Pour me a glass of milk!

給我倒杯牛奶

I get it.

我明白了。

It has minerals, vitamins, protein.

它含有礦物質、維生素和蛋白質。

There's actually so many options for milk in the aisles that the dairy industry has begun to complain that nut milk isn't real milk.

實際上，貨架上牛奶的選擇太多了，以至於乳製品行業開始抱怨堅果奶不是真正的牛奶。

But right now, this is one of the most healing foods on the planet, and our government says it's illegal.

但現在，這是地球上最有療效的食物之一，我們的政府卻說它是非法的。

There's one milk.

有一種牛奶

I think you will notice immediately how valuable this food is for humans.

我想你會立刻意識到這種食物對人類的價值。

That's all the rage.

這才是最流行的。

It's normal and healthy.

這很正常，也很健康。

It's way easier for you to digest.

這樣你更容易消化。

Raw milk.

生牛奶

So what is raw milk?

那麼什麼是生牛奶呢？

It's milk that hasn't been pasteurized, meaning it hasn't gone through the heating process that kills harmful bacteria and pathogens.

這是未經過巴氏殺菌的牛奶，即未經過殺死有害細菌和病原體的加熱過程。

It's straight from the cow, unprocessed, and unfiltered.

它直接來自奶牛，未經加工和過濾。

Advocates say it's more natural and therefore more nutritious than pasteurized milk.

倡導者說，這種牛奶更天然，是以比巴氏殺菌奶更有營養。

But is it really better for you?

但它真的對你更好嗎？

To cover the entire truth behind raw milk, we need to look at how humans started consuming milk in the first place.

要了解生牛奶背後的全部真相，我們需要先看看人類是如何開始飲用牛奶的。

Milk has been part of the human diet for thousands of years, ever since people domesticated cows and other livestock.

自人類馴養奶牛和其他牲畜以來，牛奶成為人類飲食的一部分已有數千年的歷史。

Back then, milk was consumed fresh, straight from the farm.

那時，牛奶都是新鮮的，直接來自農場。

It was an important source of nutrition for rural communities.

它是農村社區的重要營養來源。

But as cities grew during the industrial era, milk production changed, and not in a good way.

但隨著工業時代城市的發展，牛奶生產也發生了變化，而且變化的方式並不好。

Actually, in the 1800s, milk turned into a full-on public health threat.

事實上，在 19 世紀，牛奶已成為一種全面的公共健康威脅。

It was being shipped over longer distances and produced in increasingly dirtier urban environments.

這些產品被運往更遠的地方，在越來越髒的城市環境中生產。

These changes led to outbreaks of deadly diseases like bovine tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and diphtheria.

這些變化導致了牛結核病、傷寒和白喉等致命疾病的爆發。

These illnesses weren't mild either.

這些疾病也不輕。

They were often fatal, especially for children and infants.

這些疾病往往是致命的，尤其是對兒童和嬰兒而言。

Producers tried to preserve milk by adding formaldehyde to it.

生產商試圖通過添加甲醛來保存牛奶。

Formaldehyde, the same chemical we use to embalm corpses.

甲醛，與我們用來防腐屍體的化學物質相同。

Not surprisingly, it didn't solve the problem as it didn't kill enough bacteria and kids kept getting sick.

毫不奇怪，這並沒有解決問題，因為它沒有殺死足夠的細菌，孩子們繼續生病。

Fortunately, a solution came in the form of pasteurization.

幸運的是，巴氏殺菌法提供瞭解決方案。

A process invented in 1864 by Louis Pasteur, originally creating it to sanitize wine.

路易-巴斯德於 1864 年發明的一種工藝，最初是為了給葡萄酒消毒。

In the pasteurizer, the milk is heated to exactly 161 degrees for just 15 seconds, and then is quickly cooled to about 35 degrees.

在巴氏殺菌機中，牛奶被加熱到 161 度，只需 15 秒鐘，然後迅速冷卻到 35 度左右。

At first, doctors worried that heating milk would destroy its nutrients, but when unpasteurized milk kept killing babies, the medical community fully came around.

起初，醫生們擔心加熱牛奶會破壞牛奶中的營養成分，但當未經巴氏殺菌的牛奶不斷導致嬰兒死亡時，醫學界才徹底醒悟過來。

Actually, in New York City, pasteurization laws cut the infant mortality rate dramatically, from 240 deaths per 1,000 births in 1891 to just 71 deaths per 1,000 in 1921.

事實上，在紐約市，巴氏殺菌法大大降低了嬰兒死亡率，從 1891 年的每千名新生兒 240 例死亡降至 1921 年的每千名新生兒 71 例死亡。

By the 1920s, pasteurized milk was the norm.

到 20 世紀 20 年代，巴氏殺菌牛奶已成為常規。

The federal government established a gold standard for how milk should be pasteurized, stored, shipped, and distributed.

聯邦政府為牛奶的巴氏殺菌、儲存、運輸和分銷制定了黃金標準。

This was called the Grade A Pasteurized Milk Ordinance.

這就是《A 級巴氏殺菌奶條例》。

That's why on grocery store shelves and on the back of milk cartons, you see it says Grade A on it.

這就是為什麼在雜貨店的貨架上和牛奶盒的背面，你會看到上面寫著 A 級。

But this wasn't a mandatory policy.

但這並不是一項強制性政策。

Local and state governments could choose not to adopt it.

地方和州政府可以選擇不採用。

Most states, however, did go on to pass laws about milk pasteurization, even fully banning the sale of unpasteurized milk.

不過，大多數州還是通過了有關牛奶巴氏殺菌的法律，甚至全面禁止銷售未經巴氏殺菌的牛奶。

The first and only federal pasteurization law was passed in 1987, and it banned all interstate sales of unpasteurized milk.

第一部也是唯一一部聯邦巴氏殺菌法於 1987 年通過，該法禁止在州際間銷售未經巴氏殺菌的牛奶。

That means a farm can't produce raw milk in one state and then ship it to another for it to be sold.

這意味著農場不能在一個州生產生牛奶，然後運到另一個州銷售。

But remember, all of these pasteurization laws that we're talking about are about selling it, not drinking it.

但請記住，我們所說的這些巴氏殺菌法都是針對銷售的，而不是飲用的。

It's always been legal to consume raw milk anywhere in the country.

在國內任何地方飲用生牛奶都是合法的。

With the lack of access, raw milk was pushed to the fringe for most of the 20th century, but it has made a huge comeback in recent years.

由於缺乏途徑，在 20 世紀的大部分時間裡，生牛奶都被推到了邊緣地帶，但近年來它又大有捲土重來之勢。

The organic and natural food movements of the 2000s helped make it popular, and today, raw milk sales are absolutely soaring.

2000 年代的有機食品和天然食品運動使生鮮乳大受歡迎，如今，生鮮乳的銷量絕對是一路飆升。

In 2019, according to the FDA, 4.4% of Americans said they'd consumed raw milk in the last year.

據美國食品和藥物管理局（FDA）統計，2019 年有 4.4% 的美國人表示他們在去年飲用過生奶。

That number is almost certainly bigger today since the raw milk movement has really picked up steam within the last two years.

由於生鮮乳運動在過去兩年中真正興起，如今這個數字幾乎可以肯定會更大。

Weekly sales of raw milk increased by 21% just last year, and one recent survey found that about one quarter of American adults either don't think pasteurization kills bacteria and viruses or aren't sure if it does.

最近的一項調查發現，約四分之一的美國成年人不認為巴氏殺菌法能殺死細菌和病毒，或者不確定它是否能殺死細菌和病毒。

There's also been a trend of states relaxing their raw milk restrictions.

各州也有放寬生奶限制的趨勢。

In 1999, 26 states had full bans on the sale of raw milk.

1999 年，有 26 個州全面禁止銷售生牛奶。

Today, only 11 do.

如今，只有 11 個這樣做。

Some states allow it to be sold directly to consumers by the farms.

有些州允許農場直接向消費者出售。

Others that ban the sale of raw milk still even allow what's known as herd shares.

其他禁止銷售生牛奶的國家甚至還允許所謂的 "畜群共享"。

That means even if raw milk can't be sold commercially, state residents can buy shared ownership in a cow or a herd of cows and then get a portion of whatever raw milk is produced that way.

這意味著，即使生牛奶不能進行商業銷售，本州居民也可以購買一頭奶牛或一群奶牛的共同所有權，然後從這樣生產的生牛奶中獲得一部分。

Another weird tactic, I find kind of shady, that raw milk producers use to bypass state laws is to sell raw milk labeled as pet food.

我覺得生牛奶生產商繞過州法律的另一個怪招是把生牛奶貼上寵物食品的標籤出售。

But why is everyone going through all that trouble just to access raw milk?

但是，為什麼每個人都要費盡周折去獲取生牛奶呢？

Well, advocates believe it's healthier, claiming it has more probiotics, enzymes, and nutrients than pasteurized milk.

倡導者認為它更健康，聲稱它比巴氏殺菌奶含有更多的益生菌、酶和營養物質。

Some even say it can cure lactose intolerance, asthma, and chronic diseases like osteoporosis.

有人甚至說，它可以治療乳糖不耐症、哮喘和骨質疏鬆症等慢性疾病。

Others blame pasteurized milk for modern health problems like obesity and argue raw milk is more natural and better for digestion.

還有人將肥胖等現代健康問題歸咎於巴氏殺菌牛奶，並認為生牛奶更天然，更利於消化。

Health claims like this are actually spread all over the internet, so I had to do some serious research for this video, a lot of which was done with Ground News, an app and website that combines the world's news in one place, allowing me to compare coverage and verify sources of information.

類似這樣的健康說法其實在互聯網上到處都是，所以我必須為這段視頻做一些認真的研究，其中很多研究都是通過 Ground News 完成的，這是一個將全球新聞整合在一起的應用程序和網站，讓我能夠比較報道內容並核實資訊來源。

According to an article I found on Ground News, the California Department of Public Health actually detected bird flu inside a popular brand of raw milk.

根據我在 Ground News 上找到的一篇文章，加利福尼亞公共衛生部實際上在一種流行品牌的生牛奶中檢測到了禽流感。

I'm going to go into more detail on that later, but I'm grateful for Ground News in providing a lot more insight into this story than meets the eye.

我稍後會對此進行更詳細的介紹，但我很感謝《地面新聞》提供了比我們看到的更多關於這個故事的見解。

For example, they show me that hundreds of outlets have covered this story, the bias distribution of the coverage, so I know if the story is slanting one direction politically, and the factuality rating that tells me how trustworthy these sources really are.

例如，它們會告訴我有數百家媒體報道了這一新聞，報道的傾向性分佈情況，這樣我就能知道報道是否有政治傾向，以及事實性評級，告訴我這些消息來源的可信度到底有多高。

I love comparing the coverage to see which outlets are sharing each other's reporting.

我喜歡比較這些報道，看看哪些媒體在分享彼此的報道。

All of that helps me form the most accurate opinion on what's actually going on in the news.

所有這些都有助於我對新聞的實際情況形成最準確的看法。

Their blind spot feature is also pretty great, in that it could show me stories that I may have missed and fill in the critical gaps of my understanding of a story.

他們的 "盲點 "功能也非常棒，它可以向我展示我可能錯過的故事，填補我對故事理解的重要空白。

This bird flu story actually had way more coverage from the left than the right, making it a potential blind spot candidate for people who follow those outlets.

這起禽流感事件的左派報道實際上比右派多得多，是以對於關注這些媒體的人來說，這可能是一個盲點。

Echo chambers are a big no-no.

迴音室是大忌。

So go to ground.news.com or scan the QR code to subscribe.

請訪問 ground.news.com 或掃描二維碼訂閱。

My link saves you 50% on their top-tier Vantage plan, the same one I use, making it less than $5 a month.

通過我的鏈接，您可以在他們的頂級 Vantage 計劃上節省 50% 的費用，我用的也是這個計劃，每月不到 5 美元。

Makes for a great gift, too.

這也是一份很好的禮物。

Where is all this positive talk about raw milk actually coming from?

這些關於生牛奶的積極言論究竟從何而來？

Well, it started with research out of Switzerland, which showed that there may be a connection to children raised on a farm drinking raw milk, and the development of healthier immune systems.

瑞士的一項研究表明，在農場長大的兒童飲用生牛奶可能與免疫系統的健康發展有關。

This farm effect is actually incredibly interesting, as it was backed up by future studies conducted all across Europe and the US.

這種農場效應實際上非常有趣，因為在歐洲和美國各地進行的未來研究都證實了這一點。

These children that were raised on farms were truly found to have lower rates of allergies and asthma.

這些在農場長大的孩子的過敏症和哮喘發病率確實較低。

It's speculated that their immune systems develop differently with more regulatory T cells that help prevent allergic responses.

據推測，他們的免疫系統發育不同，有更多的調節性 T 細胞幫助防止過敏反應。

Raw milk may have also played a role because they have some nonspecific bioactive molecules that may subtly play a role in immune development.

生牛奶也可能發揮了作用，因為它們含有一些非特異性的生物活性分子，可能會在免疫發展過程中微妙地發揮作用。

Also, farm children develop gut microbiomes, that's the bacteria in your gut, that produce more butyrate.

此外，農場兒童的腸道微生物群，也就是腸道中的細菌，會產生更多的丁酸鹽。

It's a metabolite that's been linked to reduced asthma risk.

這是一種與降低哮喘風險有關的代謝物。

It's important to note these benefits were only seen with very early exposure, either in utero or during infancy.

值得注意的是，這些益處只有在子宮內或嬰兒期過早接觸才能看到。

So the protective effect was diminished with later life introduction.

是以，保護作用會隨著壽命的延長而減弱。

So that's why the hype for adults doesn't make a lot of sense.

是以，對成人的炒作並沒有多大意義。

Before we give raw milk a Nobel Prize, though, we need to consider a few points.

不過，在給生牛奶頒發諾貝爾獎之前，我們需要考慮幾點。

A, it's unclear to what extent raw milk alone contributes to allergy protection, versus the combined effect of farm living, you know, exposure to animals, cow sheds, and fermented animal feed.

A. 目前還不清楚生牛奶本身在多大程度上有助於預防過敏，而農場生活，你知道的，接觸動物、牛棚和發酵的動物飼料的綜合效應，又在多大程度上有助於預防過敏。

There's something to be said about the hygiene hypothesis.

衛生假說是有道理的。

B, most of these studies are based on small family-run farms in Europe.

B. 這些研究大多基於歐洲的小型家庭農場。

So it's unknown whether raw milk from industrial farms, or cows in different environments, will offer the same benefits.

是以，工業化牧場或不同環境中的奶牛所產的生牛奶是否能帶來同樣的益處，還是個未知數。

And finally, C, there are legitimate dangers to consuming raw milk, so let's touch on those.

最後，C，飲用生牛奶也有合理的危險，讓我們來談談這些危險。

Raw milk is significantly more dangerous to consume than pasteurized milk.

飲用生牛奶比飲用巴氏殺菌法牛奶危險得多。

It's 840 times more likely to cause significant illness.

它導致重大疾病的機率要高出 840 倍。

Between 1998 and 2018, raw milk caused over 2,600 illnesses, 228 hospitalizations, and three deaths.

1998 年至 2018 年間，生牛奶導致 2600 多人患病，228 人住院治療，3 人死亡。

Recent outbreaks have involved E. coli, salmonella, listeria, and even more scary, a batch of whole raw milk being voluntarily recalled tonight in California, after health officials detected bird flu in a sample sold in stores.

最近爆發的疫情涉及大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、李斯特菌，更可怕的是，加州今晚主動召回了一批全脂生牛奶，因為衛生官員在商店出售的樣品中檢測到了禽流感。

In states where raw milk isn't banned, there are protocols to prevent tainted milk from being bottled and sold.

在未禁止生牛奶的州，有防止受汙染牛奶裝瓶和銷售的協議。

But most experts say these safeguards aren't completely reliable, as even a small amount of dirt on a cow's udders, on the hands of the person milking the cow, can pose a risk.

但大多數專家表示，這些保障措施並不完全可靠，因為即使奶牛乳房上的少量汙垢，擠奶者手上的汙垢，也會帶來風險。

And testing for bacteria isn't a sure bet either, because they might be present at levels too low to detect.

細菌檢測也不是萬無一失的，因為細菌的含量可能太低而無法檢測。

In fact, one popular supplier called Raw Milk Farm, which frequently boasts of struggling to keep raw milk on shelves because of so much demand, has had numerous outbreaks tied to its raw milk and cheese products.

事實上，一家名為 "生鮮乳農場 "的著名供應商經常自誇，由於需求量太大，生鮮乳在貨架上很難保存，但它的生鮮乳和奶酪產品卻多次爆發疫情。

This is why pasteurization was created, and it certainly doesn't destroy all the good microbes in milk, or significantly reduce its nutritional value.

這也是巴氏殺菌法誕生的原因，它當然不會破壞牛奶中所有的有益微生物，也不會明顯降低牛奶的營養價值。

Pasteurized milk has just as much calcium and keeps stable vitamins like B6 and B12 in raw milk.

巴氏殺菌奶的鈣含量與生奶相同，並能保持穩定的維生素，如 B6 和 B12。

So why is this movement suddenly gaining traction?

那麼，這場運動為何突然受到追捧呢？

It's probably not just about health.

這可能不僅僅與健康有關。

The modern raw milk movement is tied to a broader trend of distrusting experts and regulatory agencies like the FDA.

現代生鮮乳運動與不信任專家和食品及藥物管理局等監管機構的大趨勢息息相關。

Advocates see raw milk as a symbol of freedom and natural living.

倡導者將生牛奶視為自由和自然生活的象徵。

But drinking raw milk to make a statement seems pretty reckless.

但為了發表聲明而喝生奶似乎非常魯莽。

Take what happened in West Virginia in 2016.

就拿 2016 年在西弗吉尼亞州發生的事情來說吧。

When the state lifted its raw milk ban, politicians celebrated with glasses of raw milk, and many of them got sick almost immediately.

當該州取消生牛奶禁令時，政客們紛紛舉杯慶祝，其中許多人幾乎立刻就病倒了。

One representative blamed it on a stomach bug, but come on, we know better.

一位代表將其歸咎於胃病，但拜託，我們更清楚。

So, all in all, is raw milk worth the risk?

總而言之，生牛奶值得冒險嗎？

Right now, I think not.

現在，我覺得還不行。

Remember, everything has a trade-off in healthcare.

請記住，在醫療保健領域，任何事情都要有所取捨。

And trading the well-proven risk of foodborne illness for the unproven health benefits just doesn't seem worth it.

用已經證實的食源性疾病風險來換取未經證實的健康益處似乎並不值得。

And if we're being honest, pasteurization is a public health triumph that has saved countless lives and should be celebrated.

老實說，巴氏殺菌法在公共衛生方面取得了巨大成功，挽救了無數人的生命，應該為之喝彩。

But what I will say is we definitely need more research on the benefits of raw milk, and even more specifically, on other ways we can disinfect milk that might keep more bioactive compounds around.

但我要說的是，我們肯定需要對生牛奶的益處進行更多的研究，甚至更具體地說，需要對牛奶消毒的其他方法進行更多的研究，以保留更多的生物活性化合物。

Let's not forget the lessons of history and make public health decisions based on good science, not emotions.

讓我們不要忘記歷史的教訓，在做出公共衛生決策時要以科學為依據，而不是感情用事。

The first doctor to recommend washing hands was murdered.

第一個建議洗手的醫生被謀殺了。

Click here to check that out.

點擊這裡查看。

Really interesting story, animated too.

非常有趣的故事，還有動畫。

As always, stay happy and healthy.

一如既往，保持健康快樂。