Name: 當你「放空」時，大腦會發生什麼變化呢？ (What Your Brain Is Really Doing When Doing 'Nothing' : The Default Mode Network)
Uploaded: 2024-09-07T16:44:58.000Z
Duration: 8 min 31 s

副詞型分詞構句

This is the human brain while apparently doing nothing.

這就是人類的大腦，而它顯然什麼也沒做。

When you think you're just sitting quietly, letting your mind wander, a set of regions comprising 20% of your brain kicks into action.

當你認為自己只是靜靜地坐著，任思緒飄蕩時，一組佔大腦 20% 的區域就會開始工作。

Wait a second, that's weird. Like, what are those brain regions doing?

等一下，太奇怪了那些腦區在幹什麼？

The mysterious pattern of activity inside this network indicates that the so-called resting brain is hard at work.

這個網絡內部的神祕活動模式表明，所謂的靜止大腦正在努力工作。

Maybe it's not just an idling default state, maybe it's involved in some more interesting processes.

也許它不僅僅是一個空閒的默認狀態，也許它還參與了一些更有趣的過程。

The discovery of this network has revolutionized our understanding of the human brain, and it possibly holds the secret to what makes you uniquely you.

這個網絡的發現徹底改變了我們對人類大腦的認識，它可能就是讓你與眾不同的祕密所在。

Obviously a number of exciting questions remain.

顯然，還有許多令人興奮的問題。

In the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger invented the electroencephalogram, or EEG, a machine which records the brain's electrical activity.

20 世紀 20 年代，德國精神病學家漢斯-伯傑發明了腦電圖（EEG），這是一種記錄腦電活動的機器。

When Berger took readings of subjects at rest, the EEG revealed something unexpected.

當伯傑對靜止狀態下的受試者進行讀數時，腦電圖顯示了一些意想不到的東西。

The brain wave patterns changed, but didn't stop.

腦電波模式發生了變化，但並沒有停止。

Berger theorized that the human brain was never truly inactive, but his ideas failed to gain much traction.

伯傑的理論認為，人類的大腦從未真正閒置過，但他的觀點並未獲得廣泛認可。

Seventy years later, a team at Washington University found an intriguing pattern of brain activity in neuroimaging studies of subjects performing active tasks, like reading aloud.

70 年後，華盛頓大學的一個研究小組在對執行朗讀等主動任務的受試者進行神經成像研究時，發現了一種有趣的大腦活動模式。

While the areas that are active varied depending on the task demands and context, the areas that were deactivated were quite common.

雖然活躍的區域因任務要求和背景而異，但失活的區域卻很常見。

These inactive regions, including the medial prefrontal cortices, posterior cingulate cortex, and the angular gyrus, were already known to researchers, and commonly associated with things like emotion, language, and memory.

這些不活躍的區域，包括內側前額葉皮層、後扣帶回皮層和角回，已經為研究人員所熟知，通常與情緒、語言和記憶等有關。

A second neuroimaging study, led by neurologist Marcus Reichel, confirmed the findings.

由神經學家馬庫斯-賴歇爾上司的第二項神經成像研究證實了這一發現。

These areas were turned off when the mind concentrated on something external, but became engaged when quietly at rest.

當專注於外部事物時，這些區域會被關閉，但當安靜休息時，這些區域又會被激活。

So it's kind of doing the opposite of what most of the brain does.

是以，它的作用與大部分大腦的作用恰恰相反。

They called this resting activity the brain's default mode.

他們將這種靜息活動稱為大腦的默認模式。

In 2001, when it came out, some people thought it was totally nuts.

2001 年，當它問世時，有些人認為它完全是個瘋子。

A few years later, neurologist Vinod Menon and a team at Stanford studied subjects at rest using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI.

幾年後，斯坦福大學的神經學家維諾德-梅農（Vinod Menon）和一個團隊利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）對靜止狀態下的受試者進行了研究。

They found not only the same regional brain activation, but also an underlying connectivity between these regions.

他們不僅發現了相同的大腦區域激活，還發現了這些區域之間的潛在聯繫。

And these are not just isolated regions, but they couple together in particular ways.

這些地區並不是孤立的，而是以特定的方式結合在一起的。

And we put all this stuff together and we said, well, this is something we should call the default mode network, which actually functions as a network.

我們把這些東西放在一起，然後說，好吧，這就是我們應該稱之為默認模式網絡的東西，它實際上發揮著網絡的功能。

Brain networks work like a symphony, a complex arrangement of coordinated individual parts which come together to perform a specific function, which they couldn't produce alone.

大腦網絡的工作就像一首交響樂，是由協調的各個部分組成的複雜排列，這些部分共同執行特定的功能，而這些功能是它們無法單獨完成的。

You know, there's networks related to movement or vision or hearing, and then there's sort of higher order ones related to things like attention.

你知道，有與運動、視覺或聽覺相關的網絡，也有與注意力等事物相關的高階網絡。

But the default mode network's function was enigmatic at first.

但默認模式網絡的功能起初很神祕。

We didn't know what it was doing and why it was doing what it was doing.

我們不知道它在做什麼，為什麼要這樣做。

For the last two decades, researchers have chipped away at the enigma, implicating the default mode network, or DMN, in several key areas of cognition, each of which involves a specific coordination between the DMN's different regions.

在過去的二十年裡，研究人員已經破解了這個謎團，發現默認模式網絡（DMN）與認知的幾個關鍵領域有關，其中每個領域都涉及 DMN 不同區域之間的特定協調。

There's sometimes regions that come in and out and maybe affiliate with the network in the service of certain goals.

有時，一些地區會為了某些目標而加入或退出網絡。

The default mode network is preferentially connected to the hippocampus, which is the critical structure for making new memories.

默認模式網絡優先與海馬體相連，而海馬體是產生新記憶的關鍵結構。

Including the formation and recall of what are called episodic memories, which are autobiographical memories about our past experiences.

包括形成和回憶所謂的外顯記憶，即關於我們過去經歷的自傳體記憶。

The sum of all your memories that are relevant to you.

And also perspective memories, or thinking about what we intend to do in the future.

還有透視記憶，或者思考我們將來打算做什麼。

Sometimes we're basically drawing on the past events to imagine the future.

有時，我們基本上是借鏡過去的事件來想象未來。

The DMN is involved with another important form of memory, semantic memory.

DMN 涉及另一種重要的記憶形式--語義記憶。

Semantic memory is knowledge that we have acquired as distinguished from individual events.

語義記憶是我們獲得的知識，有別於個別事件。

These are long-term memories, general knowledge about the world we inhabit, the processing of facts, concepts, and language.

這些是長期記憶、關於我們所處世界的常識、對事實、概念和語言的處理。

The default mode network is also connected to self-awareness and social cognition.

默認模式網絡還與自我意識和社會認知有關。

Things like thinking about your friends and the attributes of your friends and thinking about yourself and your place in society.

比如思考你的朋友和朋友的特質，思考你自己和你在社會中的位置。

Which requires an interior theory of mind.

這就需要一種內在的思維理論。

Thinking about what other people are thinking.

Like you're constantly running a model of someone you're talking to about what they're thinking and feeling in response to what you're saying.

就像你在不斷運行一個與你交談的人的模型，瞭解他們對你所說的話的想法和感受。

And that's really important because if you're way off, you lose a friend or you could get punched.

這一點非常重要，因為如果你偏離了方向，你就會失去一個朋友，或者被人打一拳。

Absent external stimuli, the default mode network turns inward.

如果沒有外部刺激，默認模式網絡就會轉向內向。

The DMN switches or defaults to an internally focused thought process such as self-reflection, daydreaming, mind-wandering.

DMN 會切換或默認為以內部為中心的思維過程，如自我檢討、做白日夢、胡思亂想。

When mind-wandering, we're often recalling personal experiences and envisioning the future.

當思維遊離時，我們經常會回憶個人經歷，憧憬未來。

All of these kinds of complex and interesting introspective and evaluative types of processing tends to engage the default network.

所有這些複雜而有趣的內省和評價類型的處理過程，往往都需要默認網絡的參與。

While the default mode network may switch on when the rest of the brain switches off, it isn't independent.

雖然默認模式網絡可能會在大腦其他部分關閉時開啟，但它並不是獨立的。

The default mode network does not function in isolation.

默認模式網絡並不是孤立運行的。

It's both excited and suppressed by other systems.

它既會被其他系統激發，也會被其他系統抑制。

Like the salience network, a key cognitive control network responsible for switching attention.

就像顯著性網絡一樣，這是一個負責切換注意力的關鍵認知控制網絡。

Which would go off right now if the fire alarm went off in the building.

如果大樓裡的火警警報響起，它現在就會響起。

That one seems to go up when the default goes down.

當默認值下降時，該值似乎也會上升。

The disruption of this normal push and pull, the switching between the DMN and other networks, is implicated in abnormal brain function.

這種正常推拉的中斷，即 DMN 與其他網絡之間的切換，與大腦功能異常有關。

Individuals may not be attending to external stimuli when they should.

在應該注意外部刺激的時候，個人可能沒有注意到。

They may be attending to internal stimuli when they should not.

他們可能會在不應該注意的時候注意內部刺激。

It turns out that the default mode network is impacted in major ways in virtually every psychiatric disorder.

事實證明，在幾乎所有精神疾病中，默認模式網絡都會受到重大影響。

Menon has developed a theory that a disruption to the dynamic between the DMN, the salience network, and a third brain network plays a role in a range of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and depression.

梅農提出了一種理論，認為DMN、顯著性網絡和第三個大腦網絡之間的動態平衡紊亂在精神分裂症、阿爾茨海默病和抑鬱症等一系列精神疾病中起著作用。

The nature of the deficits is different across disorders.

不同障礙的缺陷性質各不相同。

We don't fully understand them, but the notion that the DMN is disrupted and its interactions with other core cognitive control systems is disrupted, there's very broad evidence for that.

我們並不完全瞭解它們，但DMN受到破壞以及它與其他核心認知控制系統的相互作用受到破壞這一概念，有非常廣泛的證據證明了這一點。

However, recent research on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin, the active component of magic mushrooms, has shown promise.

不過，最近對神奇蘑菇的活性成分--迷幻蘑菇素（psilocybin）的治療效果進行的研究已經顯示出了希望。

It's got great potential for treating depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders, likely because it boosts neuroplasticity.

它在治療抑鬱症和其他神經精神疾病方面潛力巨大，這可能是因為它能促進神經可塑性。

An fMRI study by a team at Washington University revealed a desynchronization or scrambling of the default mode network while on psilocybin.

華盛頓大學的一個研究小組進行的一項 fMRI 研究顯示，服用迷幻藥後，默認模式網絡會出現不同步或混亂。

One of the researchers participated in the study and experienced this firsthand.

其中一位研究人員參與了這項研究，並親身經歷了這一切。

The boundaries become blurred. I lost my sense of space completely, and then I lost myself.

界限變得模糊不清。我完全失去了空間感，繼而迷失了自我。

The brain scans revealed massive temporary changes.

腦部掃描顯示出巨大的暫時性變化。

Your functional brain organization, your functional networks, they're kind of like your fingerprint or your face in the sense that truly, it's not to be cheesy, they're unique, like yours is unique.

你的大腦功能組織，你的功能網絡，它們有點像你的指紋或你的臉，從這個意義上說，不是俗氣，它們是獨一無二的，就像你的是獨一無二的。

Giving people psilocybin makes it so that their brain changes so much that my brain and your brain on psilocybin are more similar to each other than my brain not on psilocybin to my brain on psilocybin. That's wild.

給人們服用迷幻藥會使他們的大腦發生巨大變化，以至於我的大腦和你服用迷幻藥的大腦比我未服用迷幻藥的大腦和服用迷幻藥的大腦更相似。這太瘋狂了

And the experience of having a scrambled default mode network revealed something else.

而擁有一個亂碼默認模式網絡的經歷還揭示了其他一些東西。

Part of the effects that people report, which are more strongly focused around effects on your sense of time, space, and sense of self and your memories,

人們所報告的部分影響，主要集中在對時間感、空間感、自我意識和記憶的影響上、

I think that solidifies this idea that that's one of the main functions or sets of functions of the default mode network.

我認為，這就鞏固了默認模式網絡的主要功能或功能組合之一。

While many of the individual elements of the default mode network are now better understood, the larger question remains, what does the entire network accomplish?

雖然人們現在對默認模式網絡的許多單個要素有了更深入的瞭解，但更大的問題仍然是，整個網絡究竟能實現什麼？

In some sense, the DMN is where I think, and we need certainly a lot more evidence, is where all of these critical components come together to create a unifying sense of the self.

從某種意義上說，我認為 DMN 是所有這些關鍵組成部分匯聚在一起，形成統一的自我意識的地方，我們當然還需要更多的證據。

The default mode network enables us to weave together an internal narrative, a story of who we are that shapes how we perceive ourselves and interact with others.

默認模式網絡使我們能夠編織一個內部敘事，一個關於我們是誰的故事，它塑造了我們如何看待自己以及如何與他人互動。

It's like the simulation that you're always running, that's you.

這就像你一直在運行的模擬，這就是你。

 Microsoft Mechanics www.microsoft.com www.microsoft.com

微軟力學 www.microsoft.com www.microsoft.com