Did you know all chemical matter follows certain laws as well?

你知道化學物質也都遵守法則嗎？

In fact, we can describe those laws by looking at relationships.

我們可用交互關係來說明這些法則

Some easy laws to begin with are the ones that govern the gases.

氣體由三大簡單法則支配

Back in 1662, Robert Boyle realized that gases had an interesting response

1662 年波義耳發現氣體的有趣性質 (Robert Boyle)

when he put them into containers and changed their volume.

他把氣體放進容器並改變體積

Take an empty bottle and put the cap on it, closing that container.

拿個空瓶、蓋上瓶蓋、封住容器、

Now squeeze your bottle, and what happens?

擠壓瓶子，結果發生了什麼事？

The pressure inside the bottle increases when the size of the container decreases.

容器變小時，瓶內壓力變大

You can only crush that container so much until the gases inside push back on your hand.

只能壓這麼多 容器內氣體也在對你的手施壓

This is called an inverse proportion, and it changes at the same rate for every gas.

關係是反比，每種氣體的比率固定

Boyle's law allows chemists to predict the volume of any gas at any given pressure

「波義耳定律」讓化學家可預測 指定壓力下任何氣體的體積

because the relationship is always the same.

因為關係都一致

In 1780, Jacques Charles noticed a different relationship between gases and their temperature.

1780 年賈克查理注意到不同氣體 和溫度間的關係 (Jacques Charles)

If you've ever seen a hot-air balloon, you've seen this law in action.

如果你看過熱氣球 你就知道這個法則的效果

When the ballons are laid out, they're totally flat.

一開始熱氣球是扁的

Instead of blowing the balloon up like a party balloon, they use a giant flame to heat the air inside that envelope.

不是用吹的，我們用巨大的火焰 加熱氣球內的空氣

As the air is heated up, the balloon begins to inflate as the gas volume increases.

空氣加熱後體積增加 熱氣球開始膨脹

The hotter the gas becomes, the larger the volume, and that's Charles' law.

氣體越熱，體積越大 這就是「查理定律」 (Charles' law)

Notice this law is different from Boyle's.

查理定律和波義耳定律不同

Charles' law is a direct relationship.

查理定律是正比關係

As the temperature increases, the volume increases as well.

溫度越高，體積越大

The third law is also easily demonstrated.

第三個定律也很容易說明

When you're blowing up party balloons, the volume increases.

當你吹派對氣球時，體積會增大

As you are blowing, you're forcing more and more gas particles into the balloon from your lungs.

你把氣體粒子從肺部吹進氣球

This causes the balloon volume to increase. This is Avogadro's law in action.

導致氣球體積增加 這種作用是「亞佛加厥定律」

As the number of particles of gas added to a container are increased,

隨著容器中氣體分子數增加

the volume will increase as well.

體積也會增加

If you add too many particles, well, you know what happens next.

你知道加入太多分子的結果

Laws are everywhere, even in the tiniest particles of gas.

法則無處不在 連最小的氣體分子也要遵守

If you squeeze them, the pressure will increase as the particles are pushed together.

擠壓下，分子靠近，壓力變大

Low volume means a high pressure because those particles push back.

體積越小、壓力越大 因為分子也會壓回來

As the temperature increases, gases move away from one another, and the volume increases as well.

溫度越高，氣體分子距離加大 體積也增加

Finally, if you add gas to a closed container, that container's volume will expand.

如果你把氣體加入封閉容器 容器的體積會變大

But be careful not to add too much, because otherwise you could end up with a burst balloon.

小心別加太多，否則氣球就會爆炸