to the curb. I wanted to help her. I exclaimed  to her "you should have asked me. I would have  

helped you." not quite. It's not quite natural  English and that's because I followed all the  

rules for ED endings. Wait. If I followed  all the rules, why didn't I sound natural?  

Because Americans do all sorts of  crazy things with the T and D sounds.  

This is video two in our series on ED endings,  regular past tense verbs. If you didn't see video  

one, don't worry, you're going to be okay. We're  going to not just learn the pronunciation rules,  

but the pronunciation habits of Americans. So  you can sound totally natural speaking in the  

past tense in American English. And remember, if  you like this video, or you learned something new,  

please give it a thumbs up and subscribe  with notifications. It helps a lot.  

This is the second video and we're going to dive  deep into rule two. I'll do a ten second recap  

of the rules. Rule one, if the sound at  the end of the infinitive is unvoiced,  

ED is pronounced tt-- walked. Rule two,  if it's voiced, the ED is pronounced dd--  

agreed. Seemed. Rule three, if that last sound is  T or D, the ED ending is --ihd: needed, painted.  

Was that ten seconds or was it longer? So rule two. The last sound in the infinitive is  

a voiced sound. What is a voiced sound? All vowels  and diphthongs are voiced, and some consonants.  

First, we'll talk about vowels and diphthongs.  For example, the word agree ends in the ee vowel,  

agree, past tense would be agreed, with the D  sound. Agreed. Now, you probably learned that  

D is pronounced dd-- a stop of air, voicing  the vocal chords, ddd--- dd-- dd-- and then a  

release. Agreed. But we actually have a couple of  different pronunciations that we'll use for these  

rule 2 ED endings. Let's look at the phrase  I agreed it would be a good idea. Agreed it,  

agreed it, agreed di di di dih-- agreed it-- That's a flap of the tongue, it's not a stop of  

air, it's actually just like the flap T, if you're  familiar with that sound, the D between vowel or  

diphthong sounds is a quick single flap of the  tongue against the roof of the mouth. Agreed it,  

agreed it, dadadadaa-- agreed it. So anytime with these ED endings  

that you have the sounds of a vowel or  diphthong, D, and then a vowel or diphthong,  

it's a flap. Agreed it. Lied about. Lied  ah-- lied about, lied about, lied about.  

What if the next word doesn't  begin with a vowel or diphthong,  

but rather a consonant? Let's take a look at  the example agreed with-- I agreed with you.  

I agreed with you. It's not a fully pronounced  D because there's no release. That would be  

this: I agreed with you. I agreed with you. Agreed  with. Agreed with. We don't do that. We don't do  

that release when the next word begins with a  consonant. We make the noise in the vocal cords,  

but we don't release it. We go right into  the next sound, in this case, w. Agreed  

with, agreed with, agreed--  

It's the sound but there's not a stop and release.  We just carry that voiced D right into the w.  

Agreed with. Agreed with. We like to make English  really smooth and that's why in these cases,  

stop consonants are not fully pronounced.  Let's look at a few more examples where we  

have a vowel or diphthong, then the D, and  then the next word begins with a consonant.  

He sued the company. Sued the, sued the.  

Do you hear that D in the vocal cords? He  sued the company. Plowed through. Plowed.  

Plowed through. Weighed my options. Weighed  my, weighed my, weighed my options.  

Now let's look at a few more examples, you  tell me how the ED ending should be pronounced:  

flapped or unreleased? The next word begins  with a consonant sound so this D is unreleased.  

Toyed with. Toyed with. Toyed with. Let's go to Youglish for an example.  

Toyed with-- can you say that now really easily  with that unreleased D sound? Toyed with--  

toyed with-- what about this one?  Is the D flapped or unreleased?  

Reviewed a-- reviewed a-- that's usually going to  be a flap because the D comes between two vowel  

or diphthong sounds. Reviewed a-- reviewed  a-- let's go to youglish for an example.  

One more. What about this one? Booed by-- the next  word begins with a consonant, so that will be an  

unreleased D. Booed by-- vibrating the vocal  chords, making the D sound but not releasing.  

Booed by-- let's look at an example.

So for rule two, we looked at vowel and  

diphthongs, plus ed. What about all the consonants  that are voiced? That's still rule two. And things  

start to get a little more complicated. We'll  look at each of these voiced consonant endings.  

Let's start with R like in the word  fired. He was fired last week. Fired  

last, fired last, not dd-- a release, that  would be fired last, fired last, but it's: fired  

last, that unreleased D sound in the  vocal cords before the next consonant.  

If the next word begins with a vowel or diphthong,  the D will be flapped, but only because of the R,  

the rule for flapping is a D or T will be flapped  between two sounds that are vowels and diphthongs,  

or if the first sound, the sound before is an  R and the sound after is a vowel or diphthong,  

like in the word party, or hardy. Those are both  flaps because of the R, DT, vowel or diphthong  

pattern. Party. Hardy. So when we have an ending  R infinitive, plus the D sound, plus the word that  

begins with the vowel or diphthong, that D will be  flapped. It's not like this for any of these other  

voiced consonants. It's just because of the R. He  was fired on monday. Fired on-- rarara-- single  

flap of the tongue. Fired on. And I should say for  any of these rule two words, if the next word is  

you or your, a native speaker might turn that  D into a J sound. We do this with any word that  

ends in a D when the next word begins with you or  your, like in the phrase: would you-- would jjjj--  

J sound. Would you. Would you do that for me? Jj-- jj-- so all of these words in rule 2  

do end in a D sound therefore, you  might hear this happen. Let's take:  

fired you, fired you, as an example, fired you.

Fired you, fired you, jj-- with that J sound. How  

about g? Another voiced consonant like in the  word beg, begged. She begged all the time. When  

the next word begins with a vowel or diphthong,  you will release that D into the next word: begged  

all the time, dall-- dall-- dall-- begged all--  begged all the time. But when the next sound is  

a consonant, it gets more complicated. Honestly,  there are three ways you might hear it: first,  

dropped. I begged for a dog when I was a little  kid. Begged for, begged for. I dropped it there.  

Or you might hear that unreleased D sound in  the vocal cords. I begged for a dog. Begged  

for a dog. Begged for a dog. Or you might  even hear a light release. I begged for a dog.  

Begged ddd-- light release. I begged for a dog.  Let me show you what I mean. We'll go to Youglish.  

Now in this one, I hear the D in the vocal cords,  but not released. Begged for, begged for.

In this next one, I don't really  hear any D. I think it's dropped.  

And now an example where  the D is lightly released.  

Like I said in my rule one video, try not to  get stressed out about there being more than one  

option if it's easier for you to always lightly  release your D, that's okay. As you get more used  

to English, and you're around a lot of native  speakers, or if you're doing a lot of imitating,  

you may find that you start dropping the D  sound more naturally. What we're doing here  

is looking at all the different possibilities and  pronunciations of what you'll hear when speaking  

with American. When a word ends in the J sound,  like in change, I just listened to a bunch of  

examples of changed. Let's listen to a few.

So all those had the released D. Changed. But  

it can definitely be dropped too. Let's  look at a common phrase: changed my mind.  

Changed my. It's fairly common to drop the  ED ending there. The more common a phrase is,  

the more likely we'll do some sort of reduction  there. And that's what I found often happens here.  

I changed my mind, becomes: I change my mind. I  listened to a lot of phrases and the D was almost  

always dropped. So it just sounds like the  present tense. Change my mind. Even though  

it's past tense. Here are some examples.

Changed my mind. When I listened in  

slow motion, I don't hear any kind of D.

Here are a few more with that dropped D.

What about a word where the last  sound in the infinitive is the L  

like in the word drill? When it's followed by  a word that begins with a vowel or diphthong,  

release the D into that word to link it. Drilled  into, drilled into. Let's look at some examples  

where the next word begins with a consonant.

Drilled to--  

the D made in the vocal cords, drilled to--, it's  not released we just go right into the T sound. If  

I released it it would be: drilled to, drilled to,  but it's drilled to, drilled to. Listen again.

Another example.

Drilled but,  

drilled but. I did hear the D released lightly.  Drilled but. This next one was tricky for me.  

I had to really slow it down to hear if there is  an unreleased D or not, I think there is.

The most common pronunciation I was hearing  in various situations was an unreleased D.  

Now we'll cover our three nasal consonants:  M, N, and NG. For M, we'll look at the word  

bummed. That means disappointed. We often use  it without. I'm so bummed out. Now in that case,  

because the next word begins with the diphthong,  we link with the D --dout, --dout, bummed out--  

bummed out-- i'm so bummed out.  Let's listen to an example of  

that one.

--dout,  

--dout, bummed out-- Now we'll hear two examples where  

bummed is followed by a consonant. First, it's  dropped, and that's more common, and then you'll  

hear it where it's released.

Bummed that--  

I didn't hear that D at all. That  D was dropped. Here it's released.  

Bummed for, bummed for, ddd--  

a light release of the D. You know, I haven't  been talking about much when these ED ending  

words are at the end of a thought group.  There, it will usually be a light release.  

Let's look at an example.

Bummed. Light release. That's a fun word,  

isn't it? I'm feeling bummed. I'm kind of bummed  out. Or you can use it as a noun. It's a bummer.  

Oh, shoot! My favorite restaurant is closed  today. I wanted to eat there. That's a bummer.  

N. N is kind of special. N can make a T silent.  Do you know this rule when T comes after an n,  

it's not uncommon to drop that T like in  the word internet or interview. When D  

comes after an N and before another consonant,  it's pretty common to drop like in grand piano so  

it's really common to drop the D sound in these  ED endings when the sound in the infinitive,  

the final sound, was N and the next word  begins with a consonant. Let's look at several examples.

These are all with the word signed.

All with a dropped D. Now we'll look at drained.  

Also all dropped d's here.

and as always, when the next  word begins with the vowel or diphthong,  

we'll use the released D to  link in, like in this example:

Signed into-- into dadadadada-- with that D sound  linking. At the end of a sentence, we'll probably  

release that D. What about NG? Well we don't have  many words here. A lot of those NG ending verbs  

are not regular like: ring, rang, sing, sang,  but we do have the word long, longed. The noun is  

longing and this means to yearn for, to have  a strong desire for. I longed for my mother's  

attention. Or I longed for my newborn baby when  I was at work. Or I longed to be taken seriously.  

This is often followed by for, which  of course begins with a consonant.  

The ED ending can be dropped, but also this is  an emotional word and it will sometimes be more  

stressed. I longed for acceptance. And in these  cases, the D will probably be lightly released.  

We'll hear two examples. First, where  it's dropped and then when it's not.  

Let's move on to the voiced th. This is another  sound that's not very common in ED ending words  

we have: smoothed, bathed. These words will most  often be followed by a word that begins with a  

vowel like 'smoothed out' or 'smoothed over'  or 'bathed in'. We'll lightly release the D  

into that next sound. But when the next sound  is a consonant, it's much easier to drop the  

ED ending to connect. Here are three examples  dropping the ED ending with the word smoothed.  

The v sound like in: moved his car, moved  his, moved his, there I dropped the h in his,  

that's a common reduction, and so the D linked  into the ih sound because that's a vowel.  

Moved his dis dis, I moved his car. At the end  of a sentence, we'll probably release that D.  

He moved. He moved. But when the next sound  is a consonant, you'll hear both dropped and  

lightly released. Here are two examples.  In the first, the D is released. Moved me.  

In the second example, it's dropped.

Words were the infinitive ends in z like  

buzzed, the rules are the same. Release D into  a vowel or diphthong like in: buzzed about.  

'Buzzed about' means really talked about,  there's a lot of interest about something.  

At the end of a thought group, it  will likely be released like here.

And when the next word begins with a consonant,  you'll have either dropped or lightly released  

ending, here's an example where it's released

And where the ED ending is completely dropped.

We have one more sound here for rule two, and  it's the ZH sound. It's not at all common to have  

a verb that ends with ZH plus ED but we do have  barraged. Barraged means to bombard. Aggressively  

throw something at someone. And it might not  mean physically throw, you can barrage someone  

with words, or someone can feel barraged with  emails, they just keep getting too many emails,  

they can't keep up. This word is usually  followed by with or by, but you might hear  

'barraged us' followed by a vowel so you'll link  with the D. They barraged us with phone calls.  

Dus dus dus, barraged us, barraged us. At  the end of a sentence, I'll lightly release