There were mines along the Atlantic coasts from Ireland and Britain down to Brittany and Iberia.

從愛爾蘭和不列顛一直到布列塔尼和伊比利亚，大西洋沿岸都有礦場。

One of the most famous and most productive was the incredible Great Orme mine on the north coast of Wales.

其中最有名、產量最高的是威爾士北海岸令人難以置信的大奧姆礦。

This mine was so large that it produced perhaps 2,000 tonnes of copper, enough to transform the British Isles and make its rulers extremely wealthy.

該礦規模宏大，出產約 2000 噸銅，足以改變不列顛群島的面貌，並使其統治者變得異常富有。

In Central Europe, the mines of the Eastern Alps were even more productive.

在中歐，東阿爾卑斯山的礦山產量更高。

The richest mine of all there produced an estimated 20,000 tonnes of copper, which would have been enough to produce staggering numbers of swords, shields and armour.

那裡最富饒的銅礦估計生產了 2 萬噸銅，足以生產數量驚人的劍、盾牌和盔甲。

In Southern Europe, from the Balkans to the Aegean Islands and across to Anatolia, there were mines producing copper that fuelled the ancient civilisations of the Near East.

在南歐，從巴爾幹半島到愛琴海群島，再到安納托利亞，都有銅礦，這些銅礦為近東的古代文明提供了燃料。

The island of Cyprus was famous for its production, extracting and exporting its ingots to Egypt and Mesopotamia and right across Europe.

塞浦路斯島以生產金錠而聞名，金錠被開採並出口到埃及、美索不達米亞和整個歐洲。

But none of these were as large or as productive as a mining complex here at the furthest reaches of Europe on the steppes between the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea.

但是，這些礦區的規模和產量都比不上位於歐洲最遠端、烏拉爾山脈和裡海之間的大草原上的礦區。

Almost 4,000 years ago, massive mining works completely transformed the landscape.

近 4000 年前，大規模的採礦工程徹底改變了這裡的地貌。

They dug vast numbers of vertical shafts into the bedrock and then chased the veins of ore by digging a staggering network of interlinked tunnels, extending for hundreds of kilometres.

他們在基岩中挖掘了大量豎井，然後通過挖掘綿延數百公里、相互連接的驚人隧道網絡來尋找礦脈。

Their excavations were so extensive that experts estimate they produced up to a staggering 150,000 tonnes of copper during the Bronze Age.

他們的發掘範圍非常廣泛，據專家估計，在青銅時代，他們生產了多達 15 萬噸的銅。

But what society was conducting operations of this scale out here on the steppe?

但是，是什麼社會在大草原上開展如此大規模的行動呢？

How did they find these ore deposits so long ago?

他們是如何在很久以前找到這些礦藏的？

Where did the miners live and how did they carry out these works?

礦工們住在哪裡，他們是如何進行這些工作的？

And what ultimately happened to them?

他們最終發生了什麼？

This is the story of what ancient mining experts have called the largest prehistoric copper mine in the world, the incredible Mines of Kargali.

這就是被古代採礦專家稱為世界上最大的史前銅礦--令人難以置信的卡爾加利礦的故事。

Before we journey to the wild landscapes of the Bronze Age steppe, I must thank this video's sponsor Warhammer 40,000 Tacticus.

在我們踏上青銅時代草原的狂野之旅之前，我必須感謝本視頻的贊助商 Warhammer 40,000 Tacticus。

Tacticus is an exciting turn-based tactical strategy game set in the grim darkness of

Tacticus 是一款令人興奮的回合制戰術策略遊戲，遊戲的背景設定在陰森恐怖的黑暗世界中。

Games Workshop's Warhammer 40,000 universe.

遊戲工作室的《戰錘 4 萬》宇宙。

In Tacticus, you bring some of Warhammer's most powerful warriors to high-energy tactical skirmishes and you must use superior tactics to deliver victory.

在 Tacticus 中，您將帶領戰錘中最強大的戰士進行高能量戰術小規模戰鬥，您必須使用高超的戰術取得勝利。

In this game, you get to lead over 70 Warhammer 40,000 champions from 17 playable factions.

在這款遊戲中，您可以率領來自 17 個可玩派別的 70 多名戰錘 40000 冠軍。

They have different combinations of weapons, abilities and upgrades, so each character feels unique on the battlefield.

他們擁有不同的武器、能力和升級組合，是以每個角色在戰場上都會給人獨一無二的感覺。

You must work out how to utilize them effectively in the battles as you progress in the various game modes.

在各種遊戲模式中，您必須想辦法在戰鬥中有效地利用它們。

There's campaign missions, PvP, live events, guild raids and much more.

這裡有戰役任務、PvP、現場活動、公會突襲等等。

Whether you're already a fan of Warhammer 40,000 like me, or if you're new to this universe, now's a perfect time to pick up the game.

無論您是像我一樣已經是《戰錘 4 萬》的粉絲，還是剛剛接觸這個宇宙，現在都是購買這款遊戲的最佳時機。

You can download the game for free today using the link in the description below, or by scanning my QR code that's on the screen.

您可以使用下面說明中的鏈接或掃描螢幕上的二維碼免費下載這款遊戲。

And when you log in, use the code NOVHELLO and claim your reward of 2,000 gold and 50 available until December 1st.

登錄時，使用代碼 NOVHELLO 即可領取 2,000 金和 50 的獎勵，有效期至 12 月 1 日。

Thank you to Tacticus for sponsoring the video.

感謝 Tacticus 贊助本視頻。

This enormous mining centre is found on the open-step landscape of the Southern Urals, in what's Russia today.

這個巨大的採礦中心位於南烏拉爾的開闊階梯地貌上，也就是今天的俄羅斯境內。

There are copper deposits spread over about 500 square kilometres along the valley of the river Kargalka, a tributary of the Ural River.

沿烏拉爾河支流卡爾卡爾卡河河谷分佈著約 500 平方公里的銅礦。

This region was first exploited for its copper in the Early Bronze Age.

早在青銅時代早期，該地區就開始開採銅礦。

There was a settlement 70 kilometres to the west, dated to 3800 to 3360 BC, associated with the Repin culture.

西面 70 公里處有一個定居點，年代為公元前 3800 年至公元前 3360 年，與列賓文化有關。

The Repin culture was actually an early Yamnaya culture, ceramic style, unique to this region.

列賓文化實際上是該地區獨有的早期山雅文化、陶瓷風格。

Excavations of the settlement revealed Kargali copper ore, slag and copper tools.

對該定居點的發掘揭示了卡爾加利銅礦石、礦渣和銅製工具。

This settlement was seasonal.

這種定居點是季節性的。

They mined at Kargali, then brought the copper here for processing in the summers.

他們在 Kargali 開採，然後在夏季將銅運到這裡進行加工。

And activity at the Kargali site itself was carried out by the Yamnaya culture after about 3000 BC.

而卡爾加利遺址本身的活動是在公元前 3000 年後由亞姆納亞文化進行的。

The Yamnaya were mobile herders, but they were also metal workers, extracting ore and making copper axes and knives.

雅姆納雅人是流動的牧民，但他們也是金屬工人，開採礦石，製造銅斧和銅刀。

Their presence at Kargali is attested by the burial mounds they built in the area.

他們在該地區建造的墓冢證明了他們在 Kargali 的存在。

Excavation of one of these cemeteries revealed the burial of a young man dated to about 2900 to 2700 BC, who was interred with grave goods including a valuable copper axe and an axe mould, perhaps evidence that he had been a metal worker in life.

對其中一個墓地的發掘發現了一個年輕男子的墓葬，其年代大約在公元前 2900 年至 2700 年之間，他的隨葬品包括一把珍貴的銅斧和一個斧模，這也許是他生前是一名金屬工人的證據。

But the Yamnaya mining at Kargali seems to have stopped after 2500 BC.

但卡爾加利的亞姆納亞採礦似乎在公元前 2500 年後就停止了。

It did not start up again until 1900 BC, when it continued for perhaps 6 centuries until around 1300 BC.

直到公元前 1900 年才重新開始，大約持續了 6 個世紀，直到公元前 1300 年左右。

This phase of mining was carried out by the Shrubnaya culture.

這一階段的開採是由 Shrubnaya 文化進行的。

They were steppe herders too, but they also had many settlements throughout the Pontic steppe, from the Urals to the Black Sea coasts.

他們也是草原牧民，但在整個波羅的海草原，從烏拉爾到黑海沿岸，他們也有許多定居點。

Their ancestors had been mining elsewhere in the southern Urals for centuries, and societies like the Sintashta culture to the north east had also become mining and copper working experts.

幾個世紀以來，他們的祖先一直在烏拉爾南部的其他地方採礦，東北部的辛塔什塔文化等社會也已成為採礦和銅加工專家。

Copper was necessary for these societies to function, and those who controlled copper sources could become enormously wealthy and powerful.

銅是這些社會運轉的必需品，控制銅資源的人可以變得非常富有和強大。

You have to wonder how those Yamnaya people first discovered the copper mineral ores in the Kargali region.

你不禁要問，那些亞姆納亞人是如何首先發現卡爾加利地區的銅礦石的？

When we think of mining, we automatically think of rocks and mountains, and certainly that's where most copper ores were discovered in prehistory.

一提到採礦，我們就會自動聯想到岩石和山脈，當然，這也是史前發現銅礦石最多的地方。

These ancient prospectors would see hints of the blue, green, malachite or azurite ores in outcrops, and so have an idea about where to begin excavations.

這些古代探礦者會在露頭中看到藍色、綠色、孔雀石或天青石礦石的蛛絲馬跡，從而知道從哪裡開始挖掘。

But out here on the steppes, the bedrock is covered by many metres of earth.

但在這裡的大草原上，基岩被數米厚的泥土覆蓋。

However, it's likely small regions of bedrock jutted up close to the surface here and there on the steppes and in the river valleys.

不過，在草原和河谷中，很可能會有小塊基岩突起，接近地表。

The Yamnaya and later Shrubnaya prospectors would have spotted the blue-green minerals and followed the veins down into the earth.

亞姆納亞探礦者和後來的斯魯布納亞探礦者發現了藍綠色礦物，並沿著礦脈深入地下。

Apparently, modern people have noticed that certain types of vegetation favour certain copper-rich environments.

顯然，現代人已經注意到，某些類型的植被喜歡某些富含銅的環境。

It's just speculation, but perhaps spotting copper-loving plants growing helped them to find these deposits too.

這只是一種猜測，但也許是發現了喜銅植物的生長，幫助他們找到了這些礦藏。

It took a huge amount of labour to even begin ore extraction at Kargali.

在卡加利開始開採礦石需要大量勞動力。

The ores are embedded in sandstone beneath the alluvial soils at depths of up to 12 metres.

礦石嵌在沖積土下的砂岩中，最深處達 12 米。

The ore deposits extend another 90 metres below the surface of the bedrock.

礦藏還延伸到基岩表面以下 90 米處。

So the miners would excavate huge amounts of earth to find ore-bearing sandstones beneath.

是以，礦工們會挖掘大量的泥土，以尋找下面的含礦砂岩。

Once they found ore, they dug vertical or inclined shafts 10 to 12 metres down.

一旦發現礦石，他們就挖掘垂直或傾斜的豎井，向下挖 10 到 12 米。

Amazingly, when archaeologists discovered and excavated these shafts, they found handholds dug into the rock.

令人驚奇的是，當考古學家發現並挖掘這些豎井時，他們發現了在岩石中挖出的扶手。

Imagine climbing up and down these circular shafts in and out of the mine 3 and a half thousand years ago.

想象一下，三千五百年前，人們在這些圓形豎井中爬上爬下，進出礦井。

Once they dug down into it, they began tunnelling outwards, following the ore in every direction, often down to depths of 40 metres.

一旦挖到礦石，他們就開始向外挖掘隧道，沿著礦石的各個方向，往往要挖到 40 米深。

The sandstone was soft, which made the work easier than at some other mines, and yet the tunnels were therefore more prone to collapse.

砂岩質地鬆軟，這使得工作比其他一些礦山更輕鬆，但隧道也是以更容易坍塌。

Where they struck it rich, the tunnel systems became extensive, excavating underground chambers up to 20 metres or 65 feet high.

在他們發財的地方，隧道系統變得十分龐大，挖掘出的地下洞穴高達 20 米或 65 英尺。

These networks of tunnels often connected to one another, creating a labyrinth of several hundred kilometres beneath the surface.

這些隧道網絡往往相互連接，在地表下形成了一個長達幾百公里的迷宮。

The many exploratory workings left the landscape forever pitted with craters.

許多勘探工作留下了坑坑窪窪的地貌。

The copper mines at Kargali cover an area around 140 square kilometres, with an estimated 35,000 surface features connected to mining, with thousands of mineshafts, drift mines, prospecting pits and the underground tunnels.

卡加利銅礦佔地約 140 平方公里，與採礦有關的地表特徵約有 35,000 個，礦井、漂流礦、探礦坑和地下隧道數以千計。

The soft rock here meant they could excavate with the same kinds of tools they used 4,000 kilometres away in North Wales at the Great Orme mine.

這裡的岩石鬆軟，這意味著他們可以使用與 4000 公里外北威爾士大奧爾姆礦場相同的工具進行挖掘。

Antler and bone picks made from cattle bones, cattle shoulder blades for shovels, and large stone hammers.

用牛骨製成的鹿角和骨鎬、牛肩胛骨製成的鏟子和大石錘。

Also like at the Great Orme, they manufactured and used bronze picks too.

就像在大奧姆一樣，他們也製造和使用青銅鎬。

Not only do they find the tools here, they can see evidence of their use still etched into the walls of the mines today.

他們不僅在這裡找到了這些工具，還能看到這些工具的使用痕跡至今仍刻在礦井的牆壁上。

So what did they do with all the ore they extracted?

那麼，他們是如何處理開採出來的礦石的呢？

What impact did this industrial scale activity have on the environment?

這種工業規模的活動對環境有什麼影響？

And where did all these miners live?

這些礦工住在哪裡？

Archaeologists have discovered around 20 settlements connected to the late Bronze Age mines at

考古學家發現了大約 20 個與青銅時代晚期礦區有關的定居點，這些定居點位於

Kargali.

卡爾加利

The most well excavated one, called Gourney, is located on a low hill inside the mining complex.

發掘得最完好的一處名為古尼（Gourney），位於礦區內的一座小山上。

Initially, when the settlement was founded, there were pit dwellings occupied only seasonally.

定居點建立之初，只有季節性居住的坑屋。

But over time, they established permanent houses, along with smelting facilities and ritual areas.

但隨著時間的推移，他們建立了永久性的房屋以及冶煉設施和祭祀區。

Archaeologists only excavated part of the settlement of course, but they found 120,000 sherds of pottery from perhaps 6,000 pottery vessels.

當然，考古學家只發掘了定居點的一部分，但他們從大約 6000 個陶器中發現了 12 萬片陶片。

Then they recovered about 2.5 million animal bones, mostly cattle.

然後，他們找到了大約 250 萬塊動物骨頭，其中大部分是牛骨。

They also found 4,000 finds of copper, from raw copper to ingots and finished metalwork, along with 190 casting moulds for the production of axes and daggers and copper picks for the mines.

他們還發現了 4,000 件銅器，包括銅原料、銅錠和金屬製品成品，以及 190 個用於生產斧頭、匕首和礦用銅鎬的鑄造模具。

They carried out the initial stages of copper production here by crushing the ores with hammer stones and sorting out the minerals for smelting.

他們在這裡進行銅礦生產的最初階段，用錘子敲碎礦石，分揀出礦物質進行冶煉。

And although some smelting was done here, it seems a lot of the ore was shipped off for smelting further south and west, where there was more wood for fuel.

雖然這裡也進行過一些冶煉，但似乎很多礦石都被運往更遠的南部和西部進行冶煉，因為那裡有更多的木材作為燃料。

A 1kg ingot of copper required the burning of 65kg of charcoal, which was obtained from about 500kg of dry wood.

一錠 1 千克的銅需要燃燒 65 千克的木炭，而這些木炭是從約 500 千克的幹木材中提取的。

Considering the scale of the extraction here, experts estimate that 75 million metric tons of wood were consumed.

考慮到這裡的開採規模，專家估計消耗了 7 500 萬公噸木材。

This used up all the local wood in the region, requiring the ore export for further processing.

這耗盡了當地所有的木材，需要出口礦石進行進一步加工。

It's been theorised that the wood supply problem was what ended production here, rather than running out of copper.

有人推測，是木材供應問題導致了這裡的生產終止，而不是銅的耗盡。

This Bronze Age Shrobnaya settlement at Gourney really fires my imagination.

古爾尼的這個青銅時代的什羅布納亞人聚居地確實激發了我的想象力。

Imagine living in the middle of that Bronze Age industrial zone.

想象一下，你生活在青銅時代的工業區中。

It must have been something like a boom town in the Old West, or more likely one of those horrendous cobalt mines in the Congo or Uganda, where they extract the minerals needed for the batteries in our phones and cars.

它一定是像老西部一個繁榮的小鎮，或者更可能是剛果或烏干達的一個可怕的鈷礦，他們在那裡提取我們手機和汽車電池所需的礦物質。

I imagine the Bronze Age settlement had rulers and overseers, skilled workers and slaves, and the people supplying all their needs.

我想象青銅時代的定居點有統治者和監督者，有熟練工人和奴隸，人們提供他們所需的一切。

Excavations also revealed features interpreted as ritual sites or ritual activities.

發掘還發現了被解釋為祭祀場所或祭祀活動的地貌。

There may have been mass sacrifices of cattle for enormous feasts.

在盛大的宴會上，可能會有大規模的牲畜獻祭。

There were so many cattle in fact, that some speculate they were brought in for trade as a form of payment, rather than just food.

事實上，這些牛的數量如此之多，以至於有人猜測，這些牛是作為一種支付方式，而不僅僅是食物被帶進來交易的。

Many pits in the settlement seem to have ritual deposits inside, and there were many stone objects, interpreted as phalluses, inserted into the ground.

聚落中的許多坑內似乎都有祭祀沉積物，而且有許多被解釋為陰莖的石製品插入地下。

I know there's this idea that any time an archaeologist can't work something out, they just call it ritual.

我知道有一種觀點認為，只要考古學家無法解決的問題，他們就稱之為儀式。

But this kind of ritual activity is common in ancient mines.

但這種儀式活動在古代礦井中很常見。

It's obviously a very dangerous activity, and one that involves going down into the earth, into the darkness, being enveloped by it, being separated from the normal world on the surface.

這顯然是一項非常危險的活動，需要深入地下，進入黑暗，被黑暗籠罩，與地面上的正常世界分離。

You would want to placate the gods, especially the earth mother and the chthonic gods of the underworld, and whatever nefarious gnomes, knockers and spirits dwell down there.

你要安撫諸神，尤其是大地之母和陰間的鬼神，以及住在下面的任何邪惡的侏儒、侏儒鬼和鬼魂。

This is surely why miners left offerings behind when they were done, and why they took the time to close shafts with backfill rather than leave them open, in case anything came crawling back out when they weren't looking.

這肯定就是為什麼礦工們挖完後要留下祭品，為什麼他們要花時間用回填土封住井口，而不是讓井口敞開著，以防有東西趁他們不注意時爬出來。

The enormous amount of copper produced was used to create tools, weapons and ornaments for the people of the Shrubnire culture for centuries.

幾個世紀以來，大量的銅被用來為 Shrubnire 文化的人們製造工具、武器和裝飾品。

It created a metal boom that enabled the success of this widespread, long-lasting society.

它創造了金屬繁榮，使這個廣泛而持久的社會取得了成功。

And they produced so much, that they were able to export it to the copper-hungry civilizations of the Near East and the Mediterranean.

他們生產瞭如此多的銅，以至於能夠將其出口到近東和地中海地區對銅渴求的文明國家。

In fact, new research suggests that the copper in the earliest known oxide ingots, found on Minoan Crete, was not from Cyprus at all.

事實上，新的研究表明，在米諾斯克裡特島發現的已知最早的氧化物銅錠中的銅根本不是來自塞普勒斯。

It may in fact be imported all the way from Kargali.

事實上，它可能是從卡加利一路進口過來的。

Tracing the origins of copper artefacts can be done by analysing their chemical compositions and comparing trace elements and lead isotope ratios to source locations.

通過分析銅工藝品的化學成分，並將微量元素和鉛同位素比率與來源地進行比較，可以追溯銅工藝品的來源。

Different places have unique chemical fingerprints.

不同的地方有著獨特的化學指紋。

Around the 1400 BC, all known copper oxide ingots can be traced to Cyprus.

公元前 1400 年左右，所有已知的氧化銅錠都可以追溯到塞普勒斯。

However, they may have adopted this form from imports and then made it their own, turning it into a kind of Cypriot brand even.

不過，他們可能是從舶來品中採用了這種形式，然後將其變成了自己的形式，甚至變成了一種塞普勒斯品牌。

Or it's possible that foreign copper was imported in other forms and then reformed into the oxide shape for further export.

也有可能是以其他形式進口的外國銅，然後改造成氧化物的形狀再出口。

Either way, the metal in these early ingots, dating to between 1550 and 1450 BC, came from the southern Urals region.

無論如何，這些可追溯到公元前 1550 年至公元前 1450 年的早期鑄錠中的金屬都來自烏拉爾南部地區。

It's thought they were exported across or around the Caucasus into the Mitanni Kingdom and from there to Cyprus or through Anatolia and on to Crete.

人們認為，它們是穿過高加索或高加索附近地區出口到米坦尼王國，再從那裡出口到塞普勒斯或穿過安納托利亞，然後再出口到克里特島。

But whether through exhausting the fuel supply or due to widespread climatic changes after 1300 BC or a combination of both, the mine workings likely came to an end, along with the Shabnaya culture as a whole, by about 1200 BC.

但是，無論是由於燃料供應耗盡，還是由於公元前 1300 年後大範圍的氣候變化，抑或是兩者的共同作用，礦井開採很可能在公元前 1200 年左右與整個沙布納亞文化一起終結。

This period saw widespread changes across the Old World, especially in the Near East, and much disruption to long-range trade routes and large-scale migrations.

在這一時期，整個舊大陸，尤其是近東地區發生了廣泛的變化，遠距離貿易路線和大規模遷徙也受到了很大的破壞。

On the steppes, after the Shabnaya, the demand for copper and bronze would fade, as the Sumerians and Scythians emerged to dominate in the Iron Age.

在草原上，沙布納亞人之後，隨著蘇美爾人和斯基泰人在鐵器時代佔據主導地位，對銅和青銅的需求逐漸減弱。

The mines of Kargali and the scarred, poisoned land was left to be reclaimed by nature for about 3,000 years, before Russian prospectors started using modern methods to extract what was left in the 18th and 19th centuries when they obtained another 130,000 tons of copper.

卡爾加利的礦山和這片滿是傷痕和毒物的土地被大自然開墾了大約 3000 年，直到 18 世紀和 19 世紀，俄羅斯探礦者開始使用現代方法開採剩下的銅礦，他們又獲得了 13 萬噸銅。

The best book on prehistoric mining that I know of is by William O'Brien, I'll leave a link to it below.

據我所知，威廉-奧布萊恩（William O'Brien）所著的《史前採礦》是最好的一本書，我將在下面留下鏈接。

Please remember to download Tacticus for free today using the link in the description below or by scanning my QR code.

請記住，今天就使用下面說明中的鏈接或掃描我的二維碼免費下載 Tacticus。

When you log in, don't forget to use the code to claim your reward.

登錄時，別忘了使用代碼領取獎勵。

And as always, thank you very much indeed to my Patrons and channel members.

一如既往，非常感謝我的贊助人和頻道成員。

Now please watch this video all about the incredible Great Orm Mine and how it transformed

現在，請觀看這段視頻，瞭解令人難以置信的大奧姆礦以及它是如何轉變的。

Bronze Age Britain.

青銅時代的英國

Thank you for watching.

感謝您的收看。