Dr. Maurice Hilleman was woken up one night by his 5-year-old daughter.

莫里斯-希勒曼醫生有一天晚上被他5歲的女兒叫醒。

She was complaining of a sore throat. So Hilleman looked her over, and determined

她在抱怨喉嚨痛。所以希勒曼給她看了看，並決定：

she had the mumps.

她有腮腺炎。

Unable to sleep, he was struck with an idea.

睡不著，他靈機一動。

He swabbed her throat for a sample,

他拭了她的喉嚨取樣。

drove to the lab, and got to work.

開車來到實驗室，開始工作。

Four years later ...

四年後...

his mumps vaccine was approved.

他的腮腺炎疫苗被準許。

It was the fastest a vaccine had ever been developed.

這是有史以來最快的一種疫苗的研製。

Until now.

直到現在。

"A new vaccine against coronavirus..."

"一種針對冠狀病毒的新疫苗..."

... and it's incredible how quickly this vaccine and others have been developed ..."

......而且這種疫苗和其他疫苗的開發速度之快令人難以置信......"

"This was done in record time ..."

"這是在創紀錄的時間內完成的."

"This is extraordinary. This is the..."

"這是非凡的，這是...這是..."

"...fastest vaccine development in US history."

"......美國曆史上發展最快的疫苗。"

In 2020, vaccines for Covid-19 shattered previous records,

2020年，科威德-19的疫苗打破了以往的記錄。

going from development to approval in a matter of months.

在幾個月內從開發到審批。

That speed was driven by billions of dollars, and a global effort.

這種速度是由數十億美元和全球努力推動的。

But in some cases, it was also because of a breakthrough in vaccine technology

但在某些情況下，也是因為疫苗技術的突破性進展

decades in the making:

幾十年來，。

Something that could shrink this timeline going forward,

可以收縮這條時間線的東西往前走。

and change how we make vaccines altogether.

並徹底改變我們製造疫苗的方式。

Vaccines teach your immune system how to respond to a threat.

疫苗教您的免疫系統如何應對威脅。

And traditionally, there have been four ways to do this.

而傳統上，有四種方法。

The two most common types of vaccines work by exposing you to a weakened

兩種最常見的疫苗的作用是讓你接觸到弱化的

or a dead version of a virus or bacteria.

或病毒或細菌的死版。

The weakened virus won't make you sick,

削弱的病毒不會讓你生病。

but it will teach your body how to fight the real thing

但它會教你的身體如何對抗真正的東西。

if you're exposed to it later on.

如果你以後接觸到它。

This is how the measles and annual flu vaccines work.

這就是麻疹和每年的流感疫苗的工作原理。

Another, less common type of vaccine does a similar thing,

另一種不太常見的疫苗也有類似的作用。

but uses an inert version of a toxin instead of a virus.

但使用的是一種惰性的毒素而不是病毒。

The most well-known version of this is probably the tetanus shot.

最知名的版本大概就是破傷風針了。

This fourth type of vaccine works a little differently,

這第四種疫苗的作用有些不同。

because it only uses a small part of a virus instead of the whole thing.

因為它只使用了病毒的一小部分，而不是整個病毒。

Common examples of this would be the Hepatitis B vaccine or the HPV vaccine.

常見的例子是乙肝疫苗或HPV疫苗。

Some of the new Covid-19 vaccines also rely on these traditional methods.

一些新的Covid-19疫苗也依賴於這些傳統方法。

For example, one Covid-19 vaccine currently in trials uses this fourth method.

例如，目前正在試驗的一種Covid-19疫苗就採用了這第四種方法。

It only uses one part of the SARs_CoV2 virus,

它只使用SARs_CoV2病毒的一個部分。

known as the "spike protein."

被稱為 "尖峰蛋白"。

That spike protein is what allows the coronavirus to enter your cells.

那個尖峰蛋白就是讓冠狀病毒進入你的細胞的原因。

When injected into your body on its own, it's harmless.

當自己注射到體內時，它是無害的。

But your body will still recognize it as a foreign threat,

但你的身體還是會把它識別為外來威脅。

and launch an immune response to fight it off,

並啟動免疫反應來對抗它。

which is enough to teach your body how to fight the whole virus.

這足以教會你的身體如何對抗整個病毒。

But isolating and preparing that spike protein for a vaccine is a process.

但分離和製備該尖峰蛋白用於疫苗是一個過程。

Researchers first had to modify it,

研究人員首先要修改它。

then multiply it - a lot,

然後乘以--很多。

and then assemble the vaccine itself in a lab.

然後在實驗室裡自行組裝疫苗。

In fact, one thing that all four of these types of vaccines have in common,

其實，這四種疫苗都有一個共同點。

is that they all require growing and transporting

是他們都需要種植和運輸

large amounts of live pathogens in a lab.

在實驗室中大量活的病原體。

And that takes a lot of time.

而這需要很多時間。

A vaccine goes through many steps before it can be approved,

一種疫苗在獲得準許之前，要經過很多步驟。

but before anything else, it has to be developed.

但在此之前，必須先發展。

And working with live pathogens makes that process a lot longer.

而與活的病原體一起工作會使這個過程變得更長。

On average, it takes 5 to 10 years for a vaccine to reach FDA approval in the United States.

平均而言，一種疫苗在美國獲得FDA準許需要5到10年的時間。

Most Covid-19 vaccines have gotten through this process a lot faster

大多數Covid-19疫苗都能更快地通過這一過程。

by overlapping the different phases of human trials,

通過重疊人體試驗的不同階段。

and by starting the manufacturing early,

並通過提前開始製造。

But some vaccines have also found a groundbreaking way

但有些疫苗也找到了一種突破性的方法。

to speed up this first section -

加快這第一節的速度 -

by shifting some of the work out of the lab, and into your body.

通過將一些工作從實驗室轉移到你的身體裡。

Nearly every function in the human body is carried out by proteins.

人體內幾乎所有的功能都是由蛋白質來完成的。

So our cells are constantly manufacturing them.

所以我們的細胞在不斷地製造它們。

To do that, they make a single-stranded copy of DNA.

要做到這一點，他們會製作一個DNA的單鏈拷貝。

That copy is called messenger RNA, or mRNA.

該副本稱為信使RNA，或mRNA。

Each strand of mRNA holds the information on how to make one type of protein.

mRNA的每條鏈都保存著如何製造一種蛋白質的資訊。

The cell reads the mRNA, follows the instructions, and makes a protein.

細胞讀取mRNA，按照指令，製造蛋白質。

And that's where these two new types of vaccines come in:

而這就是這兩種新型疫苗的作用。

they contain instructions.

它們包含指令。

Researchers who developed these new vaccines, called mRNA vaccines,

開發這些新疫苗的研究人員，稱為mRNA疫苗。

started with the genetic sequence of the virus.

從病毒的基因序列開始。

They also decided to focus on the spike protein we talked about earlier.

他們還決定把重點放在我們前面說的尖峰蛋白上。

But instead of assembling and purifying that protein in a lab,

但不是在實驗室裡組裝和純化這種蛋白質。

they identified the part of the genetic sequence that creates it -

他們確定了創造它的基因序列的一部分----------。

and then took a much faster route, by synthesizing mRNA, and using that as the vaccine,

然後採取了更快的路線，通過合成mRNA，並將其作為疫苗。

which saved months of time and money.

這節省了幾個月的時間和金錢。

Once it's inside the body, the cell reads the mRNA,

一旦進入體內，細胞就會讀取mRNA。

and begins to make harmless spike proteins of its own.

並開始自己製造無害的穗蛋白。

From there, your body's immune system recognizes the foreign threat, and sounds the alarm.

從此，你身體的免疫系統就會識別外來威脅，併發出警報。

This is how the new Covid-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna work.

這就是輝瑞-BioNTech和Moderna公司的新型Covid-19疫苗的工作原理。

But the main drawback with an mRNA vaccine is that mRNA breaks down very easily.

但mRNA疫苗的主要缺點是mRNA非常容易分解。

It has to be delivered inside a protective fatty barrier, and kept ultra cold,

它必須被送到一個保護性的脂肪屏障內，並保持超低溫。

which isn't super ideal for a vaccine that needs to reach all areas of the globe.

這對於需要覆蓋全球所有地區的疫苗來說，並不是超級理想。

Another effective new-to-consumer kind of vaccine works similarly,

另一種有效的新上市的疫苗也有類似的作用。

but uses DNA instead of mRNA, which is much more stable.

但使用DNA代替mRNA，mRNA更穩定。

The Covid-19 vaccines from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson are this type.

阿斯利康和強生公司的Covid-19疫苗就是這種類型。

It doesn't require the ultra cold conditions,

它不需要超低溫的條件。

but it does have its own drawbacks:

但它也有自己的缺點。

To get the DNA into your cells, researchers use a harmless virus as a carrier.

為了讓DNA進入細胞，研究人員使用一種無害的病毒作為載體。

But over time, your body will build resistance to that virus,

但隨著時間的推移，你的身體會對該病毒產生抵抗力。

which means future doses using this carrier will become less and less effective,

這意味著今後使用這種載體的劑量會越來越少。

and the carrier will need to be updated.

並且需要更新載體。

But in terms of efficacy, costs, and speed, these two new vaccine types have broken records.

但從療效、成本、速度來看，這兩類新型疫苗都打破了記錄。

These new vaccines are a groundbreaking way to elicit an immune response.

這些新疫苗是引起免疫反應的一種突破性方法。

And while they'll have a big impact on how we fight Covid-19,

雖然他們會對我們如何對抗科維德-19產生很大影響。

their real impact is just beginning:

他們的真正影響才剛剛開始。

A vaccine that delivers specific instructions to your body

向您的身體發出特定指令的疫苗。

opens up a whole new world of vaccine technologies and disease treatments,

開闢了一個全新的疫苗技術和疾病治療的世界。

for things like cancer or HIV.

癌症或艾滋病毒等。

Finding a vaccine was a turning point for the pandemic.

找到疫苗是這場大流行的轉捩點。

But the pandemic might also be a turning point for vaccines.

但這次大流行可能也是疫苗的一個轉捩點。