rely more on batteries and the metals that make  them because land-based sources of these metals  

更多地依賴電池和製造電池的金屬，因為這些金屬的陸上來源。

can meet the demand of a battery-powered world  private companies have turned their attention to  

能否滿足電池驅動的世界的需求，私營公司已經將注意力轉向了電池。

the ocean floor but mining the murky depths  may come with a greater cost to the planet  

但開採深海的陰暗部分可能會給地球帶來更大的損失。

than it's worth terrestrial mining doesn't have  a perfect record it comes with a long list of  

地面採礦並沒有一個完美的記錄，它有一個長長的清單。

environmental and human rights abuses including  pollution and child labor all this to dig up  

環境和人權的侵犯，包括汙染和童工，所有這些都是為了挖出。

raw materials like nickel manganese and cobalt  that are necessary for our lithium-ion batteries  

鋰離子電池所需的鎳錳鈷等原材料。

some strategies for a carbon-free future depend on  making these batteries in much larger numbers and  

無碳未來的一些戰略取決於是否能更大量地生產這些電池，以及是否能更多地使用這些電池。

using them as a power source for electric cars  or a storage method for electricity generated  

將其作為電動汽車的動力源或產生的電力的儲存方法。

by renewables but another source of these  materials could lie at the bottom of the ocean  

但這些材料的另一個來源可能在海底

potato sized lumps called polymetallic nodules are  rich in manganese copper cobalt nickel and other  

洋芋大小的塊狀物稱為多金屬結核，富含錳銅鈷鎳等。

precious metals and they're found in abundance  in some areas like the clarion clipperton zone  

貴金屬，而且在一些地區，如克拉里昂-克利珀頓區，它們的含量非常豐富。

that stretches from hawaii to mexico in this one  area alone known as the ccz nodules contain more  

從夏威夷延伸到墨西哥，僅在這個被稱為溼疣結節的地區，就含有更多的溼疣。

nickel and cobalt than in all known land-based  sources combined there are a few reasons why  

鎳和鈷比所有已知陸上來源的總和還要多，這有幾個原因。

we haven't scooped up those tempting little sea  nuggets one of them is technological between us  

我們還沒有挖到那些誘人的小海塊 其中一個是我們之間的技術問題。

and them there is a literal ocean and getting to  them is not a matter of just distance but pressure  

和他們有一個字面的海洋 而到達他們那裡不僅僅是距離的問題，而是壓力的問題。

too the deep sea is usually defined as the water  200 meters below the surface and beyond every 10  

此外，深海通常被定義為海面以下200米及以上的水面，每隔10米就有一個深海。

meters under water adds another atmosphere worth  of pressure and these nodules are often found  

水下數米處的壓力又增加了一個大氣壓，這些結核通常被發現在水中。

below 3000 meters that means the machines that  harvest them would have to withstand more than  

3000米以下，這意味著收割它們的機器將必須承受超過3000米的高度。

300 times more pressure than you or i feel  walking around on the surface the expense  

比你我在表面走動的壓力大300倍的費用

and engineering that would go into a sea floor  harvesting operation has long deterred anything  

長期以來，對海底捕撈作業所需的技術和工程設計的要求，使人們望而卻步。

beyond small scale exploration but after decades  of testing the technology to mine the ocean floor  

小規模勘探之外，但經過幾十年的測試，開採海底的技術

looks like it's maturing and ready for large scale  use for example one company nautilus minerals has  

看起來它已經成熟，可以大規模使用了，比如一家公司鸚鵡螺礦業就已經有了。

developed this trio of machines two of them are  for crushing up ore before the third collects it  

開發了這三臺機器，其中兩臺用於破碎礦石，第三臺用於收集礦石。

mixes it with seawater and sends it to a pump  that lifts the slurry to vessels on the surface  

將其與海水混合，並將其送入泵中，泵將泥漿提升到海面上的船隻上。

the other thing standing in the way of deep sea  mining is a lack of a legal framework nodule-rich  

阻礙深海採礦的另一個因素是缺乏一個富含結核的法律框架。

areas like the ccz are in international waters  a united nations chartered organization called  

像溼地這樣的地區是在國際水域的一個聯合國特許組織，稱為 "溼地"。

the international seabed authority or isa has  been working with 167 member states and the  

國際海底管理局一直與167個成員國和國際海底管理局合作。

european union to hammer out the rules and best  practices for deep sea mining they could agree  

歐盟將制定深海採礦的規則和最佳做法，他們可以商定

on terms by 2021. in the past decade though the  isa has issued almost 30 exploratory licenses  

在過去的十年中，雖然國際安全局已經頒發了近30個勘探許可證

but once the rules are finalized operations could  ramp up to an industrial scale as companies gear  

但一旦規則最終確定，隨著公司的裝備，業務可能會提升到工業規模。

up to mine the ocean many scientists that study  the ocean depths warn that mining could be  

許多研究海洋深處的科學家警告說，開採海洋可能是一個巨大的挑戰。

environmentally devastating just how devastating  we don't really know yet because of that intense  

環境的破壞性，只是破壞性有多大，我們還不知道，因為那種強烈的... ...

pressure at the sea floor it's the most poorly  understood ecosystem on earth scientists didn't  

海底的壓力 這是地球上最不瞭解的生態系統 科學家們並不瞭解它

even think it could support much life beyond a  few scavengers until 1977 when the first ecosystem  

直到1977年，當第一個生態系統出現時，它甚至認為它可以支持很多生命，除了一些食腐動物。

around a hydrothermal vent was discovered  almost two and a half kilometers down even  

圍繞著熱液噴口被發現了，甚至在近兩公里半的地方。

today marine biologists think we've only found a  tiny fraction of the life that lives in the deep  

今天，海洋生物學家認為我們只發現了生活在深海的生命的一小部分。

mining could wipe out organisms before we've  had the chance to discover them like microbes  

採礦可能會在我們有機會發現生物體之前就消滅它們，比如說微生物

that have possible uses in medicine many microbes  actually live on poly metallic nodules which can  

許多微生物實際上生活在多金屬結核上，這些金屬結核可用於醫療。

take over 10 million years to form so once they're  extracted that habitat isn't coming back the waste  

需要超過一千萬年的時間才能形成，所以一旦它們被開採出來，棲息地就不會再回來了，廢物也不會再回來了。

slurry that's dumped back into the ocean once or  is extracted could also be a hazard if it's dumped  

泥漿一旦傾倒回海洋或被開採出來，如果傾倒也會造成危險。

high up in the water column it could possibly  drift for hundreds of kilometers and disrupt  

在水體的高處，它有可能漂流數百公里，並擾亂了

ecosystems far removed from the mining site  and the site itself could be scarred for years  

遠離礦區的生態系統和礦區本身可能會有多年的傷痕。

in 1989 scientists simulated a mining operation  by dragging plows across the sea floor and nearly  

1989年，科學家們模擬了一次採礦作業，在海底拖動犁，幾乎是在海面上進行的。

three decades later the tracks are still there and  the microbe and animal populations haven't fully  

三十年後，足跡依然存在 微生物和動物的種群還沒有完全消失。

recovered some of those bacteria absorb carbon  from the environment so mining operations could  

回收的一些細菌會從環境中吸收碳，是以採礦作業可以通過這種方式進行。

set back some of the efforts to go green it's  an uncomfortable dilemma mining on land has a  

阻礙了一些綠色環保的努力，這是一個令人不舒服的困境，在土地上採礦有一個很重要的原因。

lot of known negatives but the impacts of deep sea  mining are unknown and potentially huge a future  

很多已知的負面因素，但深海採礦的影響是未知的，潛在的巨大未來。

where carbon emissions are under control could  depend on having enough of these resources but  

在碳排放得到控制的情況下，可能取決於是否有足夠的這些資源，但如果沒有足夠的資源，就無法控制碳排放。

who knows what irreversible harm we could do  getting them fortunately we're getting better  

誰知道我們得到他們會造成什麼不可挽回的傷害 幸運的是，我們正在變得更好

at recycling these metals and other energy storage  solutions do exist besides lithium-ion batteries  

除了鋰離子電池外，還存在著回收這些金屬和其他儲能解決方案。

maybe a healthy sustainable energy future is  within our reach but it's going to require  

也許一個健康的可持續能源的未來是我們可以實現的，但它將需要

informed people making decisions and caring about  what happens to a part of the planet that most of  

知情的人在做決定，關心地球的一部分發生了什麼，而大多數人都不知道。

us will never see poly metallic nodules form as  dissolved metals build up on organic materials  

我們永遠不會看到多金屬結核的形成，因為溶解的金屬堆積在有機材料上。

and they often form around ancient shark teeth  if you want an idea of just how much remains  

如果你想知道有多少遺留物，它們通常會在古鯊魚牙齒周圍形成。

undiscovered in the ocean check out marin's  video on 200 000 new viruses scientists didn't  

在海洋中未被發現的檢查出馬林的視頻對20萬新病毒科學家沒有。

know existed here thanks for watching be sure to  subscribe and i'll see you next time on seeker

知道存在於這裡，感謝觀看一定要訂閱，我會看到你下一次在seeker的