I love unearthing good stories, especially untold stories.

我熱愛挖掘好的故事，特別是那些不被傳述的

I just didn't think that, in 2011,

我從來沒想過，到 2011 年時

women would still be in that category.

女性的故事依然會被看做是不用傳述的

I'm the President of the Journalism & Women Symposium,

我是女性與新聞座談會的主席

JAWS. That's Sharky. (Laughter)

座談會簡稱鯊魚會（JAWS） （笑聲）

I joined 10 years ago because I wanted female role models,

十年前我因為想找尋女性典範而加入此會議

and I was frustrated by the lagging status of women

而我卻因為女性在這專業領域中落後的狀態

in our profession, and what that meant for our image

和在媒體中所投射出的形象而感到失望

in the media.

和在媒體中所投射出的形象而感到失望

We make up half the population of the world,

我們占全球人口總數的一半

but we're just 24 percent of the news subjects

但在所有的新聞主題中

quoted in news stories,

我們只在其中的 24% 被提及

and we're just 20 percent of the experts quoted in stories,

也只有 20% 的女性專家會在新聞中被引述

and now, with today's technology,

現在，隨著當今的科技

it's possible to remove women from the picture completely.

是有辦法完全將女性從照片中去除的

This is a picture of President Barack Obama

這是總統歐巴馬的一張照片

and his advisors tracking the killing of Osama bin Laden.

他和他的顧問團正關注者獵殺奧薩瑪賓拉登的行動

You can see Hillary Clinton on the right.

你能看見希拉蕊柯林頓在右邊

Let's see how the photo ran

我們來看看這張照片

in an Orthodox Jewish newspaper based in Brooklyn.

是如何被刊登在布魯克林的保守猶太報紙上

Hillary's completely gone. (Laughter)

希拉蕊完全消失了（笑聲）

The paper apologized but said

報社道歉了，卻說

it never runs photos of women.

它們從不刊登女性的照片

They might be sexually provocative. (Laughter)

因為這可能引起性挑逗（笑聲）

This is an extreme case, yes, but the fact is,

這是極端的例子沒錯，但是事實是

women are only 19 percent of the sources

當遇到政治相關的新聞時

in stories on politics,

女性只占新聞來源的 19%

and only 20 percent in stories on the economy.

和經濟新聞中的 20%

The news continues to give us a picture where men

新聞持續地給我們一種

outnumber women in nearly all occupational categories

"男性在各項工作的人數都超過女性"的印象

except two: students and homemakers. (Laughter)

除了這兩個：學生、家庭主婦（笑聲）

So we all get a very distorted picture of reality.

所以我們看到的是非常扭曲現實的景象

The problem is, of course,

問題在於，當然

there aren't enough women in newsrooms.

新聞媒體產業裡的女性不夠多

They reported just 37 percent of stories

她們只在報章電視中報導 37% 的新聞

in print, TV and radio.

她們只在報章電視中報導 37% 的新聞

Even in stories on gender-based violence,

就算在那些性別暴力中的報導

men get an overwhelming majority of print space

男性記者在版面和播報時間上

and airtime.

得到了壓倒性的多數

Case in point,

例如

this March, the New York Times ran a story

今年三月《紐約時報》刊登了一則 由 James McKlinley 報導的故事

by James McKinley about a gang rape of a young girl,

有關一個在德州小鎮的幫派

11 years old, in a small Texas town.

強暴了一位十一歲大的女孩

McKinley writes that the community's wondering,

McKinley 寫出那個社區的困惑

"How could their boys have been drawn into this?"

「他們的男孩怎麼會被扯進這種事?」

"Drawn into this," like they were

"被扯進"

seduced into committing an act of violence.

好像他們是被引誘以致犯下暴力罪行

And the first person he quotes says,

然後他引述的第一位受訪者說

"These boys will have to live with this the rest of their lives."

「這些男孩將一輩子得和這樣的陰影生存」

(Crowd reacts)

（觀眾反應）

You don't hear much about the 11-year-old victim,

你看不到太多有關十一歲受害者的報導

except that she wore clothes that were a little old for her

除了她穿得有點超齡

and she wore makeup.

和她當時有化妝

The Times was deluged with criticism.

《時報》後來被批評淹沒

Initially, it defended itself, and said, "These aren't our views.

一開始《時報》為自己辯護，說「這不是我們的看法

This is what we found in our reporting."

這是我們在報導中找到的」

Now, here's a secret you probably know already:

這或許是個你已經知道的祕密

Your stories are constructed.

你看到的故事都是被架構好的

As reporters, we research, we interview.

當一個記者，我們做研究、我們採訪

We try to give a good picture of reality.

我們試圖拼湊出事實的完整真相

We also have our own unconscious biases,

我們一樣會有自己不自覺的偏見

but the Times makes it sound like

但是《時報》讓這些聽起來

anyone would have reported this story the same way.

好似任何人來採訪都會得到相同的結果

I disagree with that.

我並不苟同

So three weeks later, the Times revisits the story.

所以三週後，《時報》重新訪查這個故事

This time, it adds another byline to it with McKinley's:

這次除了 McKinley 外，署名的記者加了一個人

Erica Goode.

Erica Goode

What emerges is a truly sad, horrific tale of a young girl

所浮現的是個實在悲慘、可怕的故事

and her family trapped in poverty.

小女孩和他的家人被貧窮所困

She was raped numerous times by many men.

她多次被不同男人強暴

She had been a bright, easygoing girl.

她以前一直是個開朗、隨和的女孩

She was maturing quickly, physically,

她生理上發育較早

but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals.

但她的床上仍佈滿許多動物玩偶

It's a very different picture.

這是全然不同的圖像

Perhaps the addition of Ms. Goode

或許是因為 Goode 小姐的加入

is what made this story more complete.

才讓整個故事得以完整

The Global Media Monitoring Project has found that

全球媒體監督計畫發現

stories by female reporters are more likely

女性撰寫的報導

to challenge stereotypes than those by male reporters.

比男性寫的更可能挑戰刻板印象

At KUNM here in Albuquerque, Elaine Baumgartel

在阿布奎基的 KUNM 電台

did some graduate research on the coverage

Elaine Baumgartel 針對「女性與暴力」的報導 做了一些碩論研究

of violence against women.

Elaine Baumgartel 針對「女性與暴力」的報導 做了一些碩論研究

What she found was many of these stories

她發現許多這種故事報導

tend to blame victims and devalue their lives.

都傾向去責怪受害者或去貶低她們的人生

They tend to sensationalize, and they lack context.

它們刻意使之聳動，也缺乏前因後果

So for her graduate work, she did a three-part series

她在碩士論文中用三階段研究一位連續殺人魔

on the murder of 11 women

她在碩士論文中用三階段研究一位連續殺人魔

found buried on Albuquerque's West Mesa.

殺了十一位女性並將她們埋在阿布奎基的西區

She tried to challenge those patterns and stereotypes

她試圖在研究中挑戰那些模式和刻板印象

in her work, and she tried to show the challenges

並試圖展現記者面臨到的挑戰 不論是外在的消息來源

that journalists face, from external sources,

並試圖展現記者面臨到的挑戰 不論是外在的消息來源

their own internal biases, and cultural norms,

或是自身內心的偏見，還有社會文化上的規範

and she worked with an editor at National Public Radio

她和國家公共廣播電台的一個編輯合作

to try to get a story aired nationally.

好讓故事在全國播送

She's not sure that would have happened

她不確定假使編輯不是女性

if the editor had not been a female.

整件事有沒有可能發生

Stories in the news are more than twice as likely

相較於男性，新聞中把女性描繪為受害者是男性的兩倍

to present women as victims than men,

相較於男性，新聞中把女性描繪為受害者是男性的兩倍

and women are more likely to be defined

而女性也更可能

by their body parts.

因為身體部位而被物化

Wired magazine, November 2010.

2010年十一月號的《Wired雜誌》

Yes, the issue was about breast tissue engineering.

該期雜誌是有關胸部拭紙巾的工業

Now, I know you're all distracted, so I'll take that off. (Laughter)

好我知道你們都分心了，所以我要換張圖（笑聲）

Eyes up here. (Laughter)

眼睛看過來（笑聲）

So -- (Applause)

所以（掌聲）

Here's the thing.

我要說的是

Wired almost never puts women on its cover.

《Wired雜誌》幾乎不曾把女性放上封面

Oh, there have been some gimmicky ones.

噢，有過一些比較戲謔的

Pam from The Office.

美國影集《辦公室瘋雲》的 Pam

Manga girls.

漫畫女孩

A voluptuous model covered in synthetic diamonds.

身上貼滿合成鑽石的妖豔模特兒

Texas State University professor Cindy Royal wondered

德州州立大學教授 Cindy Royal 在網誌上提出質疑

in her blog, "How are young women like her students

那些年輕的女性，像是她的學生

supposed to feel about their roles in technology reading Wired?"

在看《Wired雜誌》時 要怎麼看待自己在科技界所扮演的角色?

Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired, defended his choice

《Wired雜誌》的編輯 Chris Anderson 為自己的選擇辯護

and said, there aren't enough women, prominent women

他說：「在科技界中沒有那麼多頂尖女性

in technology to sell a cover, to sell an issue.

能夠擔綱封面，或讓該期雜誌熱銷」

Part of that is true. There aren't as many

這有一部份是真的

prominent women in technology.

科技界中真的沒有那麼多突出的女性

Here's my problem with that argument.

但我認為這說法有問題

Media tells us every day what's important,

媒體每天靠著他們選擇的故事，和刊登的位置 來告訴我們甚麼是重要的

by the stories they choose and where they place them.

媒體每天靠著他們選擇的故事，和刊登的位置 來告訴我們甚麼是重要的

It's called agenda-setting.

這叫做「設定議題」

How many people knew the founders of Facebook

多少人在臉書和 Google 創辦人

and Google before their faces were on a magazine cover?

上雜誌封面前就認識他們

Putting them there made them more recognizable.

把他們放在那讓他們更具有知名度

Now, Fast Company Magazine embraces that idea.

如今，《Fast Company 雜誌》擁抱這個概念

This is its cover from November 15, 2010.

這是2010年11月15日這期的封面

The issue is about the most prominent and influential women

這期雜誌是有關科技界中

in technology.

最有影響力的傑出女性

Editor Robert Safian told the Poynter Institute,

編輯 Robert Safian 跟 Poynter 機構說

"Silicon Valley is very white and very male,

「矽谷是白人和男人的世界

but that's not what Fast Company thinks the business world

但是《Fast Company 雜誌》並不認為

will look like in the future, so it tries to give a picture

這會是矽谷未來的樣貌

of where the globalized world is moving."

所以他們試圖描繪未來全球化下的趨勢」

By the way, apparently Wired took all this to heart.

對了，顯然《Wired 雜誌》也虛心受教

This was its issue in April. (Laughter)

這是他們四月的雜誌（笑聲）

That's Limor Fried, the founder of Adafruit Industries,

這是 Adafruit 工業的創辦者 Limor Fried

in the Rosie the Riveter pose.

擺著經典的女子鉚釘工人姿勢

It would help to have more women in positions of leadership

若有更多女性在媒體的領導職位也會有所幫助

in the media. A recent global survey found that

一項近期的全球調查發現

73 percent of the top media management jobs

在頂尖媒體行業中仍然有 73% 的管理職位

are still held by men.

是被男性占據

But this is also about something far more complex:

但這也是有關一個更複雜的現象：

our own unconscious biases and blind spots.

我們不自覺的偏見和盲點

Shankar Vedantam is the author of "The Hidden Brain:

Shankar Vedantam 寫了《隱藏的大腦－

How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents,

我們的下意識如何選出總統、

Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives."

控制市場、挑起戰爭和救自己一命》一書

He told the former ombudsman

他告訴一位前調查員

at National Public Radio, who was doing

之前負責在國家公共廣播公司

a report on how women fare in NPR coverage,

調查女性在廣播中被報導的方式

unconscious bias flows throughout most of our lives.

看不自覺的偏見如何充斥著我們的人生

It's really difficult to disentangle those strands.

要解開那些思結是非常難的

But he did have one suggestion.

但他還是有一個建議

He used to work for two editors who said

他曾為兩個編輯工作

every story had to have at least one female source.

編輯們說「每個故事都該有個女性的觀點」

He balked, at first, but said he eventually

他起初質疑，但最後欣然接受 因為他的報導變得更好

followed the directive happily because his stories got better

他起初質疑，但最後欣然接受 因為他的報導變得更好

and his job got easier.

而他的工作也變得更輕鬆

Now, I don't know if one of the editors was a woman,

我並不知道是否兩位編輯中有一位是女性

but that can make the biggest differences.

但是這也算很大的改變

The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994

《達拉斯早晨新聞》在1994 年贏得普立茲獎

for a series it did on women around the world,

是由於一系列針對全球女性所做的報導

but one of the reporters told me she's convinced

但其中一位記者告訴我

it never would have happened if they had not had

她深信如果不是因為一位外籍女性編輯助理 這一切報導不會發生

a female assistant foreign editor,

她深信如果不是因為一位外籍女性編輯助理 這一切報導不會發生

and they would not have gotten some of those stories

如果不是因為一些當地的女性記者和編輯 他們也不會採訪到那些故事

without female reporters and editors on the ground,

如果不是因為一些當地的女性記者和編輯 他們也不會採訪到那些故事

particularly one on female genital mutilation.

特別是一篇有關女性生殖器切除的報導

Men would just not be allowed into those situations.

男性根本不被允許進入那些場合

This is an important point to consider,

這是該深思的重點

because much of our foreign policy now revolves around

因為我們當下許多的國外政策

countries where the treatment of women is an issue,

與許多女性是件議題的國家相關

such as Afghanistan.

例如阿富汗

What we're told in terms of arguments against leaving

有人說反對離開阿富汗的一個原因

this country is that the fate of the women is primary.

主要是為了當地女性的命運

Now I'm sure a male reporter in Kabul can find women

我確信男性記者能在喀布爾找到女性受訪者

to interview. Not so sure about rural, traditional areas,

但較鄉下和傳統的地區則非如此

where I'm guessing women can't talk to strange men.

我猜那裡的女性不會跟陌生男子講話

It's important to keep talking about this

有鑑於 Lara Logan，持續討論這件事是很重要的

in light of Lara Logan.

有鑑於 Lara Logan，持續討論這件事是很重要的

She was the CBS News correspondent who was

她是 CBS 新聞台的外派記者

brutally sexually assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square

她在被拍完這張照片後沒多久

right after this photo was taken.

在埃及的 Tahrir 廣場被粗暴地性侵害

Almost immediately, pundits weighed in

幾乎立刻地，權威人士們群起

blaming her and saying things like, "You know,

責怪她並說些話像是

maybe women shouldn't be sent to cover those stories."

「或許女性不該被送去報導這些故事」

I never heard anyone say this about Anderson Cooper

我沒聽過有人對 Anderson Cooper 發表類似評論

and his crew who were attacked covering the same story.

他和工作人員在報導同樣故事時也被襲擊

One way to get more women into leadership

讓更多女性得到領導地位的方法

is to have other women mentor them.

是讓其它女性引導她們

One of my board members is an editor at a major

我們其中一位成員是個全球大媒體公司的編輯 但她之前從未想過做這個工作

global media company, but she never thought about this

我們其中一位成員是個全球大媒體公司的編輯 但她之前從未想過做這個工作

as a career path until she met female role models at JAWS.

直到她在 JAWS 遇到了另一位女性典範

But this is not just a job for super-journalists,

但這件事不是只屬於超級記者或我組織的工作

or my organization. You all have a stake in a strong,

你們都在強而有力的媒體中占一席

vibrant media.

你們都在強而有力的媒體中占一席

Analyze your news, and speak up when there are gaps

分析你看的新聞 並在新聞出現如《紐時報導》的缺失時發聲

missing in coverage like people at the New York Times did.

分析你看的新聞 並在新聞出現如《紐時報導》的缺失時發聲

Suggest female sources to reporters and editors.

向記者或編輯推薦女性消息來源

Remember, a complete picture of reality

記住，一個完整事實的圖像

may depend upon it.

或許就仰賴在這件事上

And I'll leave you with a video clip that I first saw in [1987]

最後我要放一段我在 1987 年 第一次看到的短片

when I was a student in London.

當時我在倫敦求學

It's for the Guardian newspaper.

這是《衛報》的廣告

It's actually long before I ever thought about

在我想當記者之前看的

becoming a journalist, but I was very interested

但我當時熱衷於研究

in how we learn to perceive our world.

我們如何感知我們的世界

Narrator: An event seen from one point of view

旁白：從一個角度觀察到的事件

gives one impression.

會留下一種印象

Seen from another point of view,

從另一個角度觀察時

it gives quite a different impression.

又會留下另一種頗不同的印象

But it's only when you get the whole picture

但只有當你看到完整的事件時

you can fully understand what's going on.

你才會真的了解到事情的全貌

"The Guardian"

《衛報》

Megan Kamerick: I think you'll all agree

我想你們都會認同

that we'd be better off if we all had the whole picture.

越能掌握完整事實越是件好事吧