I've loved dinosaurs since I was a kid, but it turns out that a lot of what I thought I knew is actually wrong, or at least outdated.

我從小就喜歡恐龍，但事實證明，我以為自己知道的很多事情其實都是錯的，或者至少是過時的。

So, in this video, I'm going to show you the cutting edge of dinosaur discovery.

是以，在這段視頻中，我將向你展示恐龍發現的最前沿。

I'm going to give you rare access into a warehouse full of dinosaur bones, go out into the field, and try to discover my own fossil, and show you something new these scientists just discovered.

我將讓你們進入一個裝滿恐龍骨的倉庫，到野外去發現我自己的化石，並向你們展示科學家們剛剛發現的新東西。

I think we've got ourselves a dinosaur.

我想我們已經有了一隻恐龍。

A new look at dinosaurs.

恐龍的新面貌

The golden age of dinosaur discovery.

恐龍發現的黃金時代

Uncovering almost one new dinosaur species a week.

幾乎每週都會發現一個新的恐龍物種。

There's so much more to these amazing creatures than we really have just begun.

這些神奇生物的故事遠不止這些。

I think I found a dinosaur bone.

我想我找到了一塊恐龍骨。

We're in Alberta, Canada, and we are on our way to an active dinosaur dig site.

我們在加拿大艾伯塔省，正在前往一個活躍的恐龍挖掘現場。

This is a huge moment in dinosaur discovery.

這是恐龍發現的一個重要時刻。

Scientists are discovering more dinosaurs now than at any other time in history.

科學家現在發現的恐龍比歷史上任何時期都要多。

They're finding a new species each week, on average.

他們平均每週發現一個新物種。

And those discoveries are shaking up what we thought we knew about these ancient animals.

這些發現顛覆了我們對這些古老動物的認識。

The dig site that we're headed to now is special.

我們現在要去的挖掘地點很特別。

The rumor is that they've uncovered something really cool.

有傳言說，他們發現了一些非常酷的東西。

So, I don't know what we're going to find, but my big goal is to actually help discover a dinosaur bone today.

所以，我不知道我們會發現什麼，但我的最大目標是今天能幫助發現一具恐龍骨。

If I can do that, oh my god.

如果我能做到，我的天哪。

The site that we're going to is full of a herd of dinosaurs called Pachyrhinosaurus.

我們要去的地方有一群恐龍，名叫 "棘鼻龍"。

We have the big adults, we have the little babies, we have the teenagers.

我們有成年人，我們有嬰兒，我們有青少年。

That's Dr. Emily Bamforth, the paleontologist in charge of this site.

這位是艾米麗-巴姆福斯博士，負責這個遺址的古生物學家。

They're not sure what exactly killed this herd.

他們還不確定究竟是什麼殺死了這群人。

It could have been a natural disaster, like a flood, but they know that it killed them all at the same time.

這可能是一場自然災害，比如洪水，但他們知道，洪水同時奪走了他們的生命。

And then later, they were buried in mud that turned to stone over 73 million years.

後來，它們被埋在泥土中，經過 7300 萬年變成了石頭。

But that's a problem for us today, because they're not preserved as individual animals where they fell.

但這對今天的我們來說是個問題，因為它們沒有作為單獨的動物保存下來。

They're all sort of mixed together.

它們都混在一起。

That's right.

這就對了。

So, we lovingly refer to it as our Pachyrhinosaurus omelet.

是以，我們親切地稱它為 "棘龍煎蛋卷"。

It's basically hundreds, potentially thousands of animals kind of jumbled up together in this one deposit.

基本上，數以百計，甚至可能數以千計的動物都混雜在這個礦床裡。

Putting together a dinosaur is kind of like doing a puzzle, except...

拼裝恐龍有點像拼圖，只不過...

You don't know what the picture on the front of the box is.

你不知道盒子正面的圖片是什麼。

You're missing half the pieces.

你少了一半。

There's pieces from other puzzles thrown in.

還有其他謎題的碎片。

And then the pieces sometimes are ripped and torn so they don't fit properly.

有時，這些部件會被撕裂，無法正常使用。

The hardest jigsaw puzzle in the world.

世界上最難的拼圖遊戲

Basically, yep.

基本上，是的。

So, how do you know that you're doing the puzzle right?

那麼，怎樣才能知道自己做的拼圖是正確的呢？

How do we know that any of these dinosaurs are right?

我們怎麼知道這些恐龍都是對的呢？

Well, we're about to see how they do it.

我們馬上就能看到他們是如何做到的了。

Oh wow.

哦，哇

Oh my god.

我的天啊

Here we are.

我們到了

This is it.

就是這裡

Because it's one of the densest dinosaur bone beds in North America.

因為它是北美最密集的恐龍骨床之一。

So, the estimated number of animals is somewhere from 6,000 to 10,000.

是以，估計動物的數量在 6 000 到 10 000 之間。

Oh my god.

我的天啊

Among all the bones in this huge dinosaur omelet, there's one type that's rare and special to find intact.

在這個巨大的恐龍蛋餅中的所有骨頭中，有一種類型的骨頭非常罕見，而且很特別，可以完整地找到。

A skull.

一個頭骨

And they just found one.

他們剛剛找到了一個。

So, this thing here is a big skull.

所以，這個東西是一個大骷髏。

And everything that's around it is all bone as well.

周圍的一切也都是骨頭。

Can I touch it?

我能摸摸嗎？

Yeah, go ahead.

好，說吧

It feels like a rock.

感覺就像一塊石頭。

It basically is a rock.

它基本上就是一塊石頭。

Are you freaking out right now?

你現在是不是嚇壞了？

Yeah, I'm totally freaking out right now.

是啊，我現在完全嚇壞了。

This is so awesome.

這真是太棒了。

They're hoping to pull this skull out of the ground in the next few weeks.

他們希望能在未來幾周內把這個頭骨從地裡挖出來。

But if that's a tachyrhinosaurus skull, how big was the rest of it?

但如果那是棘龍的頭骨，那麼它的其他部分有多大？

It turns out a lot has changed about what we think dinosaurs actually looked like, including their size.

事實證明，我們認為恐龍的真實面貌已經發生了很大變化，包括它們的體型。

So, let me show you.

那麼，讓我來給你演示一下。

Okay, so I want you to imagine this skull coming out of the ground.

好了，我要你們想象這個頭骨從地裡鑽出來的樣子。

It would look like this.

它看起來是這樣的

This dinosaur had a big bony bump on the front of its nose called the bot, and a bony frill and horns on the back of its head.

這種恐龍的鼻子前端有一個很大的骨質凸起，稱為 "肉瘤"，後腦勺上有一個骨質邊緣和角。

Using bones collected in the area and around the world, and referencing similar dinosaurs and animals that are alive today, scientists put together the rest of the skeleton like this.

科學家們利用在該地區和世界各地收集到的骨頭，並參考了類似的恐龍和今天還活著的動物，拼湊出了這樣一副骨架的其餘部分。

Now imagine the dinosaur comes back to life.

現在想象一下，恐龍復活了。

It's about that big, which is huge.

差不多就這麼大，這可不得了。

Compared to other dinosaurs, this guy was medium in size, which is wild and makes me wonder, how big were the rest of them?

與其他恐龍相比，這傢伙體型適中，這太瘋狂了，讓我不禁要問，其他恐龍有多大？

If you lined up a bunch of dinosaurs from smallest to largest, you'd see the teeny little anguillornis, just a little bit bigger than a basketball.

如果你把一堆恐龍從小到大排成一排，你會看到比籃球只大一點點的小安吉龍。

You'd see the consignathus, the size of a small chicken.

你會看到像小雞一樣大小的 Consignathus。

The famous velociraptor would actually be here, except in real life they were about this big, which is not the size they looked in Jurassic Park.

大名鼎鼎的迅猛龍其實就在這裡，只不過在現實生活中，它們也就這麼大，和《侏羅紀公園》裡的樣子不一樣。

And newer research shows that they didn't look like that.

而最新的研究表明，他們並不像那樣。

Velociraptors had feathers.

迅猛龍有羽毛

To be fair to Jurassic Park, though, they didn't know that.

不過，為了對《侏羅紀公園》公平起見，他們並不知道這一點。

The reason the velociraptors don't have feathers is because we didn't know that those kind of dinosaurs had feathers at the time.

伶盜龍之所以沒有羽毛，是因為當時我們還不知道這種恐龍有羽毛。

In 1998, this discovery in China changed our understanding of what some dinosaurs looked like, and other discoveries since have confirmed that more dinosaurs had feathers than we thought.

1998 年，中國的這一發現改變了我們對某些恐龍長相的認識，此後的其他發現證實，比我們想象的更多恐龍長有羽毛。

And there's still a lot of debate about what the color and the outside appearance of dinosaurs actually looked like.

關於恐龍的顏色和外表究竟是什麼樣的，至今仍有很多爭論。

We'll get to that in a minute.

我們稍後再談。

One step bigger than the velociraptor would be the niacisaurus, about the size of a German shepherd.

比迅猛龍更大的是尼基斯龍，大約有德國牧羊犬那麼大。

Then our pachyrhinosaurus would be here.

那麼我們的棘龍就會在這裡了。

One of my favorites, the triceratops, was about the height of an Asian elephant, but much longer.

我最喜歡的一種三角龍，身高與亞洲象差不多，但比亞洲象要長得多。

Here's the stegosaurus and the t-rex.

這是劍龍和霸王龍。

And from here on, the sizes get nutty.

從這裡開始，尺寸就變得瘋狂起來。

These dinosaurs were bigger than school buses.

這些恐龍比校車還大。

They were taller than buildings.

它們比大樓還高。

One of the largest known dinosaurs, the argentinosaurus, was about as long and heavier than a commercial airplane.

已知最大的恐龍之一阿根廷龍的身長和體重都超過了一架商用飛機。

Can you imagine what it was like when these animals walked the earth?

你能想象這些動物在地球上行走時的情景嗎？

But here's the thing.

但問題是

They didn't all walk it at the same time.

他們並不是同時走的。

Really common misconception is that all dinosaurs lived all at the same time.

真正常見的誤解是，所有恐龍都生活在同一時期。

Dinosaurs lived for way longer than most people think.

恐龍生活的時間比大多數人想象的要長。

If this is all of recorded human history, and this is the time since humans diverged from apes, this is the time when dinosaurs were alive.

如果這就是有記載的人類歷史的全部，這就是人類從猿類分化而來的時間，這就是恐龍活著的時間。

Dinosaurs ruled the earth for 180 million years.

恐龍統治地球長達 1.8 億年。

We are nothing in comparison.

相比之下，我們什麼都不是。

And the dinosaurs that we know today were spread out through this enormous history, which means that some of the dinosaurs I think of as being alive at the same time were actually separated by millions of years.

而我們今天所知道的恐龍，是在這漫長的歷史長河中散佈開來的，這意味著我認為同時生存的一些恐龍，實際上相隔了數百萬年。

There was more time that separates stegosaurus from t-rex than separates t-rex from us.

盜龍與霸王龍之間的時間差比霸王龍與我們之間的時間差還要長。

What?

什麼？

Yeah.

是啊

That's an amazing fact.

這是一個驚人的事實。

I had no idea.

我完全不知道。

The stegosaurus was an ancient relic to the t-rex.

劍龍是霸王龍的遠古遺物。

My whole childhood was a lie.

我的整個童年都是謊言。

They're about to let me look for some dinosaur bones.

他們準備讓我去找一些恐龍骨頭。

I've been waiting for this moment my whole entire life.

我一生都在等待這一刻。

So no pressure.

所以沒有壓力。

But if I don't find something, I'm going to be devastated.

但如果找不到，我會很傷心的。

I'm probably not going to find it.

我可能找不到了。

I'm probably going to find like a chicken bone.

我可能會找到像雞骨頭一樣的東西。

But just searching.

但只是在尋找。

I'm so psyched.

我太激動了

But first, let me show you something.

但首先，讓我給你看樣東西。

I'm trying to correct what I got wrong about dinosaurs.

我試圖糾正我對恐龍的錯誤認識。

But understanding the news, especially science news, can be a challenge.

但是，理解新聞，尤其是科學新聞，可能是一項挑戰。

That's why for this story, I wanted to partner with Ground News.

這就是為什麼我想與 Ground News 合作撰寫這篇報道。

Their website and app gathers related articles on the same topic in one place so you can compare coverage and get a more well-rounded understanding of an issue.

他們的網站和應用程序將同一主題的相關文章集中在一個地方，這樣您就可以比較報道內容，更全面地瞭解問題。

I use Ground News to understand the information that I'm reading, where it's coming from, and how factual it is, which is something that I care a lot about.

我通過 "地面新聞 "來了解我所閱讀的資訊、資訊的來源以及資訊的真實性，這是我非常關心的。

And it's crucial for making huge of truth.

而這一點，對於弘揚真理至關重要。

Like here, a few months ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to AI researchers.

就像這裡，幾個月前，諾貝爾物理學獎授予了人工智能研究人員。

On Ground News, I can see that over 300 news outlets reported on this.

在 "地面新聞 "上，我看到有 300 多家新聞機構報道了此事。

They also show you the political leaning of those news outlets on how reliable their reporting practices are.

它們還能讓你瞭解這些新聞機構的政治傾向，以及它們的報道方式有多可靠。

Plus, I can compare all the headlines.

此外，我還可以比較所有的頭條新聞。

One outlet likens AI to the invention of penicillin, which changed the world, while another raises concerns about potential negative consequences of AI.

一家媒體將人工智能比作改變世界的青黴素的發明，另一家媒體則對人工智能可能帶來的負面影響表示擔憂。

I want to see the differences because I care about how news is framed, particularly when it comes to science and tech.

我想看到這些差異，因為我關心新聞的框架，尤其是涉及科技領域的新聞。

If you do too, I think you'll appreciate Ground News.

如果你也是，我想你會喜歡《地面新聞》的。

And right now, they're offering huge of truth viewers 50% off their Vantage plan.

現在，他們正在為 "真相 "頻道的觀眾提供 Vantage 計劃半價優惠。

To check it out, just scan this QR code or go to ground.news.clio.

如需查看，只需掃描此二維碼或訪問 ground.news.clio。

Make sure to scan the QR code or use this link if you do sign up because that helps out this channel.

如果您註冊，請務必掃描二維碼或使用此鏈接，因為這對本頻道很有幫助。

Big thanks to Ground News for sponsoring this video and for supporting optimistic, independent journalism.

非常感謝 Ground News 贊助本視頻並支持樂觀、獨立的新聞報道。

Now, back to the story.

現在，回到故事上來。

All right, here's how to hunt for dinosaurs.

好了，這就是尋找恐龍的方法。

There are two rules.

有兩條規則。

So the first one is that you always want to be working horizontal to the bone layer.

首先，你要始終與骨骼層保持水準。

The reason being, like, as soon as you do this, you run the risk of, like, accidentally stabbing a bone.

原因是，一旦你這樣做，就有可能不小心刺到骨頭。

The second rule is to always keep your sight clean.

第二條規則是始終保持視線清潔。

So we say a clean sight is a happy sight.

所以我們說，乾淨的視線就是幸福的視線。

All right, the moment I've been waiting for my whole life.

好吧，這一刻我等了一輩子。

Here I go.

我來了

Just, just, I'm just going to be here for a while.

只是，只是，我只是要在這裡呆一會兒。

Just, you guys, you guys can go.

你們可以走了

But as I worked, I wondered, how many of each dinosaur have we found?

但我一邊工作一邊想，我們發現了多少種恐龍？

Some huge proportion of species are known from a single specimen, which is crazy.

有很大一部分物種是通過單一標本瞭解到的，這太瘋狂了。

Yeah.

是啊

Turns out almost half of all dinosaur species are known from a single specimen.

原來，幾乎一半的恐龍物種都是通過一個標本得知的。

And many of those fossils are incomplete.

而這些化石中有許多是不完整的。

Meaning we take the pieces that we do find and we extrapolate what the rest of it could have looked like.

也就是說，我們從找到的碎片中推斷出其餘部分的樣子。

That makes the job of identifying what's a new species and what's just a piece of an already existing dinosaur really tricky.

這就使得鑑別什麼是新物種，什麼只是已經存在的恐龍的一部分變得非常棘手。

We are nowhere near having all the dinosaurs that ever lived.

我們還遠遠沒有擁有所有曾經生活過的恐龍。

And the dinosaurs that we have found aren't final.

我們發現的恐龍並不是最終的恐龍。

They're an ongoing group project among scientists all around the world.

它們是全世界科學家正在進行的一個集體項目。

Take, for example, maybe the world's most famous dinosaur.

以世界上最著名的恐龍為例。

The T-Rex.

霸王龍

Doesn't look like you think.

看起來不像你想的那樣

Scientists and artists have been imagining dinosaurs for hundreds of years.

數百年來，科學家和藝術家們一直在想象恐龍。

Based on early discoveries, they thought that the T-Rex was a lean predator that stood upright like a kangaroo.

根據早期的發現，他們認為霸王龍是一種像袋鼠一樣直立的瘦弱食肉動物。

You may have seen their traditional T-Rex in the kangaroo pose, like standing up with his tail dragging on the ground.

你可能見過它傳統的袋鼠姿勢，比如站起來，尾巴拖在地上。

But the more they compared the T-Rex's hip and thigh bones to modern upright animals, they realized that they didn't quite make sense.

但是，他們越是將霸王龍的髖骨和大腿骨與現代直立動物進行比較，就越是發現它們並不完全合理。

New computer models showed that standing upright would put too much weight on its hips, but leaning forward would be much more stable.

新的計算機模型顯示，直立會使臀部承受過多重量，而前傾則會更加穩定。

We now understand these animals are more like teeter-totters.

我們現在知道，這些動物更像是蹺蹺板。

And they weren't very lean either.

他們也不是很瘦。

Rib-like bones were found with this old famous T-Rex skeleton, Sue.

在這具古老而著名的霸王龍骨架上發現了類似肋骨的骨頭，蘇。

But it wasn't until 2018 when they realized that these ribs would have had to float in the T-Rex's abdomen like crocodiles have today.

但直到 2018 年，他們才意識到這些肋骨必須像今天的鱷魚一樣漂浮在霸王龍的腹部。

And they realized that the T-Rex would have been way chunkier than they thought.

他們意識到，霸王龍比他們想象的要笨重得多。

Which means that it was probably an ambush predator jumping out at you, not a pursuit predator chasing you down in a Jeep.

也就是說，可能是埋伏的捕食者向你撲來，而不是開著吉普車追趕你的捕食者。

In fact, most dinosaurs were chunkier than people thought.

事實上，大多數恐龍都比人們想象的要胖。

But before I show you that, do you think that's a bone?

但在我給你看之前，你覺得那是骨頭嗎？

I'm pretty sure both of these are bones.

我敢肯定，這兩個都是骨頭。

I'm pretty sure I found a dinosaur bone.

我敢肯定我找到了恐龍骨。

I think I'm touching a dinosaur bone.

我想我摸到的是恐龍骨。

There it is.

就在那兒。

Oh my God.

我的天啊

Might also be a bone of like a large chicken or something.

也可能是大雞骨頭之類的東西。

Am I right?

我說得對嗎？

Okay, I think there's two bones.

好吧，我覺得有兩塊骨頭。

I think this is a bone.

我認為這是一塊骨頭。

And I think this is a bone under here too.

我認為這也是這下面的一塊骨頭。

Yep.

是的。

Oh my God, they're everywhere.

天哪，到處都是。

I also didn't realize that I narrowly avoided disaster.

我也沒有意識到，我險些躲過了災難。

This is bone too, actually.

其實這也是骨頭。

Stop, really?

停下來，真的嗎？

Yep, all right, I didn't spot that one.

是的，好吧，我沒看出來。

How do you know?

你怎麼知道？

I can see like those little white specks in there.

我可以看到裡面有白色的小斑點。

That's kind of like the arrow chocolate bar.

這有點像箭頭巧克力棒。

Look at the texture of this.

看看這個的紋理。

I had no idea what I was looking at.

我不知道自己在看什麼。

I thought I was looking for something like that, which is the outside of the bone.

我以為我在找類似的東西，也就是骨頭的外側。

Yeah, that is the cross section.

是的，這就是橫截面。

That's the arrow bar part, the inside texture.

這是箭頭條的部分，也就是裡面的紋理。

Good thing I didn't chip away at that one.

幸好我沒有削掉它。

Thank you.

謝謝。

This is one of the coolest experiences of my life.

這是我一生中最酷的經歷之一。

I realize that this is just like another Tuesday for you, but this is really cool.

我知道這對你來說又是一個星期二，但這真的很酷。

It is pretty cool.

這很酷。

Like I said, the thrill never wears off.

就像我說的，這種快感永遠不會消失。

But finding a bone isn't even the coolest part.