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- This is a video about things like cars,
phones, and light bulbs and an actual conspiracy
that made them worse.
This video was sponsored by NordVPN,
more about them at the end of the video
I am outside Livermore Fire Station, number six.
And in here, they have the longest,
continuously on light bulb in the world.
It has been on for 120 years
since 1901.
There it is.
- [Host] Yeah, that's it.
- It's not even connected to a light switch
but it does have a backup battery and generator.
So the big question is,
how has this light bulb lasted so long?
It was manufactured by hand not long
after commercial light bulbs were first invented,
And yet, it has been running for over a million hours,
way longer than any light bulb today is meant to last.
Awhile back, a friend of mine told me this story,
that someone had invented a light bulb
that would last forever years ago,
but they never sold it
because an everlasting light bulb makes
for a terrible business model.
I mean, you would never have any repeat customers
and eventually you would run out
of people to sell light bulbs to,
I thought this story sounded ridiculous.
If you could make an everlasting light bulb,
then everyone would buy your light bulb
over the competitors.
And so you could charge really high prices,
make a lot of money, even if demand would eventually dry up.
I just couldn't imagine that we had better light bulbs
in the past and then intentionally made them worse,
but it turns out I was wrong.
At least sort of.
Inventing a viable electric light was hard,
I mean, this is the typical incandescent design,
which just involves passing electric current
through a material making it so hot that it glows,
less than 5% of the electrical energy comes out as light.
The other 95% is released as heat.
So these are really heat bulbs,
which give off a little bit of light as a by-product.
The temperature of the filament can get up to 2,800 Kelvin.
That is half as hot as the surface of the sun.
At temperatures like those, most materials melt.
- That's so cool. - And if they don't melt,
they burn,
which is why in the 1840s, Warren De la Rue came
up with the idea of putting the filament in a vacuum bulb,
so there's no oxygen to react with.
By 1879, Thomas Edison had made a bulb
with a cotton thread filament that lasted 14 hours.
Other inventors created bulbs with platinum filaments
or other carbonized materials.
And gradually, the lifespan of bulbs increased.
The filaments changed from carbon to tungsten,
which has a very high melting point.
And by the early 1920s, average bulb lifetimes
were approaching 2,000 hours with some lasting 2,500 hours.
But this is when lifetimes stopped getting longer
and started getting shorter.
In Geneva, Switzerland just before Christmas, 1924,
there was a secret meeting of top executives
from the world's leading light bulb companies,
Phillips, International General Electric,
Tokyo Electric, OSRAM from Germany,
and the UK's Associated Electric among others.
They formed what became known
as the Phoebus Cartel named after Phoebus,
the Greek God of light.
There, all these companies agreed
to work together to help each other
by controlling the world supply of light bulbs.
In the early days of the electrical industry,
there had been lots of different
small light bulb manufacturers,
but by now they had largely been consolidated
into these big corporations,
each dominant in a particular part of the world.
The biggest threat they all faced was
from longer lasting light bulbs.
For example, in 1923, OSRAM sold 63 million light bulbs,
but the following year they sold only 28 million.
Light bulbs were lasting too long, eating into sales.
So all the companies in the cartel agreed
to reduce the lifespan of their bulbs
to 1,000 hours cutting the existing average almost in half.
But how could each company ensure
that the other companies would actually follow the rules
and make shorter lasting light bulb.
After all, it would be in each of their individual interests
to make a better product to outsell the others?
Well, to enforce the 1,000 hour limit,
each of the manufacturers have to send in sample bulbs
from their factories and they were tested on big test stands
like this one.
If a bulb lasted
significantly longer than 1,000 thousand hours,
then the company was fined.
If a bulb lasted longer than 3000 hours,
well the fine was 200 Swiss Francs
for every 1,000 bulbs sold.
And there are records
of these fines being issued to companies.
But how do you make a worst light bulb in the first place?
Well, the same engineers who had previously been tasked
with extending the lifespan now had to find ways
to decrease it.
So they tried different materials,
different shaped filaments, and thinner connections.
And if you look at the data, they were successful.
Ever since the formation of the cartel.
the lifespan of light bulbs steadily decreased.
So that by 1934, the average lifespan was just 1,205 hours.
And just as they had planned, sales increased
for cartel members by 25% in the four years after 1926.
And even though the cost of components came down,
the cartel kept prices virtually unchanged,
so they increased their profit margins.
So did people know that the light bulb companies
were conspiring together to make their products worse?
No, the Phoebus Cartel claimed that its purpose was
to increase standardization and efficiency of light bulbs.
I mean, they did establish this screw thread is standard.
You can find it on virtually all light bulbs
around the world now.
But all evidence points to the cartels being motivated
by profits and increased sales,
not by what was best for consumers.
So one of the reasons this light bulb has lasted so long is
because it was made before the cartel era.
Another reason is because the filament has always been run
at low power, just four or five watts.
It was meant to be a nightlight
for the fire station to provide just enough light
so that firemen wouldn't run into things at night.
And the fact that it was always
on reduced the thermal cycling
of the filament and components limiting the stress caused
by thermal expansion and contraction.
The Phoebus Cartel was initially planned to last
at least until 1955, but it fell apart in the 1930s.
It was already struggling due to outside competition.
And non-compliance amongst some of its members,
but the outbreak of World War II is
really what finished it off.
So this cartel was dead,
but its methods survived to this day.
There are lots of companies out there
that intentionally shortened the lifespan of their products
it's a tactic known now as planned obsolescence.
This was actually the subject of Casey Neistat's
first viral video all the way back in 2003.
- [Support] Thank you for calling Apple, my name is Ryan.
May I have your first name please?
- [Casey] Casey.
- [Support] ] All right, and what seems
to be the issue today?
- [Casey] I have an iPod that I bought about 18 months ago
and the battery is dead on it.
- [Support] 18 months, okay, it's past it year,
which basically means there'll be a charge
of $255 plus a mailing fee to send it to us
to refurbish, to correct it.
But at that price, you might as well go get a new one.
- [Narrator] This video got millions of views
in a time before YouTube or social media.
And it spawned a class action lawsuit,
which Apple settled out of court,
but it didn't stop the company
from practicing planned obsolescence.
After an iOS update in 2017,
users of older iPhones found apps loading
significantly slower or the device shutting down altogether.
Apple said they throttled performance to protect the battery
of older devices and increase their longevity.
Of course, that wouldn't be an issue
if the battery were replaceable.
In a series of lawsuits that concluded in 2020,
Apple was fined or reached settlements
to pay hundreds of millions of dollars,
undoubtedly, this amount pales in comparison
to the extra revenue they generate
by limiting the lifespan of their products.
But some would argue that planned obsolescence isn't
just about greed, but that it's also good for everyone.
During the great depression in the 1930s
when as much as 1/4 of Americans were out of work
and real estate broker Bernard London
proposed mandatory planned obsolescence
as a way to get people back to work
and lift America out of the depression.
He wrote, "I would have the government assign a lease
of life to shoes, and homes, and machines
when they are first created
and they would be sold and used within the term
of their existence, definitely known by the consumer.
After the allotted time had expired,
these things would be legally dead
and would be controlled by the duly
appointed governmental agency and destroyed
if there is widespread unemployment."
Now, this might sound like a wild fringe idea,
but people were clearly afraid of being put out of work
by technological progress and products that were too good.
There was even a popular Oscar nominated film about it.
"This is the man in the white suit from 1951."
It's about a scientist who invents the perfect fiber.
It won't stain or break, or fray.
- I think I've succeeded
in the copolymerization of amino acid residues
and carbohydrate molecules, both containing ionic groups.
It's really perfectly simple.
- [Narrator] The Academy award nomination was
for best screenplay, I kid you not.
Anyway, everyone is initially excited
about our heroes scientific discovery.
He makes a suit out of the thread and it has to be white
because the fiber is so stain resistant,
it can't even be dyed,
but this is when trouble strikes,
the factory owners realize they won't be able to sell
as much of this thread because it's so durable.
And the workers worry it'll put them out of a job.
- Why can't you scientists leave things alone?
What about my better washing when there's no washing to do?
- This is when you get the climactic scene
where factory workers and factory owners team up
to chase down the scientist to destroy him
and his invention.
And believe it or not, this movie may have been inspired
by real events.
In the 1940s, the synthetic fiber nylon replaced silk
in stockings, and it was so durable
that the products became an overnight sensation.
There were literal riots when women tried
to get their hands on them.
When the manufacturers realized
they had made the product too good,
they didn't destroy the fiber,
but they did follow the example of the Phoebus Cartel.
They instructed their engineers and scientists
to find ways to weaken the product to shorten its lifespan,
so people would have to buy more.
Now, it seems like consumers are finally fighting back
against planned obsolescence.
In the European union and in over 25 states in the US,
there's proposed legislation
to enshrine the right to repair.
And these laws would force manufacturers
to make it easier to repair their products.
They would have to provide information and access to parts.
So you could replace a battery or fix a cracked screen
at a third-party repair shop without voiding your warranty.
So if right to repair does become law,
does that mean artificial obsolescence
will be gone for good?
Sadly, no, because there is
one last thing manufacturers can use
to make their products obsolete, which is you.
(instrumental music)
Henry Ford released the first mass market car,
the model T in 1908.
And he envisioned it like a workhorse,
an affordable tool that wouldn't wear out,
a bit like the everlasting light bulb.
In 1922 Ford said, "We want the man who buys one of our cars
never to have to buy another, we never make an improvement
that renders any previous model obsolete."
But by 1920, 55% of American families already owned a car.
Nearly everyone that could afford one had one.
And that same year,
there was a small economic downturn driving down sales
for both Ford and General Motors.
In 1921, DuPont, the chemical and paint company took
over the controlling share in General Motors.
And they started experimenting
with painting cars different colors,
up until then, Henry Ford had said,
you could have whatever color you like
so long as it's black.
It took a couple of years of testing, but in 1924,
GM released their first cars in different colors.
And soon after, they introduced a trick
that feels very familiar now.
Each new year,
they would introduce cars in different colors.
The goal wasn't just to make Ford's model T lookout dated,
but to make their own cars feel outdated every year
encouraging customers to trade in their old cars
for shiny new ones.
Years later, GM's head of design, Harley Earl,
candidly discussed his role in creating
what he called dynamic obsolescence.
"Our big job is to hasten obsolescence.
In 1934, the average car ownership span was five years.
Now, which was 1955, it is two years.
When it is one year, we will have a perfect score.
By the time he said this, General Motors was the
most valuable company in the world and it's sold half
of all vehicles purchased in the US every year.
These days, the world's most valuable company,
Apple, seems to have copied directly out of this playbook.
I mean, new styles every year, check,
new special colors every year, check,
marginal technological improvement, check.
I mean, is this useful innovation or just a gimmick?
The inspiration for General Motors and hence for Apple comes
from fashion where real innovation is all but impossible.
So the only way to make people feel the urgency
to get out there and buy is to create styles
that last but one season.
The trouble then is you run
through these styles too quickly.
And then what are you supposed to do?
Well, just recycle the styles from a few decades ago.
The iPhone also shows this recycling trend.
I mean, just look at the way the edges were
initially rounded and then they were squared off
and then they were rounded again
and now, they're squared off.
And how much do you want to bet
that the iPhone 14 has rounded edges?
I think the point is that with design and styling,
there is no best, there's only different,
which is apparently enough to remind us
that we don't have the latest and greatest,
and so we have to rush out and keep buying.
The only type of obsolescence
we should support is technological,
which brings us back to the light bulb.
In the last 20 years, light bulbs have gone
from incandescent, which was basically unchanged
for 100 years to compact fluorescent.
And now, to LED, these use just a 10th of the energy
and can last anywhere from 10 to 50 times longer.
Yeah, that's pretty bright.
So you're more likely to sell your house
than to have to replace an LED bulb
that you've installed inside it.
So we finally reached the point
of what is essentially an everlasting light bulb?
(upbeat music)
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