪車衝下高速公路撞上了一個

dime and depositing its energy into a dime and not  only that but it's dumped in on the time scale of  

一角錢，並將其能量存入一角錢，不僅如此，它在時間尺度上的傾注為

a few nanoseconds or to put it another way the  z machine fires more than one thousand times the  

幾納秒，或者換個角度說，Z機的發射次數超過1000倍。

electricity of a lightning bolt twenty thousand  times faster hitting a target the size of a dime  

this center circle is the z machine's experiment  chamber currently being cleaned and prepped  

這個中心圈是Z機的實驗室，目前正在清理和準備中

by technicians this is where the immense  energy fired by the massive machine ends up  

技術人員將巨大的機器發射的巨大能量送到這裡來

everything about this size in the middle is  destroyed and turned either into debris and  

中的一切都被破壞了，要麼變成碎片，要麼化為灰燼

particulate or a little further into molten metal  or very close to the middle into a hot plasma  

顆粒或稍遠進入熔融金屬或非常接近中間的地方進入熱等離子體。

that stuff goes splattering all over the walls  of the machine that's why it looks black in there  

這些東西會濺到機器的牆壁上，這就是為什麼它在那裡看起來是黑色的。

there's soot from the debris from disassembling  targets in decades of previous experiments on z  

在數十年前的z實驗中，拆解目標的殘骸會產生煙塵。

using currents measuring roughly 26 million  amps z compresses that energy in time and space  

使用大約2600萬安培的電流，z在時間和空間上壓縮這些能量

generating x-ray emissions of 350 terawatts  and producing incredibly high energy densities  

產生350太瓦的X射線輻射，產生難以置信的高能量密度。

we can produce temperatures hotter than  the sun you can create plasmas that are  

我們可以產生比太陽更熱的溫度 你可以創造出比太陽更熱的等離子體。

equivalent to plasmas around white dwarfs you  can create plasmas equivalent to plasmas and  

相當於白矮星周圍的質點，你可以創造相當於質點的質點和

accretion disks of black holes but creating  the stuff of stars makes a really big bang  

黑洞的吸積盤，但創造了恆星的東西，使一個真正的大爆炸。

aside from the highway being a radiological hazard  and they're being hard x-rays that are emitted  

除了高速公路是一個輻射危險，他們是硬X射線，發射的

from the machine there's a lot of straight  voltage strain energy you would not want to  

從機器上有很多你不願意看到的直流電壓應變能量。

stand here during a shot the pulse-powered  z machine is able to convert roughly 15  

在拍攝過程中，站在這裡的脈衝動力Z機能夠轉換大約15個。

of the electricity from its marks capacitors  to x-rays at its center the energy that we're  

從其標記的電容器中的電力到其中心的X射線的能量，我們在其中心的X射線的能量，我們在其中心的X射線的能量，我們在其中心的X射線的能量。

putting finally into the center is equivalent  to a couple sticks of tnt that's all packed into  

最後放進中間，相當於幾根TNT都裝進了裡面。

sort of like a cubic centimeter sort of volume as  far as energy conversion this is fairly efficient  

就像一立方厘米的體積，就能量轉換而言，這是相當有效的。

but when you're dealing with more than 20  megajoules of energy we get a couple sticks  

但當你要處理超過20兆焦耳的能量時，我們會得到幾根棍子

of tnt in the middle but we started out with a  fully loaded 18 wheeler what happens the rest  

但我們從一輛滿載的18輪車開始，其餘的會發生什麼？

of it that's where we get the arcs and sparks  the discharges across the top of the machine  

這就是我們得到電弧和火花的地方，放電穿過機器的頂部。

we get shock in the water section there's actually  plasma channels formed in the water switches when  

我們在水部受到衝擊，實際上在水開關中形成了等離子體通道，當... ...

they self break and transfer the power down  line the plasma channels form it's like little  

它們會自斷，並將電力傳輸到等離子體通道的下線，就像小的一樣

mini lightning bolts between two conductors  in the water section and just like you have  

迷你避雷針在水路的兩根導體之間，就像你有一個迷你避雷針。

thunder from a lightning bolt you have water shock  that reverberates through the machine attention

電閃雷鳴，你有水的衝擊，通過機器迴盪注意

every time the z machine fires it  generates a shock wave that can be  

每當Z機發射時，它產生的衝擊波可以是

felt throughout the building my office  for example is probably 300 yards away  

我的辦公室離這裡大概有300碼遠。

on the second floor i can feel the  building shake every time z shoots

在二樓，每次Z開槍的時候，我都能感覺到樓房在搖晃。

it's even been said that if you're looking  at the right place at the right time  

甚至有人說，只要你看對了地方，看對了時間。

you can actually see dirt rise from  the desert as the shock wave goes out  

衝擊波出去的時候，你可以看到沙漠中的泥土升起。

we like to aim for 150 shots here we don't operate  24 7 we have sort of a defined window we typically  

我們的目標是150發子彈 我們不是24小時運作的 我們有一個明確的窗口，我們通常是...

shoot late in the day after each fire the team  will clear the debris remove all the instruments  

在每次火災後，拍攝小組都會在當天晚些時候清理殘骸，清除所有的儀器。

at the center clean and refurbish those  instruments and then reassemble the z machine  

在中心清洗和翻新這些儀器，然後重新組裝z機。

then there's a few more hours in terms of  installing the target diagnostic alignments  

然後，在安裝目標診斷走線方面又多了幾個小時的時間

with the target now in place and the  diagnostics instruments installed  

目標現已就位，診斷儀器已安裝完畢。

the high bay is cleared of all personnel as  they enter the final stages of firing a shot

當所有人員進入射擊的最後階段時，高臺已被清除。

z's pump system is engaged to create  a vacuum in the experiment chamber  

z的泵系統啟動，使實驗箱內產生真空。

but an hour into the process it's  clear something's wrong there's a  

但一個小時後就發現不對勁了，有一個問題

leak somewhere and they're unable to reach the  final vacuum state inside the experiment chamber  

某處洩漏，它們無法達到實驗箱內的最終真空狀態。

if the team is unable to find and seal  the leak the day shot planned several  

如果團隊無法找到並封堵漏洞，當天拍攝計劃幾

months in advance can't happen as these  technicians scrambled to locate the leak  

在這些技術人員爭分奪秒地尋找漏點的時候，提前幾個月的時間是不可能發生的。

the two astrophysicists from the university of  texas grew concerned they know this complication  

兩位來自德克薩斯大學的天體物理學家開始關注他們知道這個複雜的問題。

could jeopardize their research on white dwarf  stars that they've spent years working on

可能會危及他們多年來對白矮星的研究

on our next focal point will the team at  sandia successfully fire the z machine  

在我們下一個焦點上，桑迪亞的團隊是否會成功發射Z機？

and recreate the conditions of a white dwarf star