everything in the universe, from light to electrons to atoms,

宇宙中的一切，從光到電子、原子，

behaves like both a particle and a wave at the same time.

其行為同時具備粒子及波動的特性，

All of the other weird stuff you might have heard about quantum physics,

所有其他怪異的東西， 你可能在量子物理中聽過，

Schrodinger's Cat, God playing dice, spooky action at a distance,

「薛丁格的貓」、「上帝玩骰子」 及「鬼魅般的交互作用」

all of it follows directly from the fact

這一切皆因

that everything has both particle and wave nature.

萬物同時具備粒子及波動的特性而來。

This might sound crazy.

這聽起來似乎很瘋狂，

If you look around, you'll see waves in water and particles of rock,

如果環顧四周，你看到 海浪與岩石上的顆粒，

and they're nothing alike.

兩者之間沒有一絲相似之處，

So why would you think to combine them?

那麼，為什麼會把它們混為一談？

Physicists didn't just decide to mash these things together out of no where.

物理學家並不是隨隨便便 就將這些東西混在一起看，

Rather, they were led to the dual nature of the universe

相反的，通過簡單的步驟，

through a process of small steps,

它們被推導到宇宙的雙重性。

fitting together lots of bits of evidence, like pieces in a puzzle.

配合上大量的證據，就像一個拼圖。

The first person to seriously suggest the dual nature of light

第一個認真看待雙重性的人

was Albert Einstein in 1905,

是1905年的愛因斯坦，

but he was picking up an earlier idea from Max Planck.

但他的理論源於 馬克斯•普朗克早期的想法。

Planck explained the colors of light emitted by hot objects,

普朗克嘗試解釋高溫物體發出的色光，

like the filament in a light bulb,

像是燈泡的燈絲，

but to do it, he needed a desperate trick:

但要做到這一點，他運用 一招看似無望的絕招：

he said the object was made up of oscillators

他說物體是由振盪的粒子組成，

that could only emit light in discrete chunks,

振盪的粒子只會發出特定顏色的光，

units of energy that depend on the frequency of the light.

能量的大小由光的頻率決定。

Planck was never really happy with this, but Einstein picked it up and ran with it.

普朗克從來沒有對這點高興過， 但愛因斯坦將它拿來運用並發揚光大。

He applied Planck's idea to light itself, saying that light,

他運用普朗克的想法，認為光本身，

which everybody knew was a wave, is really a stream of photons,

這大家都知道是一個波，其實是光子流，

each with a discrete amount of energy.

愛因斯坦宣稱每個光子 都有一個單獨的能量。

Einstein himself called this the only truly revolutionary thing he did,

愛因斯坦本人宣稱這是他 唯一真正做到的科學革命，

but it explains the way light shining on a metal surface knocks loose electrons.

但它可解釋可光照射金屬表面 產生電子的現象(光電效應)。

Even people who hated the idea had to agree that it works brilliantly.

即使憎恨這種想法的人 都不得不承認，它真的很管用。

The next puzzle piece came from Ernest Rutherford in England.

接下來的拼圖來自英國的拉塞福。

In 1909, Ernest Marsden and Hans Geiger, working for Rutherford,

1909年，歐內斯特•馬士登 與漢斯•蓋革為拉塞福工作，

shot alpha particles at gold atoms

他們對金原子發射α粒子，

and were stunned to find that some bounced straight backwards.

並震驚地發現， 一些α粒子會反彈向後飛。

This showed that most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus.

這顯示，原子的質量集中 在一個很小的核中。

The cartoon atom you learn in grade school,

在小學你看到原子卡通影片，

with electrons orbiting like a miniature solar system,

原子的電子軌道就像一個微型的太陽系，

that's Rutherford's.

這是拉塞福的原子模型。

There's one little problem with Rutherford's atom: it can't work.

拉塞福的原子模型還有一個小問題： 它不能持續運轉。

Classical physics tells us that an electron

古典物理學告訴我們，

whipping around in a circle emits light,

繞圈運動的電子必定發出光(電磁波)，

and we use this all the time to generate radio waves and X-rays.

當我們發出無線電波和X射線時， 一直運用到此現象。

Rutherford's atoms should spray X-rays in all directions for a brief instant

所以拉塞福的原子會短暫射出X射線，

before the electron spirals in to crash into the nucleus.

在電子以螺線前進至 原子核之前就會崩潰。

But Niels Bohr, a Danish theoretical physicist working with Rutherford,

不過，丹麥理論物理學家 尼爾斯•玻爾拉塞福與合作，

pointed out that atoms obviously exist,

他指出，原子明明就存在沒有崩潰，

so maybe the rules of physics needed to change.

所以也許是物理學規則需要修改。

Bohr proposed that an electron in certain special orbits

玻爾提出理論指出電子 位於某些特殊的軌道，

doesn't emit any light at all.

所以能不發出任何光線。

Atoms absorb and emit light only when electrons change orbits,

只有當電子改變軌道時， 才會吸收和發射光，

and the frequency of the light depends on the energy difference

而光的頻率則取決於軌道的能量差。

in just the way Planck and Einstein introduced.

就這樣，普朗克和愛因斯坦起的頭，

Bohr's atom fixes Rutherford's problem

玻爾的原子說修正了拉塞福的問題，

and explains why atoms emit only very specific colors of light.

並解釋了為什麼原子 只會發出特定顏色的光。

Each element has its own special orbits,

每一個元素都有其特殊的軌道，

and thus its own unique set of frequencies.

因而其自身獨特的一組頻率。

The Bohr model has one tiny problem:

玻爾原子模型有一個小小的問題：

there's no reason for those orbits to be special.

說不出那些軌道特殊的原因是什麼。

But Louis de Broglie, a French PhD student,

但法國的博士研究生路易•德布羅意，

brought everything full circle.

為這一切都帶來完美的解答。

He pointed out that if light, which everyone knew is a wave,

他指出如果光，這大家都知道是一種波，

behaves like a particle,

行為像粒子，

maybe the electron, which everyone knew is a particle,

比如說電子，這大家都知道是一個粒子，

behaves like a wave.

行為也像波一般。

And if electrons are waves,

如果電子也具有波動性，

it's easy to explain Bohr's rule for picking out the special orbits.

就很容易解釋玻爾特殊軌道的規則了。

Once you have the idea that electrons behave like waves,

一旦你想像電子的行為像波動，

you can go look for it.

你就可以去尋找它的波動性。

And within a few years, scientists in the US and UK

並且在幾年內，科學家在美國和英國

had observed wave behavior from electrons.

都觀察到電子的波動性。

These days we have a wonderfully clear demonstration of this:

至今我們已可以非常清楚的演示這一現象：

shooting single electrons at a barrier with slits cut in it.

在拍攝個別電子通過狹縫的情形，

Each electron is detected at a specific place at a specific time,

每個被檢測到的電子都是 在特定時間出現在特定位置，

like a particle.

這像是粒子的行為。

But when you repeat the experiment many times,

但是，當你多次重複實驗，

all the individual electrons trace out a pattern of stripes,

所有的電子會形成干涉條紋，

characteristic of wave behavior.

這是波動的行為特徵。

The idea that particles behave like waves, and vice versa,

電子的行為像波又像粒子，

is one of the strangest and most powerful in physics.

這是物理學中最奇特且最強大的一點。

Richard Feynman famously said

理查•費曼說過一句名言：

that this illustrates the central mystery of quantum mechanics.

這說明了量子力學中最神秘的核心。

Everything else follows from this,

萬物皆遵循此一特點，

like pieces of a puzzle falling into place.

於是最後一塊拼圖就定位。