In the Harvard Nurses' Health Study, women who got 5 or fewer hours

of sleep a night gained about 6 pounds more

over the subsequent 16 years than those getting 7 a night.

Even if that was all due to the difference in sleep,

that's still only 6 pounds for 10,000+ more hours of sleep.

If even a tiny fraction of that time was spent on diet and exercise,

you know, biking to the nearest farm stand,

more weight could have been lost in 16 weeks than in those 16 years.

Every little bit helps, though,

and getting at least seven hours is healthier for you anyway.

This biggest reason to lose sleep over losing sleep

is motor vehicle accident risk.

Driving drowsy increases your risk of killing yourself and others.

People might think twice about getting behind the wheel

after staying awake for 48 hours straight,

but even just two weeks of sleeping 6 hours a night

impairs your cognitive performance

as much as pulling two all-nighters in a row.

So, what's the best way to sleep better?

Sleeping pills are a nonstarter.

Those prescribed even less than 18 pills a year

of so-called hypnotics,

the class of sleeping pills that includes Ambien,

appear to have triple the risk of dying prematurely.

Since up to 10% of the adult population

is prescribed these drugs,

if the drugs really are killing people,

that could mean a six-figure death toll every year.

Ambien's manufacturer questioned the study,

but that's just one of dozens of studies that found

a significant association

between sleeping pills and premature death.

When the principal investigator at the Scripps Clinic Sleep Center

was criticized for reporting alarmingly high death risks

from these commonly used medications,

he replied: "We can't hide risks, even if they might frighten patients

out of taking hypnotics.

Patients have a right to know."

What's more, non-pharmacological methods have been found

to work as good or better than the drugs.

The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia

is what's called "cognitive behavioral therapy, "

which combines conditioning techniques

to re-associate the bed with sleep

and education surrounding optimal sleep hygiene.

Here are the four rules of sleep conditioning.

(1) Go to bed only when you're sleepy.

(2) Only use the bed for sleep (and sex).

No reading, eating, or screen time.

(3) If you can't fall asleep within about 15-20 minutes,

get up, leave the bedroom, and don't come back

until you're sleepy again.

And repeat as necessary.

And finally (4), get up at the same time every morning,

no matter how little sleep you get.

And although avoiding napping is often added,

contrary to expectations, the majority of research

does not show that daytime naps interfere with nighttime sleep.

If there were four rules of sleep hygiene I'd pick out,

it would be (1): exercise regularly.

The best time to exercise to improve sleep

appears to be 4 to 8 hours before bedtime,

though it appears to be a myth that exercising right before bed

is somehow disruptive to sleep.

(2) Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol before bedtime.

We used to think as long as you don't drink caffeine

in the evening, it wouldn't affect sleep,

but four cups of coffee worth even six hours before bedtime

can reduce total sleep time by more than an hour.

Even just two cups in the morning at 7 a.m. can change

what your brainwaves look like on EEG that night,

though it's not clear if this has any clinical relevance

beyond delaying the onset of sleep by an average of 10 minutes.

Late afternoon alcohol consumption (6 hours before bedtime)

may also impair sleep, even after it's cleared out of your system.

And nicotine, whether from gum, pill, patch, or cigarette, can also

have negative sleep effects,

though so too can active nicotine withdrawal.

Food-wise, low fiber intakes and high saturated fat and sugar intake

is associated with lighter, less restorative sleep.

Meat intake is associated with napping,

suggested as a proxy for sleepiness.

This may be one of the reasons insomnia has been reported

as a side-effect of low carb, ketogenic diets.

Supplement-wise,

a single megadose of vitamin D was found to improve

sleep duration and quality in men and women

ages 20 through 50 with sleeping disorders.

And I've already talked about melatonin-rich foods

and supplements in previous videos.

(3) Make the bedroom quiet, dark, cool, and comfortable.

Nocturnal noise can adversely impact sleep

even if we're not consciously aware of it.

Within a few days, you can become habituated to noises

such that they don't wake you up, but EEG studies and subjective

sleep surveys show the quality of your sleep can still be affected.

Thankfully, ear plugs and sound masking, like white noise machines,

have been shown to help.

And finally (4),

establish a relaxing bedtime routine.

Relaxation techniques such as massage, mindfulness meditation,

and soothing music may also help.

So may taking a relaxing hot bath or shower.

One of the reasons late-night eating can delay sleep

is that it may interfere with the drop

in core body temperature that normally occurs about bedtime.

That's thought to be one of the cues that it's time for bed.

So, should you not take a hot bath before bed?

No, because as soon as you step out of the bath or shower,

the rapid decline in skin temperature can accentuate

the natural nighttime drop and improve sleep.

Even just a warm foot bath

may help you fall asleep about 15 minutes faster.