Name: NRC 呈現：斯蒂芬-克拉申談 "想讀就讀"（第一部分） (NRC Presents: Stephen Krashen on Reading Because You Want To (Part 1))
Uploaded: 2024-12-17T23:08:52.000Z
Duration: 30 min 4 s

Professor Krashen is best known for the comprehension hypothesis, the idea that we acquire language and develop literacy by understanding messages.

克拉申教授最著名的是 "理解假說"，即我們通過理解資訊來掌握語言和發展讀寫能力。

He holds a PhD in linguistics from UCLA, but watch out now.

他擁有加州大學洛杉磯分校語言學博士學位，但現在要小心了。

He was the 1977 incline bench press champion of Venice Beach and holds a black belt in taekwondo.

他曾獲得 1977 年威尼斯海灘斜臥推冠軍，並持有跆拳道黑帶。

His recent papers can be found, make a note, at www.sdkrashen.com.

請注意，他最近的論文可在 www.sdkrashen.com 上找到。

閒話少說，有請斯蒂芬-克拉申。

I got the black belt on the basis of the written examination.

I'd like to begin, I know most of you are concerned with reading and younger people, but I'd like to talk about old people for a while.

首先，我知道你們大多數人都在關注閱讀和年輕人，但我想先談談老年人。

Things that have been on my mind and a little bit of research I've done in the last few years.

我一直在想的事情，以及我在過去幾年裡做的一點研究。

And this will be important for some of you looking around, I'd say in about 30, 40 years, maybe 50 years for some of you.

這對你們中的一些人來說很重要，我想說的是，在 30 年、40 年甚至 50 年後。

So keep this information in a file and take it out in about 40, 50 years.

是以，將這些資訊保存在一個文件中，大約四五十年後再拿出來。

I don't know, it first happened when I was on a bus and the bus fare was really like a lot of money, but the sign said senior citizens, it was like 50 cents.

我也不知道，第一次是在坐公車的時候，車費真的很貴，但牌子上寫著老年人，好像是 50 美分。

So I took out my driver's license and I took out 50 cents and I was about to give it to the driver, show my license, he just took the money and says, oh no, that's okay.

於是我拿出駕照，拿出 50 美分，正準備給司機，出示駕照時，他接過錢說，哦，不，沒關係。

They should be told no matter how old the person looks, always ask for the ID, right?

應該告訴他們，不管對方看起來有多老，都要問他要身份證，對嗎？

I was in the park not too long ago playing with my adorable grandchildren, I'll show you pictures later.

不久前我還在公園裡和我可愛的孫子們一起玩耍，我稍後會給你們看照片的。

This guy comes up to me and he says, are these your grandchildren or your great-grandchildren?

這個人走過來對我說，這些是你的孫子還是曾孫？

I still don't know what I should have said.

I was in the gym in Malibu, California, my daughter was exercising and my job was to take care of the newest grandchild and I was holding my granddaughter.

我當時在加利福尼亞州馬里布的健身房裡，女兒在鍛鍊，我的工作是照顧剛出生的外孫，我抱著外孫女。

We were the only ones in the gym until Adam Sandler walked in.

我們是健身房裡唯一的人，直到亞當-桑德勒走進來。

He came up to me and he said, the best thing you can say to someone my age, he said, is this your child?

他走過來對我說，你能對我這個年紀的人說的最好的一句話就是，這是你的孩子嗎？

You know, he came over, gave me the little masculine punch, good-looking grandpa.

他走過來，給了我一記陽剛的小拳頭，帥氣的爺爺。

He is my favorite Hollywood person, period.

他是我最喜歡的好萊塢人物，僅此而已。

Maimonides calls this the highest form of charity.

邁蒙尼德稱其為最高形式的慈善。

When no one is looking, there's nobody there, he's okay.

沒人注意的時候，沒人在的時候，他就沒事。

Anyway, the part of aging that I'm concerned with is senility, dementia.

總之，我所關心的衰老是指衰老和痴呆。

我還能引用比爾-考斯比的話嗎？

He said, don't worry about dementia when it comes, you won't know.

他說，不要擔心痴呆症，當它來臨時，你不會知道。

You can hide your own Easter eggs, you know, et cetera.

你可以藏起自己的復活節彩蛋，等等。

But I am concerned about it because it runs in my family, my father's side of the family.

但我很擔心，因為這是我的家族遺傳病，是我父親那邊的家族遺傳病。

His brothers and sisters, my aunts and uncle, all got it at age 75.

他的兄弟姐妹、我的姨媽和姨父都在 75 歲時得了這種病。

I like telling people how old I am, you'll see why.

我喜歡告訴別人我有多老，你就知道為什麼了。

I am 74, but I read at the 80-year-old level, okay?

我今年 74 歲，但我的閱讀能力只有 80 歲的水準，好嗎？

So, when I have a problem, or I think I'm going to have a problem, what I do about it is I read the research literature and I write an incomprehensible paper.

是以，當我遇到問題，或者我認為我將遇到問題時，我所做的就是閱讀研究文獻，然後寫出一篇難以理解的論文。

It's on the website, on SDKrashen, www, whatever it is up there, and SDKrashen.com.

網站上有 SDKrashen、www 和 SDKrashen.com。

I looked at three possible ways of delaying dementia.

我研究了延緩痴呆症的三種可能方法。

This is research from New York, as a matter of fact, from Ellen Bialystock, and she got a really good write-up in the New York Times, which was good work, Ellen, did a good job with that.

事實上，這是來自紐約的研究，來自艾倫-比亞利斯托克，她在《紐約時報》上發表了一篇非常好的文章，這是很好的工作，艾倫，做得很好。

What Ellen and her colleagues found is that people who are bilingual, who grew up speaking two languages and switching back and forth, have better what is called executive control.

艾倫和她的同事們發現，那些精通雙語的人，那些在成長過程中會說兩種語言並來回切換的人，具有更好的所謂執行控制能力。

Executive control means not losing your place, like, where was I?

執行控制意味著不迷失方向，比如，我說到哪兒了？

You know, you wind up in the kitchen and you don't know how you got there or why you were there.

你知道，你被困在廚房裡，卻不知道自己是怎麼到那裡的，也不知道自己為什麼會在那裡。

You forgot because something happened on the way.

It gets worse as you get older, but if you're bilingual, the decline is much slower.

隨著年齡的增長，情況會越來越糟，但如果會說兩種語言，下降的速度會慢得多。

People who read, people my age who read a lot, have about the same verbal memory as people in their 30s who don't read as much.

閱讀的人，像我這個年齡經常閱讀的人，其言語記憶力與不常閱讀的 30 多歲的人差不多。

Number three, you're going to love this, coffee.

第三，你會喜歡這個的，咖啡。

Yes, three cups a day of freshly brewed coffee will significantly delay dementia about the same as these other factors.

是的，每天三杯現煮咖啡可以明顯延緩痴呆症的發生，這與其他因素的作用差不多。

人們一直問我無咖啡因咖啡的事。

Decaf for me is like kissing your sister.

無咖啡因對我來說就像親吻你的妹妹。

I mean, it's okay, but it's not really the same.

我的意思是，還行，但真的不一樣。

The nice thing about this is that you can do all three at once.

這樣做的好處是，您可以同時做這三件事。

Sit down, have a nice cup of coffee, read a book in another language.

坐下來，喝杯咖啡，讀一本另一種語言的書。

If anyone is interested in doing research and getting a grant to do this, I will happily volunteer my services as subject because I can get free latte.

如果有人有興趣進行研究並獲得資助，我會很樂意自願擔任研究對象，因為我可以得到免費的拿鐵咖啡。

That's usually all people remember from my talks when I begin with that, but I'll try for the rest.

當我以這句話開頭時，人們對我的演講通常只記得這些，但我會盡力記住其他的。

As you see on your handout, do you have a handout in front of you?

正如你們在講義上看到的，你們面前有講義嗎？

The last, oh gosh, 35 years, I have been involved in a major war, and it's a war between two hypotheses of two views of how we develop language and how we develop literacy.

在過去的 35 年裡，我參與了一場大戰，這是一場關於語言發展和讀寫能力發展的兩種假說、兩種觀點之間的戰爭。

The one I think is right is called the comprehension hypothesis.

我認為正確的假說叫做 "理解假說"。

The comprehension hypothesis says, as you see here, we acquire language and we develop literacy when we understand what people tell us and we understand what we read.

理解假說認為，正如你在這裡看到的，當我們理解了別人告訴我們的話，理解了我們讀到的內容，我們就掌握了語言，發展了讀寫能力。

If you want to develop literacy and develop language, you get comprehensible input first.

如果你想培養讀寫能力和發展語言，首先要獲得可理解的輸入。

You hear stories, you have conversations, et cetera.

你會聽到故事，會有交談，等等。

The result of that is what we call the skills, vocabulary, grammar, et cetera, that comes later.

其結果就是我們所說的技能、詞彙、文法等等，這些都是後話。

The rival hypothesis called the skill building hypothesis says it is the opposite.

與之對立的假說 "技能培養假說 "則認為情況恰恰相反。

You study grammar rules, and you practice them in writing and speaking, and you get your errors corrected, and you memorize vocabulary.

你要學習文法規則，在寫作和口語中進行練習，糾正錯誤，記憶詞彙。

If you practice them enough in output, someday you'll be able to use the language.

如果你在輸出中練習得足夠多，總有一天你會使用這種語言。

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NRC 呈現：斯蒂芬-克拉申談 "想讀就讀"（第一部分） (NRC Presents: Stephen Krashen on Reading Because You Want To (Part 1))

constant

matter

vocabulary

comprehension