give a very high-level overview of the four fundamental forces

of the universe.

And I'm going to start with gravity.

And it might surprise some of you that gravity is actually

the weakest of the four fundamental forces.

And that's surprising because you say, wow,

that's what keeps us glued-- not glued-- but it keeps us

from jumping off the planet.

It's what keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth,

the Earth in orbit around the Sun, the Sun in orbit

around the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

So if it's a little bit surprising

that it's actually the weakest of the forces.

And that starts to make sense when you actually

think about things on maybe more of a human scale,

or a molecular scale, or even atomic scale.

Even on a human scale, your computer monitor and you,

have some type of gravitational attraction.

But you don't notice it.

Or your cell phone and your wallet, there's

gravitational attraction.

But you don't see them being drawn to each other the way

you might see two magnets drawn to each other

or repelled from each other.

And if you go to even a smaller scale,

you'll see the it matters even less.

We never even talk about gravity in chemistry,

although the gravity is there.

But at those scales, the other forces really,

really, really start to dominate.

So gravity is our weakest.

So if we move up a little bit from that,

we get-- and this is maybe the hardest force for us

to visualize.

Or it's, at least, the least intuitive force for me--

is actually the weak force, sometimes called

the weak interaction.

And it's what's responsible for radioactive decay,

in particular beta minus and beta plus decay.

And just to give you an example of the actual weak interaction,

if I had some cesium-137-- 137 means it has 137 nucleons.

A nucleon is either a proton or a neutron.

You add up the protons and neutrons of cesium,

you get 137.

And it is cesium, because it has exactly 55 protons.

Now, the weak interaction is what's

responsible for one of the neutrons-- essentially

one of its quarks flipping and turning into a proton.

And I'm not going to go into detail of what a quark is

and all of that.

And the math can get pretty hairy.

But I just want to give you an example

of what the weak interaction does.

So if one of these neutrons turns into a proton,

then we're going to have one extra proton.

But we're going to have the same number of nucleons.

Instead of an extra neutron here,

you now have an extra proton here.

And so now this is a different atom.

It is now barium.

And in that flipping, it will actually

emit an electron and an anti-electron neutrino.

And I'm not going to go into the details of what

an anti-electron neutrino is.

These are fundamental particles.

But this is just what the weak interaction is.

It's not something that's completely obvious to us.

It's not the kind of this traditional things pulling

or pushing away from each other, like we

associate with the other forces.

Now, the next strongest force-- and just

to give a sense of how weak gravity

is even relative to the weak interaction,

the weak interaction is 10 to the 25th times

the strength of gravity.

And you might be saying, if this is so strong, how

come this does it operate on planets

or us relative to the Earth?

Why doesn't this apply to intergalactic distances

the way gravity does?

And the reason is the weak interaction really applies

to very small distances, very, very small distances.

So it can be much stronger than gravity,

but only over very, very-- and it really

only applies on the subatomic scale.

You go anything beyond that, it kind of

disappears as an actual force, as an actual interaction.

Now, the next force up the hierarchy,

which is one that we are more familiar with,

it's what actually dominates most of the chemistry

that we deal with and electromagnetism

that we deal with, and that's the electromagnetic force.

Let me write it in magenta, electromagnetic force.

And just to give a sense, this is 10 to the 36 times

the strength of gravity.

So it kind of puts the weak force in its place.

It's 10 to the 12th times stronger than the weak force.

So these are huge numbers that we're

talking about, either this relative to that

or even this relative to gravity.

And so you might be saying, well, you

know the electromagnetic force, that's unbelievably strong.

Why doesn't that apply over these kind of macro scales

like gravity?

Let me write it there, macro scales.

Why doesn't it apply to macro scales?

And there's nothing about the electromagnetic force, why

it can't, or it actually does apply over large distances.

The reality though, is you don't have these huge concentrations

of either Coulomb charges or magnetism the way you do mass.

So the mass that you have such huge concentrations,

it can operate over huge, huge distances,

even though it's way, way, way weaker

than the electromagnetic force.

The electromagnetic force, what happens

is because it's both attractive and repulsive,

it tends to kind of sort itself out.

So you don't have these huge, huge, huge concentrations

of charge.

Now, the other thing you might be wondering about

is, why is it called the electromagnetic force?

In our everyday life, there's things like the Coulomb force

or the electrostatic force, which we're familiar with.

Positive charges or like charges want

to repel-- if both of these were negative,

the same thing would be happening--

and different charges like to attract.

We've seen this multiple times.

This is the Coulomb force or the electrostatic force.

And then on the other side of the word, I guess,

you have the magnetic part.

And magnets, you've played with magnets on your fridge.

If they're the same side of the magnet,

they're going to repel each other.

If they're the opposite sides, opposite poles,

they're going to attract each other.

So why is it called one force?

And it's called one force-- and once again, I'm

not going to go into detail here-- it's

called one force because it turns out,

that the Coulomb force, the electrostatic force

and magnetic force are actually the same thing viewed

in different frames of references.

So I won't go into a lot of detail.

But just keep that in the back of your mind, that they

are connected.

And in a future video, I'll go more

into the intuition of how they are connected.

And it's more apparent when the charges are moving

at relativistic frames and you have-- well,

I won't go into a lot of detail there.

But just keep in mind that they really

are the same force, just viewed from different frames

of reference.

Now, the strongest of the force is probably

the best named of them all.

And that's the strong force.

That is the strong force.

And although you probably haven't seen this yet

in chemistry classes, it actually

applies very strongly in chemistry.

Because from the get-go, when you first learn about atoms--

let me draw a helium atom.

A helium atom has two protons in its nucleus

and it has two neutrons.

And then it also has two electrons circulating around.

So it has an electron.

And I could draw the electron as much smaller.

Well, I won't try to do anything in relative size.

But it has two electrons floating around.

And one question that may or may not have jumped into your mind

when you first saw this model of an atom

is like, well, I see why the electrons are

attracted to the nucleus.

It has a negative Coulomb charge.

The nucleus has a net positive Coulomb charge.

But what's not so obvious and what

tends not to sometimes be explained in chemistry class

is these two positive charges are

sitting right next to each other.

If the electromagnetic force was the only force in play,

if the Coulomb force was the only thing happening,

these guys would just run away from each other.

They could repel each other.

And so the only reason why they're

able to stick to each other is that there's

an even stronger force than the electromagnetic force

operating at these very, very, very small distances.

So if you get two of these protons close enough together,

and the strong force only applies over very, very, very

small distances, subatomic or I should even

say subnucleic distances, then the strong interaction

comes into play.

So then you have the strong interaction actually keeping

these charges together.

And once again, just to keep it in mind relative to gravity,

it is 10 to the 38th times the strength of gravity.

Or it's about 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force.

So once again, the reason why you

don't see the strong force, which

is the strongest of all the forces,

or the weak interaction, applying over huge scales

is that their strength dies off super, super fast.

Even when you start going to a larger radius nucleuses

of atoms, the strength starts to die off,

especially for the strong force.

The reason why you don't see the electromagnetic force operating

over large distances, even though in theory it can,

like gravity, is that you don't see

the type of charge concentrations the way

you see mass concentrations in the universe.

Because the charge concentrations

tend to sort them out.

They start to equalize.

If I have a huge positive charge there

and a huge negative charge there,

they will attract each other and then become

essentially a big lump of neutral charge.

And once they're a big lump of neutral charge,

they won't interact with anything else.

And gravity, if you have one mass and another mass,

and they attract each other, then you

have another mass that's even better

to attracting at other masses.

And so it'll keep attracting things to it.

So it kind of snowballs the process.

And that's why gravity operates on these really, really

large, large objects in our universe

and on the universe as a whole.