Linac Coherent Light Source generated x-ray pulses a billion times brighter than anything

Linac相干光源產生的X射線脈衝比任何東西都要亮十億倍。

around. The LCLS is a tool unlike anything before it. We're able to deliver these pulses

左右。LCLS是一個不同於以往任何工具的工具。我們能夠提供這些脈衝。

of x-rays in one millionth of one billionth of a second. This MASSIVE MACHINE allows scientists

X射線的百萬分之一秒。這臺巨大的機器讓科學家們

to take ultrafast snapshots of the INVISIBLE WORLD, imaging MOLECULES AND ATOMS, documenting

拍攝不可見世界的超高速快照，對大分子和原子進行成像，記錄。

how they change and evolve over time. But the LCLS maxes out at 120 pulses per second.

它們是如何隨著時間的推移而變化和發展的。但是，LCLS的最大值是每秒120個脈衝。

So to see the ultra small world like never before, scientists and engineers are building

所以，為了看到前所未有的超小世界，科學家和工程師們正在建造

something new. The LCLS-II is going to take the free electron laser field up another quantum

新的東西。LCLS-II將把自由電子脈衝光領域又提升了一個量子。

leap. This will be unprecedented and will allow for a beam that's 8,000 times

躍。這將是史無前例的，將使光束達到8000倍。

brighter than the LCLS beam at this million pulses per second.

在這每秒百萬脈衝的情況下，比LCLS光束更亮。

At this national lab, hidden deep underground, scientists have been conducting groundbreaking research for

在這個隱藏在地下深處的國家實驗室裡，科學家們一直在進行突破性的研究，為的是

decades. The whole tunnel and the whole building that we see here, is about three kilometers

幾十年。我們在這裡看到的整個隧道和整個建築，大約有三公里長。

long and the original project used that full three kilometers. Currently, the LCLS accelerator

長，而原來的項目用了這整整三公里。目前，LCLS加速器

is in the final kilometer. The LCLS is short for the Linac Coherent Light

是在最後一公里。LCLS是Linac Coherent Light的簡稱。

Source. It's the world's first hard x-ray free electron laser. The LCLS uses a particle

源。這是世界上第一臺硬X射線自由電子激光器。LCLS採用的是一種粒子

accelerator to fire extremely bright electrons to create fast pulses of hard x-rays, which

加速器發射極亮的電子，以產生快速的硬X射線脈衝，這

is why the machine is called an x-ray laser. Back in the '90s at SLAC they figured out

這就是為什麼這臺機器被稱為X射線脈衝光。早在90年代，在SLAC，他們就發現了...

a way to turn those super bright electron beams into very intense and bright and powerful

把那些超亮的電子束變成非常強烈和明亮的強大電子束的方法。

x-ray laser pulses. We have ultraviolet lasers trained and aimed at this piece of copper,

X射線脈衝光脈衝。我們有紫外線激光器訓練並瞄準這塊銅。

and we pulse that optical laser about 100 times a second creating an electron pulse.

我們對激光器進行每秒100次的脈衝，產生電子脈衝。

We channel those electron pulses into the accelerator. The accelerator then uses big,

我們將這些電子脈衝導入加速器。然後加速器使用大。

longstanding technology called klystrons. And we can think of them as microwave ovens,

長期以來的技術稱為Klystrons。我們可以把它們看作是微波爐。

and the microwave ovens basically accelerate these electrons. And as we accelerate those

微波爐基本上加速了這些電子的發展。當我們加速這些電子的時候

electrons what makes the LCLS really go, are what are called undulators. If you take an

電子是什麼使 LCLS 真正去，是什麼 被稱為起伏器。如果你把一個

electron through magnets, the electron bends and when it bends it gives off x-rays. We

電子通過磁鐵，電子就會彎曲，當它彎曲時就會發出X射線。我們

then are able to focus the x-rays into different sample materials. Whether that sample is an

然後能夠將X射線聚焦到不同的樣品材料中。無論該樣品是

amino acid, or graphene, or supercooled water, it gets frozen in time by strobe-like pulses,

氨基酸，或石墨烯，或超冷水，它被頻閃式脈衝凍結在時間裡。

which last for just a few femtoseconds. A femtosecond is a quadrillionth of a second.

持續時間只有幾個飛秒。飛秒是一秒鐘的四萬億分之一。

It's one millionth of one billionth of a second. We would picture that

這是百萬分之一的十億分之一秒。我們可以想象一下

as a one with fifteen zeros in front of it. This time scale allows scientists to track

作為一個前面有15個零的1。這種時間尺度可以讓科學家追蹤

the motion of atoms! Allowing researchers across disciplines to probe the far reaches

原子的運動!讓跨學科的研究人員能夠探尋到遠方的奧祕

of our scientific knowledge. Empowering them to make “molecular movies” that show chemistry

的科學知識。賦予他們製作 "分子電影 "的權力，展示化學

in action, study the structure and motion of proteins for next generation drugs and

的作用，研究蛋白質的結構和運動，為下一代藥物和。

image quantum materials with unprecedented resolution. It's a tool for exploration.

以前所未有的分辨率對量子材料進行成像。這是一個探索的工具。

It really allows for

它真正允許

transformational science in chemistry, biology, and physics. The LCLS-I, if you would like to say, the original build,

化學、生物學和物理學的變革性科學。LCLS-I，如果你想說，原始建。

was great to look at how molecular structure is evolving through time using bright x-rays

很高興看到分子結構是如何通過使用明亮的X射線演變的時間

and taking snapshots. But researchers wanted to go BEYOND looking at molecular structures.

並拍攝快照。但研究人員想BEYOND看分子結構。

And they wanted a machine that fired EVEN FASTER! The LCLS-II accelerator is a superconducting

他們想要一臺發射速度更快的機器!LCLS-II型加速器是一臺超導型加速器

accelerator designed to produce a very intense burst of x-rays at a very high repetition

加速器的設計是為了以很高的重複率產生非常強烈的X射線暴。

rate. We're talking about magnitudes far greater than its predecessor. This new accelerator

率。我們說的是比它的前身大得多的數量級。這個新的加速器

will go from 120 pulses per second up to 1 MILLION pulses per second! Which means

將從每秒120個脈衝上升到每秒100萬個脈衝!這意味著

more shots per second allows you to collect more information in a shorter period of time,

每秒更多的鏡頭可以讓你在更短的時間內收集更多的資訊。

which helps boost science output. But it's not just about quantity. It's about what

這有助於提高科學產出。但這不僅僅是數量的問題。它是關於什麼

we can see with the LCLS-II. With LCLS-I, we will look at the structure. On LCLS-II,

我們可以通過LCLS-II看到。對於LCLS-I，我們將看其結構。關於LCLS-II。

we might want to look at how the energy flows through those degrees of freedom in that system.

我們不妨看看能量是如何在該系統中通過這些自由度流動的。

The LCLS-II will be able to image atoms, molecules, and subatomic interactions at greater

LCLS-II將能夠以更大的速度對原子、分子和亞原子相互作用進行成像。

resolutions thanks to its superconducting accelerator. For LCLS-II, we will be installing

得益於其超導加速器，我們將在LCLS-II上安裝一個超導加速器。對於LCLS-II，我們將安裝以下設備

37 cryo modules. Each of our cryo modules in the tunnel is roughly 12 meters long and

37個低溫模塊。我們在隧道中的每一個低溫模塊大約有12米長，並且

each has eight accelerating cavities inside of it. We're using these new niobium cavities.

每個都有八個加速腔在裡面。我們正在使用這些新的鈮腔。

They're superconducting and the way we get them superconducting is we bathe them in liquid

它們是超導的，而我們讓它們超導的方法就是把它們浸泡在液體中。

helium. So it's two degrees above absolute zero, where in principle, all motion stops.

氦氣。所以它比絕對零度高兩度，原則上，所有的運動都會停止。

This ultra cool upgrade is a big change from the LCLS, which uses a copper accelerator

這種超酷的升級，與使用銅質加速器的LCLS相比，有了很大的改變。

and operates at room temperature. Superconductors, when you cool them down cold enough, they

並在室溫下工作。超導體，當你把它們冷卻到足夠低的溫度時，它們就會

have no electrical resistance. So they don't heat up at all. Since you're not heating your

沒有電阻。所以它們根本不會發熱。由於你沒有加熱你的

structure up, you can run it continuously.  In our case, this allows us to make the jump

結構了，你可以連續運行它。 在我們的案例中，這使我們能夠進行跳躍式的

from 120 pulses per second up to a million pulses per second. But installing 37 twelve-meter-long

從每秒120個脈衝到每秒100萬個脈衝。但安裝37個12米長的

cryomodules inside a narrow, underground tunnel nine meters below is no easy feat.

在地下九米的狹窄隧道內進行低溫冷凍，並非易事。

This is a cryomodule here. It's 40 feet long, so we do string all them together,

這是一個冷凍模塊在這裡。它有40英尺長，所以我們把它們都串在一起。

so they're in three different strings. The one that we're standing in front of right now is by far the largest.

所以他們在三個不同的字符串。我們現在站在前面的那個是迄今為止最大的。

As engineers, we have to come up with some clever ways of just how to fit all of these big pieces of

作為工程師，我們必須想出一些巧妙的方法，以適應所有這些大塊的

equipment through the tunnel and maneuver around them to make sure that they're installed

設備通過隧道，並在它們周圍操縱，以確保它們的安裝。

properly. The installation itself, right now, is about 95 percent complete in the tunnel.

適當。安裝本身，現在，隧道內的安裝已經完成了95%左右。

In addition to having a new, superconductive accelerator, LCLS-II is also getting new undulators,

除了擁有新的超導加速器，LCLS-II還將獲得新的起伏器。

which will create magnetic fields TENS OF THOUSANDS times stronger than the Earth's

這將產生比地球磁場強幾十萬倍的磁場。

magnetic field. So we are inside the hutch called

磁場。所以，我們在裡面的雞舍，叫

the TMO instrument. This is one of the very first stops for the LCLS-II superconducting

的TMO儀器。這是LCLS-II超導的第一站之一。

beam when it comes online. And what this is really tuned to do is to look at the dynamic

當它上線的時候，光束。而這一調整真正要做的，是看動態的。

properties of how energy is transferred from one state to another. Once operational, the

能量如何從一種狀態轉移到另一種狀態的特性。一旦投入使用，該

new accelerator is capable of producing more x-ray pulses in a few hours than the LCLS

新的加速器能夠在幾小時內產生比LCLS更多的X射線脈衝。

has produced over its entire lifetime! — generating terabytes of data each second. All this new

在它的整個生命週期中，已經產生了！- 每秒鐘產生TB級的數據。所有這些新

power will undoubtedly lead to an influx of breakthroughs and discoveries. As we scan

力，無疑會帶來大量的突破和發現。當我們掃描

through time, we're able then to map out how these molecules break apart, and that tells

通過時間的推移，我們能夠繪製出這些分子是如何分解的，這告訴我們

us something about fundamental AMO physics. Another aspect of it is looking at how the

我們關於基本的AMO物理學的東西。另一個方面是研究如何在

energy flows through quantum materials. But even with this new accelerator's exciting

能量在量子材料中流動。但是，即使這種新的加速器具有令人激動的

potential, that doesn't mean the LCLS is going anywhere. The LCLS is here to stay.

潛力，但這並不意味著 LCLS 會去任何地方。LCLS將繼續存在。

What LCLS-II will provide is really a compliment. So the two machines will continue to work

LCLS-II將提供的是真正的讚美。所以這兩臺機器將繼續工作

together. With LCLS operating in a harder x-ray regime and LCLS-II providing what they

一起。LCLS在更硬的X射線制度下運行，而LCLS-II則提供它們所需的東西。

call soft or tender x-rays, which really allow you to probe different states of matter at

稱為軟X射線或嫩X射線，它真正讓你探究物質的不同狀態，在X射線上，你可以看到不同的X射線。

this much higher repetition rate. The new accelerator will take over the first kilometer

這個更高的重複率。新的加速器將接管第一公里。

in the tunnel, while the original will remain in its current position at the end. The LCLS-II

在隧道中，而原件將保持在隧道末端的當前位置。LCLS-II

is currently on target to get “first light” in summer 2022. It's really cool to be able

目前的目標是在2022年夏天獲得 "第一道光"。這真的很酷，能夠

to come here and work on a machine that's really going to help people, really going

來到這裡，並在一個機器上工作 這真的是要幫助人們，真的是去

to help scientists make all these great discoveries. One of the most important things for big science

以幫助科學家們做出所有這些偉大的發現。對於大科學來說，最重要的事情之一

experiments is planning for the future. LCLS-II is being built at a key time in x-ray science.

實驗是對未來的規劃。LCLS-II的建設正處於X射線科學的關鍵時期。

What LCLS-II can provide really is groundbreaking and addresses an area that can't be identified

LCLS-II所能提供的真的是突破性的，解決了一個無法確定的領域。

or worked on at any other facility. Now that we know that we have this source that's going

或在任何其他設施工作。現在我們知道，我們有這個消息來源，這將是

to enable much more science, we're going to tackle new, harder scientific fields, and

為了實現更多的科學，我們要解決新的、更難的科學領域，以及。

so we're just not going to be stagnant and just say, "Oh, we can do that experiment that

所以，我們只是不打算 停滯不前，只是說，"哦，我們可以做的實驗，

much better and that much shorter in time." No, we want to go for the hard stuff, and

好得多，時間也短得多。"不，我們要去為難的東西，和。

so we're going to have to really look at and utilize that new superconducting source to its fullest.

所以我們要真正研究並充分利用這種新的超導源。