But, for a long time, girls were not encouraged

但在過去很長的時間裡 女孩並不被鼓勵

to kick,

像男孩一樣，去踢

throw,

丟

run,

跑

jump,

跳

shoot,

射擊

slide,

滑

or hit like boys.

或打

So, why did things change?

那麼，為什麼情況改變了？

And how much have they changed?

她們改變了多少？

Are girls and boys treated equally

在運動中，女孩和男孩

when it comes to sports?

獲得同等的對待嗎？

To begin to answer these questions,

要回答這些問題

we have to look back.

我們得先回顧過去

In 1972, Congress passed a law called Title IX,

1972 年，美國國會通過了一項名為 「第九號條款」(Title IX) 的法案

which protected girls and women

這法案保護女孩與女人

from discrimination in schools,

在學校

colleges,

學院

and universities.

和大學中免受歧視

This included discrimination in school-sponsored sports.

這包括了學校所籌辦的體育活動中 有可能遭受的歧視

At that time, only 15% of college athletes were women,

當時，只有 15% 的大學運動員是女性

and in high schools,

而在高中

only 7% of athletes were girls.

只有 7% 的運動員是女孩

Female athletes didn't get a lot of support either

女子運動員也無法獲得許多支持

and often had to provide their own uniforms and equipment.

還得經常自己準備制服和設備

It was Title IX that forced school administrators

因此 「第九號條款」 強制學校行政管理人

to make sports more equal.

讓體育活動變得更平等

But what does equal mean in sports?

然而在運動中 平等意謂著什麼呢？

The government developed rules

政府制定規則

to measure equality under two general categories:

在兩個常規類別中 衡量平等程度：

participation

參與

and treatment.

和待遇

In the early days of Title IX,

在 「第九號條款」實施的初期

the number of girls playing sports was so low

從事體育活動的女孩人數非常低

that it would have been very difficult

低到學校很難

for schools to suddenly provide exactly the same number

在短時間內 提供完全均等的機會

of opportunities for girls and boys.

給男孩和女孩

Instead, the government wrote rules

於是政府制定法規

that gave schools three options, or tests,

給予學校三種選擇方案，或評鑑

to demonstrate fairness in opportunities for girls.

來顯示女孩們 是否獲得公平的機會

The three tests are

這三種評鑑為

proportionality,

比例

progress,

進展

and satisfied interests.

和滿意度

A school can pick which test to follow.

學校可以挑選 它所要遵循的評鑑方式

Proportionality means that girls should receive

比例的意思是，女孩得到的體育機會

the same percentage of athletic opportunities

應該和在校女學生

as the percentage of girls in the student body.

佔總人數的比例相同

So, if 51% of students are girls,

所以，如果 51% 的學生是女生

then girls should have approximately

女孩就應要有

51% of the opportunities to play sports.

大約 51% 的機會來從事體育活動

The second test, progress,

第二個評鑑，進展

requires schools to make up for the days

規定學校得為女孩

when girls had fewer opportunities

定期添加新的運動項目

by adding new sports for girls on a regular basis.

以彌補女孩獲得較少機會的現況

The third test asks if girls interested

第三種評鑑是，詢問女孩們

in athletics are satisfied.

是否對體育活動感到滿意

Under this test, a school must regularly ask

在這種評鑑下 學校必須定期詢問女學生

female students what sports they are interested in

什麼是她們感興趣的運動

and also take into consideration the popularity

並且還得考慮某種運動項目

of certain sports in the area

在學校所在區域中

where the school is located.

受歡迎的程度

It must, then, add teams according to the girls' interests.

接著，學習必須 根據女孩們的興趣建立團隊

Another important part of Title IX

「第九號條款」的另一個重要部分是

is that it doesn't just look at how many

它不只是評價每個性別

athletic opportunities are available to each sex

獲得運動機會的數量

but whether those opportunities are of equal quality.

它還必須考量 這些機會是否對應著平等的質量

Specifically, Title IX requires equality

具體而言，「第九號條款」要求

between boys and girls teams for things

男孩和女孩團隊之間的平等

like equipment and supplies,

這平等涉及了，比如 運動設施、用品、

publicity,

宣傳、

the scheduling of games and practice times,

遊戲、練習時間、

and the quality and number of coaches.

教練的品質和數量的平等

Girls should also have equal access

女孩也應該在

to locker rooms,

置物櫃的使用、

practice spaces, and competitive facilities,

訓練空間、競爭設備

as well as medical services.

和醫療服務上 獲得平等的使用權

So, if the best time to play basketball is on Friday nights

所以，如果打籃球的 最好時間是在週五晚上

because that's when most parents and fans can come,

因為那時候 大多數父母和球迷們都能來

then the girls and boys teams

那麼，女孩和男孩的團隊

should take turns playing on Friday night.

就應該在週五晚間輪流打球

If boys teams play in a stadium with lights,

如果男生隊在體育場內打球時，有燈光、

scoreboards,

記分牌、

and concession stands,

和食品攤位的話

then girls teams must have the same opportunity,

那麼女孩團隊也必須獲得同等的機會

either by sharing those facilities

要麼透過這些設施的分享

or getting their own of equal quality.

或者獲得同質性的東西

But, as we all know,

然而，如同我們所知

just because a law exists

並不是因為法律的存在

doesn't mean that everybody follows it.

就意味著每個人都會守法

School officials are responsible

學校行政人員有義務

for making sure there is fairness in sports,

確保運動中的公平性

but you can help, too,

但你也可以幫忙

by keeping an eye on your own school.

監督你的學校

Look around.

四處看看

Are there a lot more boys than girls who play sports?

在那些從事運動的人當中 男孩比女孩的人數多出許多嗎？

Is the boys' soccer field better than the girls'?

男孩的足球場比女孩好嗎？

Are athletic trainers available to all teams equally?

所有團隊都有平等的機會 獲得運動傷害防護員的照顧嗎？

Does the baseball team get new uniforms every year,

如果棒球隊每年都能得到新制服

while the softball team gets them every three years?

那麼，壘球隊是每隔三年才能得到嗎？

If you think there might be inequality in your schools,

如果你認為你的學校 可能存在不平等的情事

you can approach a school administrator,

你可以聯繫學校的行政管理者

a parent,

父母

or the Office of Civil Rights,

或公民權利辦公室 (Office of Civil Rights)

a government agency that makes sure schools

這是一個致力於確保學校

comply with Title IX

遵守「第九號條款」的政府機構

because equality is important for everyone,

因為平等，對每個人來說

both on the field and off.

無論是在場上或場下，都是重要的