Part of it.

有一部分是這樣的。

I have to move my camera back.

我必須把我的相機移到後面。

This building's 284 feet high, 25 stories, and if you go to the model rooms

這座建築有284英尺高，25層，如果你去看樣板間的話

it looks like a typical,luxury apartment building

它看起來像一個典型的豪華公寓樓

with prop wine and art.

與道具酒和藝術。

But above the demonstration bed and  view of Milwaukee is a wood ceiling...

但在示範床和密爾沃基的景色之上，是一個木製天花板...

and wood beams...

和木質橫樑...

and wood columns.

和木柱。

They're all structural.

它們都是結構性的。

That's because when I visited...

這是因為當我訪問...

Was that a cool zipper sound?

那是一種很酷的拉鍊聲嗎？

Ascent Milwaukee was finishing construction.

Ascent Milwaukee正在完成施工。

When I tell someone I'm working on the tallest timber building in the world

當我告訴別人我正在建造世界上最高的木製建築時

they're very surprised to hear that it's in Milwaukee.

他們聽說在密爾沃基，非常驚訝。

How does a building, with wood slabs and beams like this, actually happen?

像這樣有木板和橫樑的建築，究竟是如何發生的呢？

It turns out that changing materials  changes the entire construction process.

事實證明，改變材料會改變整個施工過程。

Here's an elegant demonstration of a bag of concrete and some rebar.

這裡有一袋混凝土和一些鋼筋的優雅示範。

A lot of big buildings are built using steel beams and columns

很多大型建築都是使用鋼樑和鋼柱建造的

and PT concrete slab: the PT stands for Post-tension.

和PT混凝土板：PT代表後張力。

Basically the steel reinforces the concrete and  tendons are literally pulled on to create tension.

基本上，鋼筋加強了混凝土，而肌腱則被拉動以產生張力。

PT Slabs are strong

PT樓板很堅固

relatively easy to build and get

相對容易建立和獲得

often pretty affordable

往往相當實惠

and, maybe most importantly, they're really familiar

而且，也許最重要的是，他們真的很熟悉

both to builders and regulators.

對建設者和監管者來說都是如此。

But they're not very pretty

但他們並不十分漂亮

and they can require a lot of energy to make and move around.

而且它們可能需要大量的能量來製造和移動。

Mass Timber uses, well...

大批木材使用，嗯...

My name is Ricky McClain.

我的名字是瑞奇-麥克萊恩。

I'm a senior technical director with Woodworks.

我是Woodworks的高級技術總監。

One of the things that the Woodworks  does is tracks the number of projects

木廠所做的事情之一是跟蹤項目的數量。

that are actually being done with mass timber.

實際上正在用大量木材進行的。

In 2013, there were say 20-25 projects.

2013年，據說有20-25個項目。

Whereas now, we're tracking about 1400 projects in the US.

而現在，我們正在跟蹤美國的大約1400個項目。

So in terms of overall number of projects done on an annual basis

是以，就每年完成的項目總數量而言

it's still a small percentage

這仍然是一個很小的比例

but it has been growing significantly.

但它一直在顯著增長。

The common way that I think of it is like  vertical products and horizontal products.

我認為常見的方式是像垂直產品和水準產品。

So for columns and beams

所以對於柱子和梁來說

it's most often a product called glue laminated timber or glue lam.

這是最常見的一種產品，稱為膠合板或膠合板。

There's adhesive between each layer pressed together.

每層之間都有粘合劑壓在一起。

Sides are planed, so a nice smooth surface.

側面經過刨光，所以表面很光滑。

And so that's the gluelam.

是以，這就是膠合劑。

Beam, two-bys, and columns are the exact same.

梁、二層樓和柱子是完全一樣的。

So the panels, the horizontal panels

所以面板，水準面板

you can kind of think of that  as like replacing a slab system.

你可以認為這就像更換一個板塊系統。

Cross laminated timber, CLT, is one of those panel options

交叉層壓木材，CLT，是其中一種板材選擇。

where you're taking again two bys flat, a layer of of adhesive goes down

在你再次採取兩個平坦的地方，一層粘合劑下去

another layer of two bys flat, but rotated 90 degrees from that first one.

另一層是兩層平面，但與第一層旋轉了90度。

So you're creating panels that are 4 to 12 feet wide, 20 to 60 feet long.

是以，你正在創建4至12英尺寬，20至60英尺長的面板。

Mass timber is strong, environmentally in demand

大規模的木材是強大的，環境上的需求

both because wood is a renewable material and because sometimes

這是因為木材是一種可再生的材料，也因為有時

it earns builders environmental credits

它為建設者贏得了環境信用

better — or at least different looking than concrete

更好--或者至少看起來比混凝土不同

and arguably better against some  obstacles, like earthquakes and fire.

而且可以說對一些障礙物有更好的抵抗力，如地震和火災。

It's also hard to get

也很難得到

and way less familiar to builders and regulators

而對於建設者和監管者來說，則不太熟悉。

But these materials are more than lists of pros and cons.

但這些材料不僅僅是利弊的清單。

They can change the process of design, sourcing and building

他們可以改變設計、採購和建造的過程

for everybody that makes a building a reality.

為每個使建築成為現實的人。

This started as a real estate project, not as mass timber project.

這開始是一個房地產項目，而不是大規模的木材項目。

The driver was aesthetics.

驅動力是美學。

At the time, we didn't know much more than that.

當時，我們並不知道更多的情況。

It was just a...

這只是一個...

”Isn't it amazing that you can have a tall structure built out of wood

"你可以用木頭建造一個高大的結構，這不是很神奇嗎？

and the structure is exposed.”

和結構的暴露。"

From that one decision, a lot of things about making the building change.

從這一個決定開始，關於製作建築的很多事情都發生了變化。

The whole process is different.

整個過程是不同的。

The insurance is different, the financing.

保險是不同的，融資是不同的。

And then you start getting into construction

然後你開始進入建築領域

and the planning of the building is completely different

和建築的規劃是完全不同的

because you're planning so much of  the building ahead of time digitally.

因為你提前以數字方式規劃了這麼多的建築。

Right? Planning and designing.

對嗎？規劃和設計。

The biggest design impact might be the BIM

最大的設計影響可能是BIM

which takes design and places it at the top of the construction process.

它將設計置於施工過程的頂端。

A BIM is a “Building Information Model” a bible of all the stuff in a building.

BIM是一個 "建築資訊模型"，是建築中所有東西的聖經。

Imagine a blueprint that's 3D and super detailed.

想象一下，一個3D的、超級詳細的藍圖。

We had 60 plus pre-construction meetings.

我們有60多個施工前會議。

That experience right away tells  you that "Hey, this is unusual."

這種經驗馬上告訴你，"嘿，這是不尋常的"。

We had to do that because...

我們不得不這樣做，因為...

whether the mass timber panels were  being made in Austria or in Canada

大眾木板是在奧地利還是在加拿大製造的？

or in the United States, it doesn't matter.

或在美國，這並不重要。

They're being made at the factory.

他們正在工廠裡製造。

So if something's wrong, you've got a big problem.

是以，如果出了問題，你就有大麻煩了。

It was more intense for us.

這對我們來說是更激烈的。

So you're basically building what's called a digital twin to the real building.

所以你基本上是在建造所謂的真實建築的數字孿生體。

And in the case of timber, because  so much of it is prefabricated

而在木材方面，由於許多木材都是預製的

by the end they had literally modeled the building down to the last screw.

到最後，他們實際上已經把大樓的模型製作到了最後一顆螺絲釘。

You always want to get it right  as the structural engineer

作為結構工程師，你總是想把它做對。

or as a design team in general

或作為一個一般的設計團隊

but normally if there's an issue, you can cut it

但通常情況下，如果有一個問題，你可以削減它

or you can go to the shop or you can pour more concrete.

或者你可以去商店，或者你可以澆築更多的混凝土。

This one, it would've been a 5 month delay to the job

這一次，它將是一個5個月的延遲工作

to get another beam shipped over site.

以獲得另一個橫樑運到現場。

So it really was critical, which was why  we had so many coordination meetings.

所以這真的很關鍵，這就是為什麼我們有這麼多協調會議。

And because mass timber is so new

由於大規模木材是如此的新

you have to spend time persuading regulators to trust it, which means...

你必須花時間說服監管機構信任它，這意味著...

There's actually no sound here.

實際上這裡沒有聲音。

But this is a mass timber building being set on fire.

但這是一個大規模的木製建築被放火燒燬。

For years, the USDA's Forest Products Lab in Madison, Wisconsin

多年來，美國農業部在威斯康星州麥迪遜的森林產品實驗室

has been testing mass timber

一直在測試大規模的木材

like cross-laminated timber in a building they constructed just for this purpose.

像交叉層壓木材一樣，在他們專門為此目的建造的建築物中。

It performed well.

它表現良好。

They also test columns, where the  wood naturally forms a char layer

他們還測試了柱子，在那裡木材自然形成一個炭化層

that protects a column's stability.

以保護柱子的穩定性。

For Ascent, regulators wanted them to test

對於Ascent，監管機構希望他們能夠測試

if the columns could hold up to three hours of fire.

如果這些柱子能保持三個小時的火力。

So they burned those too.

所以他們把這些也燒了。

We did nine columns total of three of each species that we tested.

我們總共做了九列，每個物種都有三個，我們進行了測試。

We instrumented them with thermocouples.

我們用熱電偶對它們進行檢測。

We lifted the columns out of the furnace and then scraped all of the char layer off.

我們把柱子從爐子裡抬出來，然後把所有的炭層刮掉。

It worked: the columns were fire  resistance rated up to 180 minutes.

它起了作用：柱子的耐火等級達到了180分鐘。

And we looked at different species

我們還觀察了不同的物種

because the different species are a little bit different chemically and might char different.

因為不同的物種在化學上有一點不同，可能會有不同的焦糖。

Char has been studied for hundreds of years.

對夏爾的研究已經有數百年的歷史。

In general, people know how wood chars.

一般來說，人們知道木頭是怎麼查的。

Concrete and steel can be hurt by fire

混凝土和鋼鐵會受到火災的傷害

but they're familiar in the United States.

但他們在美國很熟悉。

That's why, if you look at this video, you can see that this structure

這就是為什麼，如果你看這個視頻，你可以看到，這個結構

like many mass timber structures, is actually a hybrid.

像許多大規模木材結構一樣，實際上是一個混合體。

The parking garage is concrete

停車庫是混凝土的

and two concrete cores helped get the project  approved more easily than if it were all wood.

和兩個混凝土核心有助於使該項目比全木結構的項目更容易獲得準許。

Once design is over, sourcing begins.

一旦設計結束，就開始採購。

You go from buying concrete at Home Depot to moving wood across the world.

你從在家得寶購買混凝土到在世界各地搬運木材。

You're moving these absolutely massive pieces  of wood all over the country

你把這些絕對巨大的木頭搬到全國各地

And it's trains, planes, automobiles.

而且是火車、飛機、汽車。

You know, you're always trying to  figure out what's the quickest way,

你知道，你總是試圖找出什麼是最快的方法。

what's the most effective way, what is the best carbon footprint

什麼是最有效的方法，什麼是最好的碳足跡

you know, all of these items.

你知道，所有這些項目。

Taylor Cabot's a project manager at Timberlab

泰勒-卡伯特是Timberlab的一名項目經理

which helps design and coordinate mass timber projects like Ascent.

該公司幫助設計和協調像Ascent這樣的大規模木材項目。

Timber manufacturing is still  led by Japan, Germany, and Austria

木材製造業仍由日本、德國和奧地利主導

and Ascent's timber comes from Austria,

而Ascent的木材來自奧地利。

which means they had to get every  single piece all the way to Milwaukee.

這意味著他們必須把每件東西都送到密爾沃基。

Imagine you're on the Oregon Trail

想象一下，你在俄勒岡州的路上

and you have glass panes for your window and you have it in your wagon

你的窗戶有玻璃板，你把它放在你的馬車上。

with like hay around it.

用像乾草一樣的東西圍著它。

And it's like if you break that glass pane,  like you are not going to get another one.

就像如果你打碎了那塊玻璃，就像你不會再得到另一塊玻璃。

We are moving things across the country.

我們正在把東西搬到全國各地。

It can be replaced, but you're  talking weeks. Not days.

它可以被替換，但你說的是幾周。而不是幾天。

These materials then affect the engineering.

這些材料然後影響工程。

It's not like a steel or a concrete building  where I, you know, the architect doesn't care  

它不像鋼結構或混凝土建築，我，你知道，建築師並不關心

what what kind of steel I pick or what  kind of concrete as long as it works.

我選擇什麼樣的鋼或什麼樣的混凝土，只要它能發揮作用。

The owner really likes this white Austrian spruce.

業主非常喜歡這種白色的奧地利雲杉。

So some of the columns at the base,  you know, to minimize the overall size

是以，在基地的一些柱子，你知道，以儘量減少整體的尺寸

are a higher grade or they're  a little stronger, stiffer.

是更高等級的，或者它們更強壯、更硬。

But that's also more expensive.

但這也是比較昂貴的。

So as you go up, you sort of use the lower grades

是以，當你上升時，你會使用較低的等級。

as it becomes more cost effective.

因為它變得更具成本效益。

Traditional construction also isn't affected by stuff like

傳統建築也不會受到諸如以下東西的影響

a boat getting stuck in the Suez Canal

船隻被困在蘇伊士運河中

Our materials didn't go through the Suez Canal

我們的材料沒有通過蘇伊士運河

but 2 million containers were then held up in transit as well because

但有200萬個貨櫃在運輸過程中也被耽擱了，因為

they were either stuck literally in the  canal, or waiting to get in the canal.

他們要麼被卡在運河裡，要麼在等待進入運河。

Finding a container was like gold.

找到一個容器就像找到了黃金。

I would be driving in my city

我將在我的城市裡開車

and seeing a container sitting in a yard, and I was like — should we go grab it?

看到一個貨櫃放在院子裡，我就想--我們是不是應該去抓它？

All those design and sourcing changes

所有這些設計和採購的變化

mean building with mass timber is pretty different.

意思是說，用大量木材建造的建築是相當不同的。

Our construction workers here, they would go home at the end of the day

我們這裡的建築工人，他們會在一天結束後回家。

and their wives would say

和他們的妻子會說

"Huh, doesn't even look like you're working today."

"哼，看起來你今天都沒在工作。"

"You're so clean."

"你太乾淨了。"

And they love that because with the timber you're not working with

他們喜歡這一點，因為有了木材，你就不需要再和別人一起工作了。

all this silica dust from concrete and everything like that.

所有這些來自混凝土和諸如此類的硅塵。

You're just working with with wood

你只是在用木頭工作

and you're really not cutting much, if at all.

而且你真的沒有削減多少，如果有的話。

So you're going home clean.

所以你要乾淨地回家。

Stuff like welding just doesn't happen in a wood building

像焊接這樣的事情是不會發生在木製建築中的。

because it'd be a fire hazard.

因為這將是一個火災隱患。

So, screwdrivers become way more important.

是以，螺絲刀變得更加重要。

We would have upwards of 64 16 inch screws.

我們將有超過64個16英寸的螺絲。

We were using just cordless battery operated tools.

我們當時使用的只是無繩電池操作的工具。

We'd only get maybe five or six of those 16 inch screws per battery.

我們每個電池可能只得到五或六個這種16英寸的螺絲。

We had a pretty substantial battery changing  and charging operation on the working deck

我們在工作甲板上進行了相當大的電池更換和充電操作

as we're installing these screws.

當我們安裝這些螺釘時。

So we would have to field install roughly 7000 screws per floor.

是以，我們將不得不在現場安裝大約每層樓7000個螺絲。

This is a glue lam column.

這是一個膠合板專欄。

Below our topping we have our CLT plank and we have some beams

在我們的頂層，我們有我們的CLT木板，我們有一些橫樑

that run into the column.

貫穿到柱子裡的。

So one column may have as much as 64 just CLT to column screws.

是以，一列可能有多達64個只是CLT到列的螺絲。

Because of this, a lot of things change.

正因為如此，很多事情都發生了變化。

While it might take 10 days to complete a floor with concrete

雖然用混凝土完成一塊地板可能需要10天時間

it could take only 5, using mass timber.

使用大量木材，可能只需要5個。

There's less skilled labor available.

可用的熟練勞動力較少。

There's this inherent push to to fully  detail out a building beforehand.

有這種內在的推動力，讓我們事先充分了解建築物的細節。

And so it really helps reduce labor force on site or reduce waste of materials

是以，它確實有助於減少現場的勞動力或減少材料的浪費。

that come out to site as well.

也有一些人來到了現場。

And it's this kind of huge shift in the industry where we're saying,

這是行業中的這種巨大轉變，我們說。

we don't need 100 guys to build a building.

我們不需要100個人來建造一座大樓。

You know, we might need 30.

你知道，我們可能需要30個。

Or we don't need to bring a bunch  of materials to site and cut them

或者說我們不需要把一堆材料帶到現場，然後切割它們

and create a bunch of waste and send the waste away.

並製造出一堆廢物，把廢物送走。

We can do all that work in factories and then send it out

我們可以在工廠裡做所有這些工作，然後把它送出去

and have it kind of erect in Lincoln log or a Lego set sort of form sort of way.

並讓它以林肯原木或樂高積木形式的那種方式豎立起來。

And that goes back to the original  question: how does a wood skyscraper happen?

而這又回到了最初的問題：木製摩天大樓是如何發生的？

They're the product of a total rethinking  of the process of construction.

它們是對建築過程進行全面反思的產物。

One of my favorite just anecdotes was that

我最喜歡的一個只是軼事，那就是

when we framed the first deck of timber and we go up there, and I'm like

當我們裝好第一層木板後，我們上到那裡，我想

"What am I sensing?"

"我感覺到什麼了？"

And I laid down on the deck because it doesn't have the concrete top yet.

而我躺在甲板上，因為它還沒有混凝土的頂部。

Right? It's just raw wood.

對嗎？這只是原木。

And I lay down and they look at me and they're like

我躺下了，他們看著我，他們說

"What is wrong with you and what are you doing?"

"你有什麼問題，你在做什麼？"

And I said, "Guys, smell it."

我說，"夥計們，聞一聞"。

"It smells like popsicle sticks."

"它聞起來像冰棍棒。"

And they're like, "You're insane!"

他們就說，"你瘋了！"

And they get down and they're like

然後他們下來，他們就像

"Oh, my God, it smells like popsicle sticks."

"哦，我的上帝，它聞起來像冰棍棒。"