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Learning English. I'm Phil and I'm Georgie.

We all know how important exercise is to stay fit

and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Do you exercise much, Phil?

I try to.

I ride my bike at the weekend,

but to be honest, I do spend a lot of time sitting down.

Sitting too much is becoming an increasing problem in the modern world.

Maybe you take the bus or train to work,

then sit at a desk all day, then go home feeling tired and

just sit in front of the television all evening as well. Added together,

that's hours of sitting every single day.

In this programme, we'll be finding out exactly how much sitting is too much

and of course, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary.

But first, are you sitting comfortably, Phil?

Because I have a question for you. On average, how many hours a day

do British adults spend sitting down?

Is it a) seven hours b) nine hours or c) twelve hours?

I'll guess it's seven hours.

OK, Phil, I'll reveal the correct answer later.

Charlotte Edwardson is a professor of health and behaviour studies,

who has investigated the link between sitting and health problems

in her lab at Leicester University.

Here she talks to BBC

Radio Four programme 'Inside Health'.

If we think about our daily activities,

a lot of activities are done sitting down. Movement in our everyday lives

has really been engineered out with advances in technology

and our bodies just weren't designed to sit this much

so it's going to cause problems with our health.

So when you sit down,

you're not using the largest muscles in your body.

So, these are the ones in your legs and your bum.

So, that means that your muscle activity goes down.

When your muscle activity goes down, your blood circulation reduces.

Throughout history, humans have always walked and moved their bodies.

Now, modern technologies like motorised vehicles

and office jobs means we spend more and more time sitting. Modern life

has engineered out the need for us to move. When you engineer something out,

you design things in such a way that it is no longer required, for example

CD drives have been engineered out of laptops because downloads are

more popular. Charlotte says humans are not used

to sitting this much. Here,

the words 'this much' mean 'in such large amounts'.

It's a negative thing. One negative

being the harm to blood circulation, the flow of blood

through the heart and blood vessels, which carries oxygen around the body.

When we sit,

we stop using important muscles.

This reduces blood circulation and causes a range of other effects

like increased levels of glucose and fat and decreased energy levels.

The body uses 20% more energy when simply standing

than when sitting down and walking uses 92% more energy

and that's not to mention the damage sitting too much causes

to muscle movement and blood pressure.

But the hard truth is that sitting is a big part of modern life.

Everything is geared around sitting.

It's organised towards that particular activity and that makes it hard to stop.

Here's Professor Edwardson again, talking

with James Gallagher, presenter of BBC

Radio Four programme 'Inside Health'.

How much do you feel like you're just swimming against the tide

with all of this? Like the whole of society is like driving us more

and more towards, you know, sitting down all the time and you're like:

'please don't'.

Sitting is so much part of our everyday activities.

You know, you go into a meeting, someone's "come and take a seat".

You go in to your GP surgery -

"come and take a seat". Everything's geared around

sitting. As technology advances and it tries to make our life easier, it

then leads to us sitting even more.

James asks if Charlotte is swimming against the tide of modern life.

If you're swimming against the tide,

you're doing the opposite of what most people are doing.

He also says that society is driving us towards sitting more. To drive someone

towards something means pushing them to accept a new situation.

Even when the situation isn't so good.

Luckily, there's some simple advice to help. Break up periods of sitting

30 minutes or more with a few minutes of walking or moving your arms.

Also, try to spend less than half of your waking hours sitting down.

Good to know. Now, about your question, Georgie.

Right, my question was

how long does the average British adult spend sitting each day?

Phil guessed it was seven hours, which was close,

but not right. I'm afraid.

In fact, on average, we spend nine hours per day sitting down.

That's about sixty percent of our waking life.

So, remember to take regular breaks, even just a minute or two.

OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learnt.

Starting with to engineer something out,

meaning to design or plan in such a way

that something is no longer needed. The phrase 'this much' or 'so much' means

in such large amounts.

Blood circulation is the movement of blood

through the heart and blood vessels which carries oxygen around the body.

If things are geared around a certain activity or purpose,

they're organised to support it. The idiom to swim against the tide

means to not follow what most people are doing.

And finally, to drive someone towards a new situation means to push them

towards accepting it. Once again,

our six minutes are up.

Remember to join us again next time

for more topical discussion and useful vocabulary here at 6 Minute.

English. Goodbye for now.

Bye.