The next best way is read extensively in it.

其次，最好的辦法是廣泛閱讀。

That's what Christine Nuttall wrote back in 1996 and decades of research have proven her right.

這是 Christine Nuttall 在 1996 年寫的，幾十年的研究證明她是對的。

But what exactly is extensive reading and why is it so effective?

但究竟什麼是廣泛閱讀，為什麼它如此有效？

We look at the science behind it, explore the sweet spot rule that tells you exactly what level you should be reading at, discover the virtue cycle that makes reading not just effective but actually enjoyable over time and learn about Zipf's law which should help you choose your material.

我們將探討其背後的科學原理，探索 "甜蜜點 "法則，它能告訴你應該在什麼水準上進行閱讀，發現 "美德循環"，它能讓閱讀不僅有效，而且能讓你長期享受閱讀的樂趣，我們還將瞭解齊普夫法則，它能幫助你選擇閱讀材料。

What are common pitfalls and how can we implement practical strategies to make use of the best language learning method available to us?

有哪些常見的誤區，我們又該如何實施實用的策略，利用現有的最佳語言學習方法？

As Stephen Krashen, one of the most influential researchers in language acquisition puts it, free voluntary reading may be the most powerful tool we have in language education.

正如最有影響力的語言習得研究者之一斯蒂芬-克拉申（Stephen Krashen）所說，自由自願的閱讀可能是我們在語言教育中最有力的工具。

In fact, it appears too good to be true.

事實上，這似乎好得不像真的。

Let's start by understanding what extensive reading actually is and more importantly what it isn't.

讓我們先來了解一下什麼是廣泛閱讀，更重要的是什麼不是廣泛閱讀。

When we talk about reading in language learning, there are three different levels we need to understand.

談到語文學習中的閱讀，我們需要了解三個不同的層次。

The extensive reading foundation breaks it down like this.

廣泛閱讀基金會是這樣分解的。

First, there's what they call reading pain.

首先是所謂的閱讀痛苦。

That's when you understand less than 90% of the words.

這時候，你能聽懂的話還不到 90%。

At this stage, you are constantly reaching for the dictionary, you might get frustrated and you are barely able to follow the story.

在這個階段，你會不停地翻閱字典，你可能會感到沮喪，而且幾乎跟不上故事情節。

If you are a beginner in a language, sometimes all the material can feel exactly like that.

如果你是一門語言的初學者，有時所有的材料都會給你這樣的感覺。

Then there's intensive reading.

然後是精讀。

That's when you understand between 90 and 98% of the words.

這時，你能聽懂 90% 到 98% 的單詞。

This is your typical textbook reading when you're exposed to new words, maybe you're even taking notes and you're sort of actively studying the language.

這就是典型的教科書閱讀，你會接觸到新單詞，甚至會做筆記，算是在積極地學習語言。

Here again, you might be opening the translator or dictionary frequently.

同樣，您可能會經常打開翻譯器或詞典。

It's useful, intensive reading is definitely useful, but it's not what we're talking about today.

這很有用，精讀肯定有用，但這不是我們今天要討論的內容。

What we're interested in is extensive reading.

我們感興趣的是廣泛閱讀。

According to the extensive reading foundation, that means understanding 98% or more of the words.

根據廣泛閱讀基金會的說法，這意味著能理解 98% 或更多的單詞。

That means you encounter only two to four new words per page.

這意味著每頁只遇到 2 到 4 個新單詞。

And this seems to be where the magic happens.

這似乎就是神奇之處。

The READ acronym gives us a good guideline.

READ 縮寫詞為我們提供了一個很好的指南。

Read quickly and enjoyably with adequate comprehension so you don't need a dictionary.

快速閱讀，愉快閱讀，充分理解，這樣就不需要字典了。

This does, however, sound a little counterintuitive.

不過，這聽起來確實有點違背直覺。

Aren't we supposed to challenge ourselves with harder materials?

我們不是應該用更難的材料來挑戰自己嗎？

Well, that's exactly what makes extensive reading to be too good to be true.

這正是讓廣泛閱讀變得好得不真實的原因。

There are countless studies that show all kinds of benefits and we will quickly go through them next.

有無數的研究顯示了各種益處，接下來我們將快速瀏覽這些研究。

Think about how you learned your native language.

想想你是如何學習母語的。

You didn't start by reading Shakespeare.

你不是從讀莎士比亞開始的。

You started with very simple stories, gradually building up your understanding.

你從非常簡單的故事開始，逐漸加深理解。

The same principle applies here.

同樣的原則在這裡也適用。

When you read material at your level, you're seeing vocabulary and grammar patterns in their natural context, over and over again.

當你閱讀與你的水準相當的材料時，你會一遍又一遍地看到自然語境中的詞彙和文法模式。

This repetition is crucial.

這種重複至關重要。

Each time you encounter a word or pattern in different contexts, your brain strengthens its understanding.

每次在不同的語境中遇到一個單詞或模式，大腦就會加強對它的理解。

This is way more effective than memorizing word lists and it happens subconsciously, which makes the whole prospect of extensive reading so appealing.

這比背誦單詞表要有效得多，而且是在潛意識中進行的，是以廣泛閱讀的整個前景是如此吸引人。

You're not actively studying.

你沒有積極學習。

You're just reading what you enjoy.

你只是在讀自己喜歡的東西。

So here it is.

就這樣吧。

Reading improves your reading skills.

閱讀能提高你的閱讀能力。

Thank you for watching.

感謝您的收看。

Alright, that's not shocking news.

好吧，這不是什麼令人震驚的消息。

What's more interesting is that it enhances almost every aspect of language learning.

更有趣的是，它幾乎能增強語言學習的各個方面。

Similar to the vocabulary exposure, your grammar improves because you're constantly seeing correct patterns that your brain picks up on.

與接觸詞彙類似，你的文法也會得到改善，因為你會不斷看到正確的模式，大腦也會記住這些模式。

That way your writing gets better because you're internalizing how sentences are structured and what vocabulary to use in what context.

這樣，你的寫作就會越來越好，因為你正在內化句子的結構以及在什麼語境下使用什麼詞彙。

But even your listening and, yes, speaking can improve from reading extensively through something called sub-vocalization.

但是，即使是聽力，是的，口語也可以通過一種叫做 "次發聲 "的方式從大量閱讀中得到提高。

Ever noticed that little voice in your head?

有沒有注意過你腦海中的那個聲音？

Sometimes it can be annoying as hell, but when you read, it's at least focused on the text in front of you.

有時，它可能會讓人討厭至極，但當你閱讀時，它至少會專注於眼前的文字。

Hopefully.

但願如此。

That's sub-vocalization.

這就是次發聲。

You're actually practicing pronunciation in your mind as you read.

實際上，你在閱讀的同時就已經在腦海中練習發音了。

I've had this experience countless times where I used a phrase in English that I've never consciously studied.

我有過無數次這樣的經歷：我用了一個從未有意識學習過的英語短語。

They just come naturally from all the reading I've done, since I've been reading pretty much only English books for the past 10 years or so.

因為在過去的十多年裡，我幾乎只讀英文書，所以它們就自然而然地從我的閱讀中產生了。

I'm currently in the process of switching everything from English to Spanish following all the guidelines that I talk about in this video.

目前，我正在按照視頻中提到的所有指導原則，將所有內容從英語轉換為西班牙語。

Now, the sweet spot rule suggests that you should know 98% of the words when reading extensively.

根據 "甜蜜點法則"，在大量閱讀時，你應該認識 98% 的單詞。

But from my experience, this rule is definitely a little bendable.

但根據我的經驗，這條規則絕對是可以變通的。

I find 90 to 95% completely reasonable.

我認為 90%至 95%完全合理。

Even when I encounter unknown words, I just often keep reading and completely ignore the fact that I don't understand said word, and therefore maybe not even understand the meaning of the sentence.

即使遇到不認識的單詞，我也常常會繼續讀下去，完全忽略了自己不理解這個單詞的事實，是以甚至可能不理解句子的意思。

However, that word will probably appear again, and then again, and again in different contexts, and eventually I will understand it.

不過，這個詞可能會在不同的語境中再出現，再出現，再出現，最終我會理解它。

And if it doesn't appear again, well, then maybe it wasn't that important for understanding the story anyway.

如果它不再出現，那麼也許它對理解故事並不那麼重要。

So in my opinion, words don't have to click on the first encounter.

是以，在我看來，文字不一定要在第一次相遇時就點擊。

There's also another practical reason why I'm not so strict about this 98% rule, and that is finding material that exactly hits this sweet spot can be very challenging, especially as a beginner.

我之所以不嚴格遵守這個 98% 的規則，還有一個實際原因，那就是要找到完全符合這個甜蜜點的材料是非常具有挑戰性的，尤其是對於初學者來說。

If you don't have a basic vocabulary foundation, extensive reading can feel somewhat impossible.

如果沒有基本的詞彙基礎，廣泛的閱讀就顯得有些不可能。

The rule and extensive reading in general becomes more and more important the more you progress in your language learning journey.

在語言學習的過程中，規則和廣泛閱讀變得越來越重要。

So if you're a complete beginner, there are better ways to start.

是以，如果你是一個完全的初學者，還有更好的入門方法。

Comprehensible input videos have two major advantages of a reading when you're a beginner.

對於初學者來說，可理解的輸入視頻與朗讀相比有兩大優勢。

First, the visual element makes content more easily understandable, even if you are far from the 98% vocabulary mark.

首先，視覺元素使內容更容易理解，即使你的詞彙量遠未達到 98% 的標準。

You can grasp what's happening through context, gestures, and visual cues.

您可以通過上下文、手勢和視覺提示來了解正在發生的事情。

Second, and this is crucial, you're listening to the language.

其次，這一點很重要，你要聽懂語言。

Starting with listening can improve your pronunciation later on, because you develop an ear for how the language sounds.

從聽力入手可以改善你以後的發音，因為你可以培養自己對語言發音的聽力。

If you jump straight into reading, you might fall into the trap of doing sub-vocalization for everything you read in your native language's sound system, and therefore you might develop some bad pronunciation habits that are harder to fix later on.

如果你直接開始閱讀，你可能會陷入用母語的聲音系統對閱讀的所有內容進行次發聲的陷阱，是以你可能會養成一些不好的發音習慣，而這些習慣以後很難糾正。

So sub-vocalization can kind of be amazing or a curse, depending on your level.

是以，次發聲可以是一種神奇，也可以是一種詛咒，這取決於你的水準。

You can circumvent that with books that you own both in written form as well as the audio version.

您可以使用自己擁有的書面形式和音頻版本的書籍來避免這種情況。

That way you can listen and read at the same time or switch between the two, so maybe listen to one chapter first and then read it again later on in the day.

這樣，您就可以同時聽和讀，或者在兩者之間切換，也許可以先聽一章，然後過一會兒再讀。

So as you progress, I advise you to incorporate more and more reading.

是以，隨著你的進步，我建議你加入越來越多的閱讀。

Another tip here is that comics, graphic novels, and manga are great for this transition period.

另一個建議是，漫畫、圖畫小說和漫畫非常適合這個過渡時期。

I read several volumes of One Piece in Spanish, and it was noticeably easier than regular books, because the images provided so much context.

我用西班牙語讀了幾卷《海賊王》，明顯比普通書籍容易，因為影像提供了很多背景資訊。

This made inferring word meanings much more natural and easier, and most importantly, it was just enjoyable.

這讓推斷詞義變得更加自然和容易，最重要的是，這讓人感到愉快。

I can't stress this often enough.

這一點我怎麼強調都不為過。

The best technique to learn a language is the one you actually do consistently and with joy, so that motivation becomes irrelevant.

學習語言的最佳方法是堅持不懈地快樂學習，是以動機變得無關緊要。

Compelling input appears to eliminate the need for motivation, a conscious desire to improve.

令人信服的輸入似乎消除了對動機的需求，即一種有意識的改進願望。

When you get compelling input, you acquire whether you are interested in improving or not.

當你獲得令人信服的意見時，你就會知道自己是否有興趣改進。

For both the lower intermediate and upper intermediate level, you can use graded readers, which are books adapted to your level.

對於中低級和中高級水準，您可以使用分級讀物，即根據您的水準進行調整的書籍。

And once you reach an advanced level, particularly if you're aiming to move from B2 to C1, to me, reading becomes almost non-negotiable.

而一旦達到高級水準，尤其是如果你的目標是從 B2 升至 C1，對我來說，閱讀就變得幾乎不可或缺。

But at the same time, at this point, you also have access to so much more material.

但同時，在這一點上，你也能獲得更多的材料。

This brings us to the virtuous cycle of reading, a powerful feedback loop that makes the whole process self-sustaining.

這就是閱讀的良性循環，一個強大的反饋循環，使整個過程自我維持。

It works like this.

它是這樣工作的

The more you read, the better you understand.

讀得越多，理解得越透徹。

When you understand better, you can read faster.

理解得越透徹，閱讀速度就越快。

Reading faster makes the experience generally more enjoyable, because you don't need to look up so much, which makes you want to read more.

閱讀速度越快，一般來說閱讀體驗就越愉快，因為你不需要查那麼多資料，這讓你想讀得更多。

And so the cycle continues.

如此循環往復。

It's really that simple.

其實就這麼簡單。

There is no crazy magic happening here.

這裡沒有瘋狂的魔法。

Each time you encounter a word again, you are closer to mastering it forever.

每當你再次遇到一個單詞，你就離永遠掌握它更近了。

The more you read, the more words you encounter and repeat naturally.

讀得越多，遇到的單詞就越多，自然而然就會重複。

This is why I built these exact principles into Languia, my language learning app.

是以，我在我的語言學習應用程序 Languia 中加入了這些原則。

The whole progress tracking and spaced repetition system is built on that fact.

整個進度跟蹤和間隔重複系統就是建立在這一事實基礎上的。

Whether you're reading the daily stories that match your interests and level, discovering new articles across the web, or uploading your own books, Languia helps you simplify and translate everything to your level.

無論您是閱讀符合自己興趣和水準的每日故事，還是在網絡上發現新文章，或是上傳自己的書籍，Languia 都能幫助您簡化並翻譯成符合自己水準的內容。

You can track your progress, create quick flashcards, and maintain that immersive reading flow without constantly switching between different apps and dictionaries.

您可以跟蹤自己的學習進度，創建快速閃存卡，保持身臨其境的閱讀流程，而無需在不同的應用程序和詞典之間不斷切換。

But to keep this virtuous cycle going, there are some common pitfalls that we should avoid.

但是，為了保持這種良性循環，我們應該避免一些常見的陷阱。

I said that the sweet spot rule is bendable, but that doesn't change the fact that the biggest pitfall is choosing material that's too difficult.

我說過，"甜蜜點 "規則是可以變通的，但這並不能改變一個事實，即最大的陷阱是選擇太難的材料。

It's clearly the fastest way to break this virtuous circle, because if you're constantly struggling, reading becomes more of a chore than something enjoyable.

這顯然是打破這種良性循環的最快方法，因為如果你一直在苦苦掙扎，閱讀就會變成一件苦差事，而不是一件令人愉快的事情。

Another common mistake is the dictionary trap.

另一個常見錯誤是字典陷阱。

Even if the material is a bit harder than ideal, often it's better to keep reading and ignore words you don't understand.

即使材料比理想的要難一些，通常最好還是繼續閱讀，忽略不懂的單詞。

Remember, context is your friend.

記住，語境是你的朋友。

And words that matter will show up again.

重要的詞語會再次出現。

Checking the dictionary will just get you out of the flow of reading and immersion.

查字典只會讓你脫離閱讀的流程，沉浸其中。

If you want to do it, at least use a digital reading device like a Kindle or read on Languia so you can check words quickly.

如果你想這樣做，至少要使用 Kindle 等數字閱讀設備或在 Languia 上閱讀，這樣你就可以快速查看單詞。

I would recommend these digital tools anyway, because you can have hundreds of books with you and the progress indicator is always a nice little bit of extra motivation, especially when you're just starting out.

無論如何，我都會推薦這些數字工具，因為你可以隨身攜帶數百本書，而且進度指示器總能給你帶來一點額外的動力，尤其是在你剛剛開始工作的時候。

Like I said, motivation should be a non-factor once that virtuous cycle kicks in.

就像我說的，一旦良性循環開始，動力就不應該是一個因素了。

Goodreads is one more resource I can recommend for finding new books and tracking your progress.

Goodreads 是我可以推薦的另一個尋找新書和跟蹤進度的資源。

The question what to read can also be answered by the perspective of Zipf's Law.

從齊普夫定律的角度也可以回答讀什麼的問題。

Zipf's Law shows us that in any language, a small number of words make up the majority of what we actually use and read.

齊普夫定律告訴我們，在任何語言中，我們實際使用和閱讀的大部分內容都是由少數單詞構成的。

The most common word in English, usually the, appears about twice as often as the second most common word, three times as often as the third most common word, and so on.

英語中最常見的單詞通常是the，出現的頻率大約是第二常見單詞的兩倍，是第三常見單詞的三倍，以此類推。

In fact, just the 100 most frequent words typically make up about 50% of what we read.

事實上，僅 100 個最常見的單詞通常就佔我們閱讀內容的 50%左右。

And the 1000 most frequent words cover roughly 85% of most texts.

而最常見的 1000 個單詞約佔大多數文本的 85%。

Why is this important for extensive reading?

為什麼這對廣泛閱讀很重要？

Once you learn those first 1000 most common words, you can understand the vast majority of any text.

一旦學會了前 1000 個最常用的單詞，你就能理解任何文章的絕大部分內容。

Each additional word you learn has less impact than the ones before.

每多學一個單詞，其影響就會小一些。

But by that point, you're already understanding enough to enjoy reading.

但此時，你已經有了足夠的理解力來享受閱讀。

This also implies a second effect though.

不過，這也意味著第二種效應。

Encountering new words and then seeing them often enough gets increasingly more difficult.

遇到新單詞並經常看到它們變得越來越困難。

This leaves us with an interesting choice.

這給我們留下了一個有趣的選擇。

Stick to one genre or not to do that.

堅持一種流派或不堅持一種流派。

If you're into true crime stories, you will likely read several of them.

如果你喜歡真實犯罪故事，你很可能會讀到其中的幾篇。

That means you will see similar vocabulary repeated.

這意味著你會看到類似的詞彙重複出現。

But that's actually good.

但這其實很好。

It helps reinforce those words.

這有助於強化這些詞語。

Once you're comfortable, then you can branch out to different genres for more varied vocabulary.

一旦適應了，就可以涉獵不同的流派，以獲得更多的詞彙。

If you, on the other hand, stick to the same niche forever, the density of new words will consistently decrease.

反之，如果你永遠堅持同一利基，新詞的密度就會持續下降。

Finally, don't feel guilty about dropping a book that you're not enjoying.

最後，不要因為放棄一本不喜歡的書而感到內疚。

Most of us feel like when we start a book, we should finish it and not give up.

我們大多數人都覺得，當我們開始寫一本書時，就應該把它寫完，不能放棄。

This is a really bad habit though.

不過，這真的是個壞習慣。

The only thing that matters is that you read.

唯一重要的是你讀了書。

If a book doesn't excite you, just pick a different one immediately.

如果一本書不能讓你興奮，就馬上換一本。

This is way better than procrastinating your reading because it became a chore.

這比把閱讀當作一件苦差事而一拖再拖要好得多。

Extensive reading is of course not the only effective language learning method out there and also not a one-size-fits-all.

當然，廣泛閱讀並不是唯一有效的語言學習方法，也不是萬能的。

I'm currently using very different approaches for Spanish and Japanese.

目前，我對西班牙語和日語採用了截然不同的方法。

And if you're curious about how to balance learning multiple languages at once, check out my latest video.

如果你想知道如何同時兼顧多種語言的學習，可以看看我最新的視頻。

I break down my complete strategy there, from managing daily routines to choosing the right resources for each language.

我在這裡詳細介紹了我的完整策略，從管理日常事務到為每種語言選擇合適的資源。

Thank you for watching and I'll see you next time.

感謝您的收看，我們下次再見。