A systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise timing

for fat metabolism found that exercising

in a completely fasted state may work best.

The Japanese team that published some of the seminal work

in this area went as far as to assert:

“If exercise were a pill to burn body fat,

it would be effective only when taken before breakfast.”

Surveys show few people exercise

before breakfast, though.

Before asking people to make the switch,

we need to make sure that these tantalizing 24-hour results

translate into weight loss over the long-term.

There's a solid theoretical basis, but you don't know until...

you put it to the test.

In a study of experimental weight gain,

volunteers were fed up to 4,500 calories a day for six weeks

while vigorously exercising a total of 300 minutes a week,

either always after an overnight fast or after a meal.

A control group who didn't exercise at all gained about 6.5 pounds,

compared to 3 pounds in the exercise-after-a-meal group.

The pre-meal exercise group worked out the same amount,

but only gained about half as much—1 3/4 pounds.

What about weight loss, though?

Twenty young women were randomized

into three hours a week of before

or after a meal exercise.

Same diets, same amount of exercise, and...

disappointingly, about same amount of weight loss.

The pre-meal exercise group did lose about an extra pound

of body fat (total weight loss 3.5 lbs. vs. 2.2 lbs.),

but this did not reach statistical significance,

meaning such a small difference could very well

have been due to chance.

A study of six weeks of low volume, high intensity

interval training before or after meals

similarly failed to show a difference.

One explanation that's been offered for this failure

is that the increased fat loss during premeal exercise

might be “neutralized” by the lesser

diet-induced thermogenesis.

In other words, because it costs our body fewer calories

to process food if we eat after compared to before physical activity.

When we exercise after a meal our body gets mixed signals.

Exercise is all about mobilizing energy stores for fuel,

whereas eating is more about assimilation and storage,

and the metabolic challenge presented

by the ensuing “hormonal tug-of-war”

might be responsible for the 15 to 40 percent greater calorie cost.

This has led some to recommend exercising

after meals to facilitate weight loss.

If you do the math, though, our body is so efficient

at digesting that the 15 percent to 40 percent increase

might only come out to be 3 to 12 calories.

Such a slight difference would be easily overwhelmed

by the huge disparity in fat loss,

as confirmed by the 24-hour fat balance studies,

showing up to 500 calories of fat-burning difference.

I would suggest a more reasonable

explanation might be that the clear

body fat deficit on pre-meal exercise days

is made up for by extra fat storage on non-exercise days.

Your body likes to hold on to extra body fat if it can,

and so on days you're not driving it down

it may try to even things out.

Both of the failed weight loss studies

had people exercising only three days a week,

and so, their bodies had most of the week to compensate.

The study I'd like to see is a pre-meal

vs. post-meal exercise on all

or at least most days of the week

to see if we can continue to drive down fat stores.

For those with diabetes, though, you'd want to do the opposite.

You can imagine how that siphoning effect muscles

have on excess blood sugar during exercise

might be great for those suffering

from elevated blood sugars.

And indeed, exercising after a meal

can bring down blood sugars

as well as some blood sugar-lowering drugs.

Randomize type 2 diabetics to a 20-minute leisurely stroll

(about 2 mph) before dinner versus after dinner,

and the after-dinner group blunted

their blood sugar spike 30 percent.

Same meal, same amount of exercise,

but a significant effect on blood sugar control

thanks to a little tactical timing.

Even just a 10-minute walk

after a meal may make a difference.

So, for those with blood sugar problems,

it's better to exercise after meals than before them.

Blood sugar from a meal starts appearing in the bloodstream

15 to 20 minutes after the first bite

and is ramping up by 30 minutes

to peak at around the one-hour mark

before declining to premeal levels within a few hours.

So, for optimal blood sugar control,

prediabetics and diabetics should start exercising

30 minutes after the start of a meal

and ideally go for an hour

to completely straddle the blood sugar peak.

If you had to choose a single meal to exercise after,

it would be dinner, due to the circadian rhythm

of blood sugar control that wanes throughout the day.

Ideally, then, breakfast would be the largest meal of the day

and you'd exercise after that, or exercise after every meal.