Name: 如果一根手指頭帶油--事情敗露第一部分：速成文學208篇 (If One Finger Brought Oil - Things Fall Apart part I: Crash Course Literature 208)
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Hi I’m John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, and today we’re going to talk

基礎被動語態

about Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. Things Fall Apart is set in what is now Nigeria

during the late 19th century, but it was written in 1958, as the colonial system was falling

apart in Africa. And one of the reasons Things Fall Apart is

so important is that prior to it, most novels about Africa and Africans in English had been

written by Europeans. Achebe turned the traditional European notion of Africans as savages on

its head, and confronted the great failure of people to, quote, “see other human beings

as human beings.” With characters that you can feel with and

think with and breathe with, layer after layer of the reality of the colonial situation in

Igboland is exposed, and we see the vicious, cyclical realities that are produced by both

individual and institutional power when it’s based in fear and hatred and ignorance.

[INTRO] So things fall apart in Things Fall Apart

not only because of the outside pressures of colonialism, but also because of the interior

pressures of the main character, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a man known “throughout the nine

villages and even beyond” whose “fame rested on solid personal achievements.”

He is known for his strength and his wrestling ability.

Like during his prime, in one of the community festivals, before a crowd of 10,000 or more

people, Okonkwo out-wrestled a man known as the Cat in a match. The Cat!

And we’re told of this match, “ the old men agreed it was one of the fiercest since

the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the wild for seven days and seven nights.”

We learn all of this, by the way, in the opening paragraph of the novel, so we are immediately

drawn into this world of order and belief, of competition and struggle, and of stories

that are kept and passed down by elders. And we know from the beginning that Okonkwo

is a man held in high esteem not only for his wrestling ability, but also because he

“had risen so suddenly from great poverty and misfortune to be one of the lords of his

clan.” But despite his status and his achievements,

Okonkwo is haunted. Now it’s not quite the ghost of the Hamlet’s

father walking around at midnight brooding about vengeance, but Okonkwo sees his father

everywhere he goes. His father, Unoka, owed debts all over town and spent like all of

his time playing the flute and drinking palm wine.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green, that sounds pretty good actually!

I’m sure it sounds lovely, Me from the Past, although we both know you can’t drink a

bottle of Strawberry Hill without vomiting. But the important thing here is that in 19th

century Igboland, you couldn’t get ahead in life if you weren’t willing to work.

Which, come to think of it, is also true today, Me From the Past.

So Okonkwo grew up knowing that the whole village thought his dad was a loser, and the

pain of it stuck with him. Like, Achebe writes, “his whole life was dominated by fear, the

fear of failure and of weakness.” And this isn’t like my fear of spiders or

my fear of heights or my fear of air travel or my fear of peanut butter sticking to the

roof of my mouth. This is serious fear. For Okonkwo, “It was deeper and more intimate

than the fear of evil and capricious gods and of magic, the fear of the forest, and

of the forces of nature, malevolent, red in tooth and claw.”

Which quote allows me to mention something really important about Things Fall Apart.

That “red in tooth and claw” line is borrowed from a Tennyson poem.

And throughout the novel, Things Fall Apart is conscious both of African storytelling

forms and of European ones. This exploration of connections and differences

between two narrative traditions is really interesting and it’s not something you find

as much in, like, you know, Jane Eyre or Hamlet. Anyway, Okonkwo is always running from this

deep down fear of weakness and failure, and it gives him the drive to go from being a

sharecropper to power and status and wealth. It also makes him into kind of a jerk.

Okonkwo develops “one passion—to hate everything that Unoka had loved. One of these

things was gentleness and another was idleness.” There’s a great moment in the novel where

Achebe says Okonkwo, “seemed to walk on springs, as if he was going to pounce on somebody.”

And then notes, “And he did pounce on people quite often.”

This pouncing, and more generally just his rage, eventually drive him to three transgressions

he can’t undo. His punishment is seven years of exile.

And then, of course, his dreams of greater power within his clan dissolve. So let’s

look at Okonkwo’s first two big mistakes in the Thought Bubble.

Okonkwo’s world, much like the ancient Greek world in Oedipus, is one where mistakes are

always punished. and he does get punished for his three mistakes.

The first is his ferocious beating of one of his wives during the Week of Peace, a week

when all violence is forbidden, to honor the Earth goddess and make sure this year’s

harvest will be bountiful. Okonkwo doesn’t just break the Week of Peace,

he shatters it. Not only does he beat his wife for going to get her hair plaited rather

than cooking, he tries to shoot her. Luckily for all involved, he is a terrible shot, and

he misses. Side note, Okonkwo has a real problem with

women throughout the book. He’s consistently brutal and violent, and the description that

he “rules his household with a heavy hand” is an understatement.

His brutality is closely connected to his fear of anything that he perceives as gentle

or weak and his ignorant belief that those traits should be associated with the feminine,

which the book itself later dispels by showing one of his other wives and her courage and

strength when it comes to protecting her daughter. Okonkwo’s second transgression is the killing

of a boy with his machete, and it’s not just any young man. It’s Ikemefuna, who

Okonkwo raised in his house for three years, a young man who called him Father.

Ikemefuna had been turned over to the clan as a sacrifice by another village in order

to avoid war and he’d been sent to live in Okonkwo’s compound, where he became a

member of the family, and a great friend to Okonkwo’s son.

And we’re told, “Okonkwo was inwardly pleased at his son’s development, and he

knew it was due to Ikemefuna.” Of course he never shows it, for “Okonkwo never showed

any emotion openly, unless it was the emotion of anger.”

So eventually, the clan decided that Ikemefuna should be killed to satisfy the Earth Goddess.

And Okonkwo is advised not to participate, due to his close relationship with the boy,

but he ultimately does the killing himself, because “He was afraid of being thought

weak.” Thanks Thought Bubble. Oh man, this is a sad

book. But it’s sad on, like, eighty-two different levels; that’s what makes it so

good. So Okonkwo is finally exiled, not for beating

his wife, not for killing Ikemefuna, but for an accident. His gun explodes during a funeral,

and a man is killed. This is called a “female ocho,” or female murder, because it was

not on purpose. I’ll just briefly point to the irony of

his avoidance of all things feminine and also the association of a gun exploding with femininity.

Although it was an accident, Okonkwo had killed a clan member and had offended the earth goddess,

and so he goes into exile. He and his family flee the village and their home compound is

burned to the ground. Now Okonkwo’s best friend, Obierka, who

helps Okonkwo during his exile, wonders, “Why should a man suffer so grievously for an offense

he had committed inadvertently?” As is often the case in the village, the answer

comes in the form of a proverb. “As the elders said, if one finger brought oil it

soiled the others.” Okonkwo had done wrong, and he must be exiled, or else the whole community

might be punished for what just he had done. This attitude preys on the community’s fear

of being entirely destroyed along with their communal memory of elders and ancestors.

And that desire to keep the community intact at all costs is why the community ultimately