Name: 帶你一探究竟《奧本海默》中的神秘城市 (Oppenheimer’s secret city, explained)
Uploaded: 2023-08-16T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 9 min 6 s

"Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds."

「我現在成了死神，世界的毁滅者。」

基礎被動語態

P.O. Box 1663 was listed as a Santa Fe, New Mexico address in 1943.

1943年，P.O. Box 1663 被列為新墨西哥州聖塔菲的地址。

過去完成式

And over the next few years, about 300 babies had it listed as the place of birth on their birth certificate.

在接下來的幾年裡，大約有 300 名嬰兒的出生證明上都將其出生地列為這個地址。

Everything sent to that P.O. box ended up here:

所有寄到該信箱的東西都會被轉送到這裡：

33 miles from Santa Fe at a site also known as P.O. Box 180, Project Y, and Los Alamos, New Mexico.

距離聖塔菲 33 英里，也被稱為 P.O. Box 180、Project Y 和新墨西哥州洛斯阿拉莫斯的地點。

And it was home to a community of scientists.

The scientists who created the first nuclear bomb.

那些創造了第一顆核彈的科學家們。

They lived a couple hundred miles from the site where their invention would be tested.

他們住在距離他們的發明將會被測試的地點幾百英里的地方。

How did laboratory director J. Robert Oppenheimer end up building a town and testing the first nuclear bomb here?

實驗室主任朱利葉斯·羅伯特·奧本海默如何在這裡建立城鎮並測試第一顆核彈？

Albert Einstein sent this letter on August 2nd, 1939.

愛因斯坦於 1939 年 8 月 2 日寄出了這封信。

He sent it to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

他把它寄給了總統富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福。

Drawing from the work of physicists Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard, Einstein warned of a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium,

根據物理學家恩里科·費米和李奧·斯捷洛德的工作，愛因斯坦警告稱，在大量的鈾中可能會發生核鏈反應，

which could lead to extremely powerful bombs of a new type.

這可能會導致極具威力的新型炸彈。

Bombs that either side might develop and use.

任何一方都可能研製和使用的炸彈。

After a couple of years of study as well as the American entry into World War II,

經過幾年的研究以及美國參與第二次世界大戰，

in June 1942, the Army Chief of Staff established a temporary headquarters at 270 Broadway in New York City.

在 1942 年 6 月，陸軍參謀長設立了臨時司令部，位於紐約市 270 Broadway。

And it was called a new "Manhattan District" for the Army Corps of Engineers.

它被稱為陸軍工程兵團的新「曼哈頓區」。

This map shows contemporary boundaries for Army engineer districts. Administrative areas.

這張地圖顯示了當時的陸軍工程師區界。行政區域。

The Manhattan District encompassed all these smaller districts because of its larger scope: to build an atomic weapon.

由於其更大的範圍：建造原子武器，曼哈頓區包括了所有這些較小的區域。

Less prominent secret locations included a nuclear reactor under a University of Chicago football field, the Alabama Ordnance Works for producing heavy water, and many others.

較不顯眼的秘密地點還包括芝加哥大學足球場下的核反應堆，阿拉巴馬軍火工廠生產重水，以及許多其他地方。

1942 and 1943 saw the establishment of three major sites.

1942 年和 1943 年，建立了三大基地。

It began with Oak Ridge, Tennessee, sometimes called Y-12.

首先是田納西州的奧克里奇，有時被稱為 Y-12。

A large plant for the enrichment of uranium and production of some plutonium.

一個大型的鈾濃縮工廠，生產一些鈽。

"...a city where 75,000 people worked in absolute secrecy on history's most sensational secret.”

「...一個城市，在絕對保密的情況下，有 75,000 人在進行歷史上最轟動的秘密工作。」

Two other major locations were established in 1943.

1943 年又建立了另外兩個主要基地。

The Hanford Engineer Works in Washington state was responsible for much of the production of plutonium.

華盛頓州的漢福德工程廠負責生產大部分的鈽。

The top of this water tower there read "Silence means security."

那裡的水塔頂部寫著「沉默意味著安全」。

But Hanford and Oak Ridge were nothing without the third site.

但是沒有洛斯阿拉莫斯的第三個地點就不成。

The army needed a place to create the bomb.

陸軍需要一個地方來製造炸彈。

This is the Los Alamos Lament, a poem sometimes sung, about life in Los Alamos, written by technical Sergeant Ralph Gates.

這是《洛斯阿拉莫斯的哀歌》，一首有時會用唱的詩歌，描述了洛斯阿拉莫斯的生活，由技術軍士長拉爾夫·蓋茨所寫。

詩歌開頭寫道：「我只是一個郵政號碼。」

"He put us on a mountain outside of Santa Fe where the only sign of wildlife are GI wolves at bay.”

「他把我們安置在聖塔菲外的一座山上，在那裡唯一的野生生物是被 GI 狼圍困的。」

Oppenheimer, based in Berkeley had believed that a central lab was key.

在伯克萊的奧本海默相信，建立一個中央實驗室很重要。

While they considered Oak Ridge and Chicago as lab locations, neither was remote enough.

雖然他們考慮過將奧克里奇和芝加哥作為實驗室地點，但兩者都不夠偏遠。

其中一個靠近洛杉磯的選擇不夠與世隔閡。

One closer to Reno could be hit by heavy snows.

另一個靠近雷諾的地區可能會遭受大雪襲擊。

General Leslie Groves Jr. of the Army Corps of Engineers ran the project.

陸軍工程兵團的萊斯利·格羅夫斯將軍負責此項目。

Oppenheimer and Groves agreed that New Mexico offered the security of isolation as well as familiarity, since Oppenheimer had spent time in the area.

奧本海默和格羅夫斯都認同新墨西哥州提供了隔離的安全性和熟悉性，因為奧本海默曾在該地區居住過。

The ideal site sat on the Pajarito Plateau.

理想的地點位於 Pajarito 高原上。

It was isolated but also protected by its altitude and surrounding geography.

它與世隔絕但也受到海拔高度和周圍地理環境的保護。

Jemez Springs, chosen first, proved to be too difficult.

起初選擇的 Jemez Springs 後被證明在執行上太困難了。

The land was too difficult to acquire and the terrain was too rugged.

該地的土地太難以獲得，地形太崎嶇。

But nearby Los Alamos was atop a table land between mesas which made it easy to control entry and control any accidents.

但附近的洛斯阿拉莫斯位於一個位於台地之上、位於 Mesa 之間的地方，這使得它很容易控制進出並控制任何事故。

Much of it was on already federally-owned land as well.

其中許多地區已經屬於聯邦擁有。

The only existing structure was a small school that had opened in 1935.

唯一現有的建築是一所於 1935年 開業的小學。

The Secretary of War wrote the Secretary of Agriculture about the military necessity of acquiring the remaining federally-owned lands.

戰爭部長寫信給農業部長，關於獲得其餘聯邦擁有的土地的軍事必要性。

The request was granted for 54,000 acres of a demolition range.

該請求被批准，獲得了 54,000 英畝的爆破範圍。

Los Alamos was activated on April 1st, 1943.

洛斯阿拉莫斯於 1943 年 4 月 1 日啟動。

P.O. Box 1663 transformed from an outdoorsy ranch school with buildings like this into a community doing the most advanced research in the world.

郵政信箱 1663 從一個像這樣的戶外牧場學校，帶有這樣的建築，轉變為一個進行世界上最先進研究的社區。

Roads were quickly developed, but the town was kept isolated.

道路迅速發展，但該鎮一直與世隔絕。

Population grew from 1500 people to 5700 by 1945.

人口從 1500 人增長到 1945 年的 5700 人。

So rapid that hutments were a common form of accommodation.

增長如此之快，以至於小屋成為常見的住房。

Here you can see the wash drying by Quonset huts.

在這裡，您可以看到洗澡間在拱頂小屋旁晾乾。

These accommodations mingled next to facilities for graphite fabrication and the cyclotron and Van de Graaff machines.

這些住宿與石墨加工設施、迴旋加速器和范德格拉夫機器等設施緊密交錯在一起。

In early years, Los Alamos housed the world's finest researchers.

在早期，洛斯阿拉莫斯容納了世界上最優秀的研究人員。

Here, Dorothy McKibbin in charge of receiving new personnel, sits next to Oppenheimer.

在這裡，負責接待新人的多蘿西·麥基賓坐在奧本海默旁邊。

He's chatting with physicist Victor Weisskopf.

他正在與物理學家維克多·魏斯科普交談。

He was later called the father of the hydrogen bomb.

The Medical Corps colonel wrote Leslie Groves that this intellectual group created challenges for a military operation.

醫療隊上校寫信給萊斯利·葛羅夫斯說這一群知識分子給軍事行動帶來了挑戰。

"The large percentage of intellectuals... will require and seek more medical care than the average person.”

「知識份子所佔的比例較高... 將需要並尋求比一般人更多的醫療照顧。」

"One-fifth of the married women became pregnant in Los Alamos, making maternity wards a necessity."

「在洛斯阿拉莫斯，有五分之一的已婚女性懷孕，使得產科病房成為必要。」

過去和原子的未來交織在一起。

Ice was cut from nearby ponds and stored in ice houses because electric fridges were too hard to get.

由於冰箱難以取得，冰是從附近的池塘中切割下來，然後儲存在冰屋中。

At the time, the Bendix washer was revolutionizing laundry.

當時，班迪克斯洗衣機為洗衣業帶來革命。

By 1943, a classified ad in the Santa Fe New Mexican was looking for one to be shipped to P.O. Box 1663 for wartime work.

到了1943年，聖塔菲新墨西哥報紙上的一則分類廣告正在尋找一部洗衣機，以便寄送到郵政信箱1663號，用於戰時工作。

But cultural phenomena as varied as they were, like this Los Alamos band, they had one real purpose: Building a bomb.

然而，儘管這些文化現象各異其趣，就像這支洛斯阿拉莫斯樂隊一樣，它們都有一個真正的目的：建造一枚炸彈。

And they needed a place to test the bomb that they built.

而且他們需要一個地方來測試他們建造的炸彈。

A rapidly established headquarters created for testing the first atomic bomb.

一個迅速建立的指揮部，用於測試第一枚原子彈。

The desert training center north of Rice, California, was runner up.

位於加利福尼亞州萊斯北部的沙漠訓練中心成為第二候選地。

But it wasn't isolated enough or close enough to Los Alamos.

但它不夠與世隔絕，也不夠靠近洛斯阿拉莫斯。

Located in the Jornada del Muerto Valley.

The winning site was selected with a more extreme version of the Los Alamos criteria.

勝出的地點是根據更極端的洛斯阿拉莫斯標準選擇的。

選擇平坦的地形以讓爆炸的影響最小化。

Isolated, yet close enough to Los Alamos.

與世隔絕，但距離洛斯阿拉莫斯很近。

Good weather and nearby to highways like US-85 and 380.

天氣良好且鄰近像 US-85 和 380 號公路等高速公路。

More than 200 residents settled at the camp.

First, there was a 100 ton explosives test in May 1945.

首先，1945 年 5 月進行了一次 100 噸炸藥試驗。

Then they prepared the Gadget nuclear device.

然後，他們準備了「小工具」核裝置。

And on July 16th, 1945, they conducted the test.

然後在 1945 年 7 月 16 日進行了測試。

"First try out of this new cosmic force was held on the New Mexico desert."

「這種新的宇宙力量的首次嘗試在新墨西哥的沙漠中進行。」

The Los Alamos Lament was written after that test but before the August bombing of Japan.

洛斯阿拉莫斯哀歌是在那次測試之後，但在對日本的八月轟炸之前編寫的。