Paying attention every time I read a book.

Hi. James from engVid.

I had a question from a great student of mine; I'm just going to put his name up here.

So, Mauricio, my A/V guy.

When I teach...

Hey, I'll say A/C. He's my A/V guy.

He always helps me with the audio/visual.

Thanks, Mauricio.

He's from Mexico, and I appreciate the work you've done with me.

So, anyway, this is...

This video is for Mauricio.

One day he asked me: "What's the difference between 'each' and 'every'?"

They seem...

It seems quite simple, but there are little differences that even a native speaker may

not be able to express to you because it's so natural for us that we know, but we don't

know how to actually say.

So, let's go to the board and take a look.

So, as you can see with Mr. E, he said: "Each", and he's talking about his hands, here; and

"whole", within his body.

Now, he didn't say: "all body", but "whole body" or "entire", and let's go to the board

and find out why.

Now, one of the first things we're going to look at is...

Well, where are we?

Let's talk about the big Pac.

If you look, we've got Pac-Man over here, so it's like a pizza with a slice taken out

of it.

So, this is a piece, and this is the whole thing.

When we talk about the word "whole", we talk about the complete unit, so we're talking

about all of this.

I used the word "all".

We talk about it as a unit; we're not breaking it into pieces; we see it as one thing.

So, we talk about 100%, and we use it for countable nouns: "The whole apple", "the whole

pizza", "the whole room".

We see it as one thing.

We use another word, to be a little bit more formal you might say in English, and we go

with the word "entire": "The entire room", "the entire apple".

We can use it for an exclamation or to formalize it.

It is the same meaning as "whole", but a formal one.

So, you can imagine me wearing a jacket and a tie, being formal; or like this, this would

be "whole".

And if I was wearing my tie and jacket-I wish I had one now-that would be "entire".

So, we talked about the 100% is for countable nouns, and we talk about the whole unit.

So, I said countable nouns, and you might be thinking: "Hey, great.

But what happens if I have things, like water or salt?

Things that cannot be counted?

Or money?"

That's when we talk about or we use "all".

"All" does almost the same thing as "whole" or "entire"; it talks about things as a unit,

but we get to use this extra power of the uncountable: "All of the water in the room",

"all of the salt", "all of the money".

Right?

Then we can say: "All of the people".

"People" are countable, so it's a very flexible use.

Right?

So this is more common.

But when you want to make your language a little bit more interesting, we use "whole";

but "whole" would be for the countable, while "all" could be used for almost anything.

All right?

So, if you notice, I've gone from the circle of going one, two, and we've talked about

this whole thing or the entire thing.

What happened to...?

What happens when you want to talk about pieces of a thing?

I'm a human being.

I have arms, I have...

Well, legs.

I have ears and eyes.

My whole body is all of these things together, but I have different parts to this or of my

body.

We're going to look at two other words: "every" and "each", and talk about: "Why would we

say 'every' sometimes and 'each'?

What's the difference?"

Just as in "all" and "whole", there is a difference, there's a difference in usage for these things.

So, let's start with "every".

Every time I think of you, I always catch my breath.

Now, when I was saying that: "Every time I think of you", I am talking about a group

of things, but in this case I'm not just talking about it as one unit; I'm talking about parts

of it.

Okay?

So, I'm talking about things in a group that are similar; there's a similarity to them.

"My thoughts are similar."

They're not different thoughts; they're almost exactly the same.

"Every time I think of you", each thought is done; and if you notice, the squares are

all about the same.

So it's the same type of thought.

So, I focus on the group, but I focus on the similarity of the things.

That's why we usually say: "Everyone in the room".

I'm not looking at them as people; individuals.

I see a group of people and I say: "They're all people".

"Everything I have".

I don't see them as individual things; I see them as things.

Yeah?

Got it somewhere?

"Everywhere you go", "everywhere", they're all places you go.

I don't care if they're countries, or cities, or houses; they're still places you go to.

And that's what we're looking at: The similarity between these things.

The similarity between these countable things; these things must be countable.

You notice I said: "Everyone", "everything".

I didn't say: "Every money", I didn't say: "Every water".

I can talk about it if I change "water" in a different fashion, but these are for countable

things when we say: "every".

Okay?

The next one we want to talk about is "each".

Once again, it's for countable things; but unlike "every" which talks about everything

being similar, look carefully: I've taken these same blocks and they're in a row, so

they are a group, but there's a fat one, a skinny one...

See, a skinny one, a tall one, a short one in the grouping.

It's still countable things: "each", because I have to count the parts in the whole, but

right now it's the individual parts that make it up.

I care about the differences.

If I were to make a speech to you and I said: "Everyone in the room today believes money

is important", I don't care about each individual; what I care about is the group; the collective:

"every".

When I say: "Each one of you cares about money", I am recognizing that each individual is not

the same.

A person with five cars is different than a person who has no shoes, and in saying:

"each of you", I'm trying to get it across to my audience that I know that you're all

different.

When I say: "Each time I sing a song", I'm saying: Each time is different to me; it's

special to me.

Each one is a different...

I don't want to say "manifestation".

Oh, I said it; too late.

"Manifest" is to bring forth or bring alive.

Each thing I do is different.

Okay?

So, we want to look at the uniqueness of a thing.

Pretty cool, huh?

So, I think...

Let's just go through this.

And it's in a circular fashion, so we'll do it again.

We talk about "whole", we talk about the complete unit, and we're talking about just countable

objects.

We talk about "entire", well, it's the same thing as the whole; it's 100%, but we want

to use it for formal or we want to use it for exclamation.

"You ate the entire pizza?" is stronger than: "You ate the whole pizza"?

"You ate the entire pizza?"

Right?

Even with: "ire".

Funny, in English, "ire" means angry, so it's like putting more passion in the word.

Right?

"The entire room rose."

Okay?

Then we move over to there, "all", which seems, like, less formal.

It's like, you know, your McDonald's in the neighbourhood.

Doo-doo-doo-doo-doo; it's good for everything.

So, it's countable as well, but...

And it...

And it also takes on the uncountable nouns.

So it's a little bit more general, like a hammer; it can be used for everything.

Then we move over to "every".

"Every" is in the same kind of idea, the same kind of pattern.

All of the things in this group, we're talking about the small parts of it, but we're saying

they're all kind of similar.

But they are parts in a group and we understand that there are parts in this group; it's not,

like, my body isn't just: Blah; it's got arms, legs that make it up.

But in this case we're saying they're all similar; have the same value.

And then, finally, we go to "each", where we go: "Hey, hold on a second.

An arm doesn't have the same value as a leg.

Yes, there are parts, but each part is individual", and we have to kind of understand that.

Cool?

All right, good.

Well, you know what time it is.

It's time for us to go to the board, because I know you say you understand it or at least

I think you do, I hope you do, but let's test it.

Are you ready?

[Snaps]

All right, so we're back.

So, usually I have a bonus.

Today I won't do that because I think the lesson is pretty direct.

But I will ask you to help me do something, which is: Correct my mistakes.

Okay?

So, on the board we've got a tale of two stories or a tale of two cities.

The first thing I'd like to do is: Before you can help me correct it, because I didn't

learn the lesson as well as you did-I mean, I think you're a good student-I want you to

help me identify what the mistakes are so we can actually correct it and make it a better

story down there.

Are you ready?

Let's go to the board.

So: "I go to McDonald's every of the time"... "...every of the time"?

Hmm, that just sounds suspicious, don't you think?

So, let's look here; I think that's a problem.

"...to get dinner".

Okay?

"My favourite thing is the kids' meal."

Okay, that sounds okay.

"My favourite thing is the kids' meal.

I can eat the each thing in two minutes."

Huh, that seems weird to me.

I mean, I don't know why it's wrong; you guys can probably help me with that later on, but

that just doesn't seem right.

"Whole meal comes with a toy to play with".

"Whole meal comes"?

Hmm.

Geez, this is horrible.

Sure glad you guys are here to help out.

What's the next thing?

"The toys are all different."

Okay.

"The toys are all different."

Okay.

"All one of them has its own number."

Yeah, huh. "...its own special number".

Now, let's see.

I've identified four of these things.

Perhaps we can go through what we talked about to see if we...

What reasons it might be wrong, and then we can put these corrections down here.

So, let's go to the board.

"I go to McDonald's of the time".

Well, I know...

I probably didn't mention it before, but when we talk about "all", we talk about...

Okay, "of the time", we...

Let's put it this way.

I didn't mention "of", but usually when we talk about "all", we usually have "of": "all

of the money", "all of the time", "all of the people".

"Of" means a part or a part of something.

So, when I say: "One of you guys", it's one part of a larger group.

Okay?

"Each student in Canada", well, there's a student and there's Canada, and there's lots

of students in Canada, so it's one part of it, right?

So, "all"...

When we say "all of something", we're talking about "all" represents the whole group.

Remember we talked about that, and we used it for countable and non-countable?

Now, time, can you count time?

We can talk about segments of time, like: One hour, one time; but time, there's too

much to count.

Infinity cannot be counted, so then we have to talk about time as in "all", right?