你的工作安全嗎（The future of work: is your job safe? | The Economist）

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- [Narrator] This is the workforce of the future.
Technology is transforming the world of work beyond
all recognition, creating groundbreaking opportunities.
- It's an amazing thing to be living in this digital age.
- But it's also eroding the rights of workers.
- It creates a kind of dog eat dog world.
- [Narrator] Some even fear a dystopian jobless future.
- Technology today could lead to 45%
of current jobs disappearing.
- [Narrator] But are these anxieties overblown?
- The future is about the collaboration
between humans and these technologies.
- [Narrator] How we react to this brave new world
of work today will shape societies for generations to come.
For some people work is where the Wi-Fi is.
In the past two years, Samantha and Justin
have lived and worked in more than 20 countries.
- We started this year in South America.
We lived in Peru, in Santiago, Chile, Bariloche, Argentina.
- [Samantha] Croatia,
Innsbruck, Austria, - Austria.
- [Samantha] Portugal, Italy, Norway.
- [Justin] Which was really pretty.
- [Samantha] And then we were on Reunion Island
for two months.
- [Justin] Off of Madagascar.
- Yes and when we were there everyone was, like,
"How in the world did you find this place?"
- "How did you find this place?"
- [Narrator] Nut throughout their travels,
Justin and Samantha have each been holding down a job.
He runs a digital creative agency
and she works for a California based startup.
They're a very modern carnation of a very old idea.
They're digital nomads.
- Thank you.
- [Narrator] Today, people working remotely around the globe
like this number in the millions.
- A lot of people that define themselves as digital nomads
move around very, very frequently.
But we typically move around at least once a month.
- [Narrator] The couple say the extraordinary
recent advances in digital technology
allow them to keep exploring the world
without compromising their careers.
- [Justin] We rent an apartment, we set up an office,
we're not on vacation.
We live pretty normal lives.
And so it gives us the opportunity to kind of
integrate and become locals.
And try on different flavors of life.
- [Narrator] There are down sides to this liberating
grand tour of new cultures and horizons.
Digital nomads sometimes have to be more nomadic
than they might like.
- [Samantha[ Just out of Curiosity,
I wonder what the Visa policy is.
- [Narrator] Location independent workers
as they're also known often travel on tourist Visas
and are usually restricted to a maximum
of a few months in each country.
- So, Fiji, we need to go to so that we can
get out of New Zealand before we violate their Visa policy.
- [Narrator] But some countries are going out of their way
to attract this new breed of global worker.
Estonia is about to launch a special Visa,
allowing them to stay for a year.
With other countries set to follow suit,
some predict there could be a billion
location independent workers by 2035.
For those with no ties, it all points to an increasingly
borderless brave new world of work
centered around the digital revolution.
- [Justin] And it sounds extravagant.
But we don't need much to be able to work and be productive.
If you're smart about it, I think that travel
can be a long term sustainable lifestyle.
And it's not that crazy.
- [Narrator] Of the more than 60 million Americans who work
over 50 million are employees.
They work for somebody else.
- [Narrator] In the middle of the 20th century,
many workers in the rich world,
expected a job for life in one place.
But today frequent job changes are not unusual
and 70% of professionals around the globe
do some work remotely.
These seismic changes are leading to continual reinventions
of that most traditional workplace, the office.
In San Francisco, entrepreneur Frank Boulier
is starting his daily journey to work.
- Have to move from my room, go down the stairs
to my office space.
I would say it's a dream commute, yeah.
- [Narrator] Frank's part of an emerging trend,
living and working with other people in the same place.
- When I move from one space to the other space
I switch from living to working.
- [Narrator] The space, run by a company called Roam
includes meeting rooms, relaxation areas
and even a cocktail bar.
It caters to the more exclusive end
of the global coworking market.
- You get to meet amazing people
from all across the world and I find that exciting.
The vibe is less office,
more professional commune.
And the residents are glad at the chance
for some digital detox.
- We're all tethered to our cell phones
and we're all tethered to technology
and I think that what's unique about Roam
is that it builds community and it builds
a communal living style that allows us
sort of to unplug at times.
- [Narrator] This kind of communal living might have
niche appeal right now but 2.3 million people worldwide
already share coworking spaces and there are signs
these make for more productive workers.
The Harvard Business Review found that nearly
nine out of 10 coworkers felt happier
than in their previous place of work.
And over 80% felt more engaged and motivated.
- I've never been more productive
even though I do less hours.
Would I ever go back to traditional corporate nine to five?
No.
- [Narrator] Technology is also changing how people
work and live in poorer countries.
Kibera, Kenya, Africa's largest slum.
Work here is scarce.
The average wage is less than two dollars a day.
Joseph Kamau grew up here.
- This is my first computer.
- [Narrator] Two years ago he was scraping by
as a street hawker selling food.
But today, Joseph is making a new living
as a paid up member of the global gig economy,
the labor market where self employed workers
are paid to do short term freelance tasks.
- For me, a person living here in Kibera
how would I have gotten a job for a person in America?
- [Narrator] He gets up to 10 part time jobs a week
entering data for clients based all around the world.
- It's an amazing thing to be living in this digital age.
- [Narrator] Joseph works in arguably the fastest growing
segment of the gig economy known as The Human Cloud.
Some of the jobs that used to be done
by white collar workers in wealthier countries
are now broken down into individual tasks.
These are advertised online and carried out
by remote workers scattered across the globe.
This Human Cloud industry is worth an estimated
$50 billion dollars a year.
Now the Kenyan Government is training one million
young people for this new digital workforce.
And helping them is the outsourcing firm Samasource.
- Brands have included Google, eBay and Microsoft.
- [Narrators] Freelancers here work on a range
of digital services including image tagging
for artificial intelligence.
- [Woman] We're training cars to drive themselves.
- I know, right? - Yeah, it's funny.
I don't even have a car but we are working
on projects on self driving different cars.
- [Narrator] Some fear that the flow of digital service jobs
from rich countries to poorer ones
could push down wages globally.
But for many people here the new opportunities
offer a way out of poverty.
- I mean, someone sitting in the U.S. might say
a job like this is not paying a living wage
but for us it really gives us an opportunity
to be able to bring some of these young people
into the digital age and the digital economy.
- [Narrator] Since working in The Human Cloud,
Joseph has been able to move his family out of the slum.
- I'm gonna join university next semester.
I'm gonna do computer science, my dream course.
And, yeah.
- [Narrator] In wealthier countries,
some workers see the gig economy
as less of an opportunity and more of a threat.
Max Dewherst is a delivery cyclist
for a British courier firm
who campaigns for workers' rights.
- How many jobs am I gonna do today?
Am I gonna do 18 jobs or 30 jobs?
On days when it's very slow
we're not gonna make enough money to live.
- [Narrator] Many online platforms, those intermediaries
between customers and gig workers don't cap the number
of freelances that clock on each day.
This can flood the market, ramping up competition
and slashing earnings.
- It creates a kind of dog eat dog world
and a very competitive world amongst the workforce.
- [Narrator] Some competition amongst workers
is healthy for consumers.
But Max has a more fundamental complaint,
that basic employment rights such as sick pay
and job protection are denied to most gig economy workers.
- They don't have any ability
to set the price of their labor.
They don't have any ability to negotiate with the client.
They have zero protection.
Of course people like flexibility
but that shouldn't come at the expense
of everything that's ever been fought for
for the last 200 years.
- [Man] Those people have money.
They have millions in their accounts.
- [Narrator] Max continues that fight as Vice President
of The Independent Workers Union of Great Britain.
- And I said, well, it's only impossible until we win.
- [Narrator] The union is mounting legal challenges
against large companies operating in the gig economy.
- We've taken a number of courier companies to Tribunal
from CitySprint, eCourier, Addison Lee and Excel
and now we're taking on delivery as well.
- [Narrator] To critics like Max the lack of rights
offered to workers in the gig economy by big contractors
is rapacious capitalism that will increase inequality.
- There are loads and loads of people
on these bogus contracts.
We see it more and more spreading into other sectors,
cleaning, retail, banking.
And that's very worrying.
- [Narrator] Amid heightened concerns about job security
some workers are facing new pressures
to become more efficient and productive.
But what lengths is it acceptable for companies
to go to to achieve this?
In Boston, Massachusetts workers at this firm
are being closely watched.
Their every conversation is analyzed.
Their every move monitored.
- This is our Humanyze sociometric badge.
- [Narrator] Their employer, Humanyze has designed
surveillance technology to gather data
about how they spend their time at work.
- So, it knows if I'm speaking or not speaking.
It knows if I'm moving, whether I'm walking around
or just sitting at my desk during the day.
It knows generally where I am in the office
and it also can tell my proximity
to other people wearing badges.
- [Narrator] Information from employees' emails
and calendars is integrated
with data collected by their badges.
- We have a number of sensors in them,
Bluetooth that's able to do location in the office.
Microphones look at how much I talk.
Motion sensor to look at posture, overall activity levels.
- [Narrator] The company says it uses this data
to improve the productivity of it's workers
and their work environment.
- I see interactions within my team, how many of my
teammates did I interact with in a week or a month?
The same gender or the other gender.
And I can see my dominance in conversations.
The green is my speaking time versus the blue
which is when I'm listening.
I use this data as a way
to optimize my work experience.
- [Narrator] Humanyze sells its surveillance technology
to companies around the globe.
And with more than 10,000 people
now wearing it's badges worldwide,
business is starting to boom.
- Because now we have all this quantitative data coming in,
we're able to understand at an unprecedented level.
- [Narrator] This kind of surveillance technology
is raising fears about workers' welfare
and rights to privacy.
A British report found that 70% of workers
believe workplace monitoring will become
more common in the future.
Over 60% believe it will fuel distrust and discrimination.
Humanyze says it anonymizes and aggregates data
and doesn't record the content of conversations.
But other tech companies are developing ever more
intrusive ways to monitor workforces,
including micro chipping staff and photographing them
at their desks using webcams.
- I mean, there's legitimate concerns
around this kind of data when it comes to, for example,
could your boss look at what your doing
minute by minute in the organization.
Can they look at what you're writing in emails
and things like that?
At some point someone will do the wrong thing
with this kind of data.
- [Narrator] But in the minds of many people
there's an even greater threat
to the workforce of the future.
And it comes from a new breed of worker,
one that is relentlessly efficient,
works round the clock and never complains.
Robots and artificial intelligence
are increasingly part of many industries.
Machines will soon take the wheel from truck drivers.
And companies are turning to new types of robots
for mass production of food.
- New worries about robots taking jobs.
- [Narrator] Automation is set to cause
mass disruption to working lives.
- [Reporter] As artificial intelligence
and automation grow by leaps and bounds.
- Could lead to 45% of current jobs disappearing.
- [Narrator] But how justified is this wave
of automation anxiety sweeping across the world?
Are hundreds of millions of workers
really heading for a jobless future?
In a warehouse in Southern England, the dystopian vision
of a fully automated future appears to have arrived.
This swarm of robots is packing groceries for British firm
Ocado, one of the world's most
technologically advanced online retailers.
Here, collaboration is key.
- These robots are being orchestrated
by a sophisticated piece of machine learning.
It's a bit like an air traffic control system.
They collaborate with one another, so, if a robot
wants to pick a bin that's fourth down
in a given stack of bins, it just gets three
of it's friends or colleagues to move the top three bins
out of the way and then it grabs the one it wants.
- [Narrator] But the robots here aren't working together
to replace humans, they're working with them.
The robots take containers of products to pick stations
where people put the orders together.
- I think the job is a lot less taxing on us physically.
The robots themselves are very efficient.
So, they take a lot of the grunt work out.
They're our little helpers.
- [Narrator] What's more, Ocado say these robots
have actually created more jobs at the company
than existed before.
- None of the 13,000 people that work for Ocado
would have a job, myself included,
if it wasn't for what we do with technology and automation.
As we've found new ways to automate processes,
the number of people working for Ocado
has only ever increased
because of the ongoing growth of the business.
- [Narrator] A growing body of research
suggests artificial intelligence and machines
could create at least as many jobs as they displace.
One report estimates that while 75 million jobs
will be lost globally by 2022,
there could be 133 million new ones.
- We are on a journey to go on finding ways
to add automation but it's about teaching people
to be more adaptable in terms of their jobs
and their skill sets because the future is about
the collaboration between humans and these technologies.
- [Narrator] Disruption to working lives is inevitable.
And insecurities will persist.
How bosses, workers and governments
respond to these challenges
will determine whether this new working landscape
lives up to it's enormous promise.