Realism.

現實主義。

This perspective holds that reality exists independently of our thoughts or perceptions.

這種觀點認為，現實是獨立於我們的思想或感知而存在的。

Realists believe that the world is structured in a way that we can discover through observation and reasoning.2.

現實主義者認為，世界的結構是我們可以通過觀察和推理髮現的。

Idealism.

理想主義。

Idealists argue that reality is fundamentally mental or immaterial.

理想主義者認為，現實從根本上說是精神的或非物質的。

According to this view, the mind plays a crucial role in shaping the nature of reality.

根據這種觀點，心靈在塑造現實的本質方面起著至關重要的作用。