I got a traveling fellowship

拿到出國留學的獎學金，

to study housing in North America.

研究北美的住宅建築。

We traveled the country.

我們遊遍美國，

We saw public housing high-rise buildings

看到所有大城市裡的公共住宅大樓：

in all major cities:

像是紐約、費城。

New York, Philadelphia.

那些人別無選擇，只能住在那裡。

Those who have no choice lived there.

之後我們參訪各個郊區，

And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,

回來後我想

and I came back thinking,

我們應該重新創造公寓建築。

we've got to reinvent the apartment building.

應該要有其它方式來蓋這些房子。

There has to be another way of doing this.

我們無法做到郊區般的住宅品質，

We can't sustain suburbs,

那就設計一座建築，

so let's design a building

讓家家戶戶都能擁有 像一棟房屋般的品質。

which gives the qualities of a house

「棲地」最重要的就是花園，

to each unit.

與自然和街道親近，

Habitat would be all about gardens,

而非面對窄小迴廊。

contact with nature,

為了節省經費，我們運用組合屋，

streets instead of corridors.

這個地方存在將近 50 年了，

We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,

還是個讓人嚮往入住的地區。

and there it is almost 50 years later.

現在已經是老建築了，

It's a very desirable place to live in.

但這種建築並沒有擴張出去。

It's now a heritage building,

我在 1973 年首次造訪中國，

but it did not proliferate.

當時正值文化大革命時期。

In 1973, I made my first trip to China.

我們走遍全國，

It was the Cultural Revolution.

和一些建築師、規劃師見面。

We traveled the country,

這是當時的北京，

met with architects and planners.

沒有一棟高樓大廈

This is Beijing then,

存在北京或上海之中。

not a single high rise building

深圳甚至談不上是個城市，

in Beijing or Shanghai.

那裡連車子都沒有。

Shenzhen didn't even exist as a city.

30 年後，

There were hardly any cars.

這是現在的北京。

Thirty years later,

這是香港。

this is Beijing today.

如果你很有錢，就會住在這，

This is Hong Kong.

如果你很窮，就會住在這，

If you're wealthy, you live there,

但並非只有亞洲的環境如此密集。

if you're poor, you live there,

聖保羅也是，

but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.

你可以花 45 分鐘在直升機上，

São Paulo, you can travel

看那些高樓大廈吞噬

in a helicopter 45 minutes

19 世紀矮房子的環境。

seeing those high-rise buildings consume

結果造成交通壅塞、

the 19th-century low-rise environment.

城市擁擠等問題。

And with it, comes congestion,

因此幾年前，

and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.

我們決定回頭重新思考「棲地」。

So a few years ago, we decided to go back

我們能讓價格更平易近人嗎？

and rethink Habitat.

我們真能達到這樣的生活品質，

Could we make it more affordable?

即使是在現今普遍稠密的環境嗎？

Could we actually achieve this quality of life

我們了解基本上和光源有關，

in the densities that are prevailing today?

和太陽有關，和自然有關，

And we realized, it's basically about light,

和碎形化有關。

it's about sun, it's about nature,

我們能不能展開建築的表面，

it's about fractalization.

讓它和外界有更多接觸？

Can we open up the surface of the building

我們想出一些模型：

so that it has more contact with the exterior?

經濟實惠的模型， 建造的費用更低、更精巧；

We came up with a number of models:

大家可以設計自宅的外部，

economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;

打造自己的花園。

membranes of housing

後來我們決定拿紐約做實驗案例，

where people could design their own house

研究曼哈頓下城。

and create their own gardens.

我們畫出曼哈頓建築區的地圖。

And then we decided to take New York as a test case,

左邊是現在的曼哈頓：

and we looked at Lower Manhattan.

藍色是住宅，紅色是辦公大樓和商場。

And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.

右邊是我們重新配置的樣子：

On the left is Manhattan today:

辦公區做為底部，

blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.

向上延伸 75 層樓高，

On the right, we reconfigured it:

做為公寓。

the office buildings form the base,

在 25 樓高的空中有條街，

and then rising 75 stories above,

是社區街道，

are apartments.

可以通行。

There's a street in the air on the 25th level,

還有花園和開放空間

a community street.

供社區使用，

It's permeable.

幾乎每戶都有私家花園，

There are gardens and open spaces

四周有社區空間環繞。

for the community,

最重要、方便通行且開放的是，

almost every unit with its own private garden,

城市沒有築起任何圍牆或障礙物，

and community space all around.

而且陽光能灑在每個角落。

And most important, permeable, open.

一直到最近兩三年，

It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,

我們才首次真的

and light permeates everywhere.

實現「棲地」的良好生活品質，

And in the last two or three years,

透過遍及亞洲的實地計畫達成。

we've actually been, for the first time,

這是中國的秦皇島市：

realizing the quality of life of Habitat

中所得家戶的住宅，

in real-life projects across Asia.

規定每間公寓都必須能擁有

This in Qinhuangdao in China:

三小時的日照，

middle-income housing, where there is a bylaw

以冬至那天為基準測量。

that every apartment must receive

這是在新加坡的施工現場，

three hours of sunlight.

同樣是中所得家戶的住宅、花園、

That's measured in the winter solstice.

社區街道和公園…等等。

And under construction in Singapore,

接下來是可倫坡。

again middle-income housing, gardens,

我想再談一個議題，

community streets and parks and so on and so forth.

是關於公共空間的設計。

And Colombo.

從百年前

And I want to touch on one more issue,

我們開始蓋高樓大廈至今，

which is the design of the public realm.

我們還是不了解

A hundred years after we've begun building

高樓大廈要怎麼變成組合、堆疊式建築，

with tall buildings,

同時打造城市

we are yet to understand

和建立公共空間。

how the tall high-rise building

在新加坡，我們有了機會：

becomes a building block in making a city,

一千萬平方英尺，密度非常高。

in creating the public realm.

以室外與室內的概念來看，

In Singapore, we had an opportunity:

海濱步道和公園融入緊繃的都市生活。

10 million square feet, extremely high density.

那裡有室外和室內空間，

Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,

你可以在不同的空間移動，

promenades and parks integrated

還能親近自然，

with intense urban life.

最貼切的是每一層樓都有

So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,

公共花園和開放空間。

and you move from one to the other,

在墩座頂部，

and there is contact with nature,

攀上高塔，

and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,

最後抵達屋頂上的空中花園，

public gardens and open space:

兩英畝半，有跑道、餐廳，

on the roof of the podium,

還有世界上最長的游泳池。

climbing up the towers,

以上就是我在五分鐘內能分享的一切。

and finally on the roof, the sky park,

謝謝。

two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,

（掌聲）

and the world's longest swimming pool.

And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.

Thank you.

(Applause)