Look at the murder and mayhem in Mexico,

看看在墨西哥、中美州和

Central America, so many other parts of the planet,

世界各地的謀殺和打鬥;

the global black market estimated

看看全球每年總值

at 300 billion dollars a year,

約三千億的黑市;

prisons packed in the United States and elsewhere,

看看美國和其他地方那些人滿為患的監獄；

police and military drawn into an unwinnable war

警察和軍隊被牽扯進入一場打不贏、

that violates basic rights, and ordinary citizens

並且侵犯基本人權的戰爭,

just hope they don't get caught in the crossfire,

還有一班無辜的平民 祈求著不要被捲入搏火中。

and meanwhile, more people using

但與此同時, 吸毒的人

more drugs than ever.

卻是前所未有的多。

It's my country's history with alcohol prohibition

這像是我的國家的禁酒令

and Al Capone, times 50.

和打黑的五十倍。

Which is why it's particularly galling to me

令我感到很難堪的是,

as an American that we've been the driving force

我們美國人正正就是這個

behind this global drug war.

環球反毒戰背後的推手。

Ask why so many countries criminalize

問問那些國家為什麼把

drugs they'd never heard of,

他們連聽都沒聽過的藥物列為違法?

why the U.N. drug treaties emphasize

為什麼聯合國的藥物條約會注重

criminalization over health,

刑事定罪多於人民的健康?

even why most of the money worldwide

甚至為什麼全世界大部分對付濫用藥物的資金

for dealing with drug abuse goes not

都去了懲治濫藥的機構而不是

to helping agencies but those that punish,

幫助改善濫藥的機構?

and you'll find the good old U.S. of A.

你會發現美利堅大國就是背後的答案。

Why did we do this?

我們為什麼要這樣做?

Some people, especially in Latin America,

有些人，特別是在拉丁美洲的人,

think it's not really about drugs.

認為這並非真正關乎毒品

It's just a subterfuge for advancing

事實上, 這只不過是一個推進

the realpolitik interests of the U.S.

美國政治利益的托詞。

But by and large, that's not it.

但總的來說，又不僅如此。

We don't want gangsters and guerrillas

我們不想黑幫和游擊隊

funded with illegal drug money

有來自非法毒品的資金支持

terrorizing and taking over other nations.

去恐嚇和接管其他國家。

No, the fact is, America really is crazy

不，事實是，當涉及到毒品，

when it comes to drugs.

美國真是瘋的。

I mean, don't forget, we're the ones who thought

我的意思是，不要忘了， 我們就是那些認為自己

that we could prohibit alcohol.

可以禁酒的人。

So think about our global drug war

所以，不要把全球反毒品戰爭想成

not as any sort of rational policy,

任何一種理性的政策，

but as the international projection

要把它想成一個國家精神病

of a domestic psychosis.

延伸到了國際。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

But here's the good news.

但這裡有個好消息。

Now it's the Russians leading the Drug War and not us.

現在是俄羅斯在領導反毒戰爭，而不是我們。

Most politicians in my country

大多數在我國政治家現在

want to roll back the Drug War now,

想在反毒戰爭上退一步，

put fewer people behind bars, not more,

判更少的人入獄，而不是更多，

and I'm proud to say as an American

我可以很自豪地說，作為一個美國人

that we now lead the world

我們現在正領導世界

in reforming marijuana policies.

改革大麻政策。

It's now legal for medical purposes

現在，只要是在合法的醫療目的下，

in almost half our 50 states,

幾在乎美國50個州中的一半,

millions of people can purchase their marijuana,

數以百萬計的人都可以從政府許可的藥店購買

their medicine, in government- licensed dispensaries,

他們的大麻──他們的藥物，

and over half my fellow citizens now say it's time

還有超過一半的同胞們說，現在是時候

to legally regulate and tax marijuana

立法規範大麻和收取稅項,

more or less like alcohol.

就跟酒精一樣。

That's what Colorado and Washington are doing,

這就是科羅拉多州和華盛頓正在做的，

and Uruguay, and others are sure to follow.

還有烏拉圭，其他地方也肯定會跟隨。

So that's what I do:

所以，這就是我做的事：

work to end the Drug War.

致力結束反毒品戰爭。

I think it all started growing up

我想這一切始於成長在

in a fairly religious, moral family,

一個比較篤信宗教的和注重道德的家庭,

eldest son of a rabbi,

和作為一個猶太教教士的長子，

going off to university where I

我去上大學時，

smoked some marijuana

抽了一些大麻

and I liked it. (Laughter)

而且很喜歡。 (笑聲)

And I liked drinking too, but it was obvious

我也很喜歡喝酒，但很明顯

that alcohol was really the more dangerous of the two,

酒精在兩者中真的比較危險，

but my friends and I could get busted

可是我和我的朋友是有可能會

for smoking a joint.

因為吸大麻而被抓的。

Now, that hypocrisy kept bugging me,

這個表裡不一的概念不停地纏著我，

so I wrote my Ph.D dissertation on international drug control.

所以我寫了有關國際藥物管制的博士論文。

I talked my way into the State Department.

我找方法進入了國務院。

I got a security clearance.

我得到了安全許可。

I interviewed hundreds of DEA and other law enforcement agents

我採訪了數百名在歐洲和美洲等地的

all around Europe and the Americas,

藥品管制局(DEA)以及執法人員，

and I'd ask them,

我會問他們，

"What do you think the answer is?"

“你認為答案是什麼？”

Well, in Latin America, they'd say to me,

好吧，在拉丁美洲，他們會跟我說，

"You can't really cut off the supply.

"你真的沒法切斷供應。

The answer lies back in the U.S.,

答案在於美國,

in cutting off the demand."

在於切斷需求。"

So then I go back home and I talk to people

於是我回到家鄉，我問在那裡

involved in anti-drug efforts there, and they'd say,

參與禁毒工作的人，他們卻說，

"You know, Ethan, you can't really cut off the demand.

"你知道嗎，伊森，您真的無法切斷需求。

The answer lies over there. You've got to cut off the supply."

答案在那邊。你一定要切斷供應。"

Then I'd go and talk to the guys in customs

然後,我去跟海關那邊的傢伙聊,

trying to stop drugs at the borders,

試圖在邊境阻止毒品進入。

and they'd say, "You're not going to stop it here.

他們說，“你不可能在這裡把它停止堵住的。

The answer lies over there,

答案在於在那邊，

in cutting off supply and demand."

在於切斷供給和需求。

And it hit me:

在那一刻，我終於明白了。

Everybody involved in this

每個參與的人

thought the answer lay in that area

都認為答案在另一個領域,

about which they knew the least.

一個他們了解得最少的領域。

So that's when I started reading everything I could

於是我開始閱讀一切關於

about psychoactive drugs: the history, the science,

精神藥品的資料: 它的歷史、科學、

the politics, all of it,

政治，所有的一切。

and the more one read,

而讀得越多，

the more it hit you how a thoughtful,

你就會越明白到，一個周到、

enlightened, intelligent approach took you over here,

開明、聰明的方法會把你帶到這裡，

whereas the politics and laws of my country

而我國的政治和法律

were taking you over here.

則會帶你到這裡。

And that disparity struck me as this incredible

這個差異讓我很吃驚， 這實在是個令人難以置信的

intellectual and moral puzzle.

智力和道德難題。

There's probably never been

可能從來就沒有過

a drug-free society.

一個沒有毒品的社會。

Virtually every society

幾乎每一個社會

has ingested psychoactive substances

都有在用精神藥物，

to deal with pain, increase our energy, socialize,

有的用來對付疼痛，增加精力，社交應酬,

even commune with God.

有的甚至是用來與神溝通。

Our desire to alter our consciousness

我們追求改變自我意識的慾望,

may be as fundamental as our desires

可能是就追求温飽、

for food, companionship and sex.

陪伴和性一樣基本。

So our true challenge

因此，我們真正的挑戰

is to learn how to live with drugs

是學習如何和藥物共存,

so they cause the least possible harm

使它引起盡可能少的危害,

and in some cases the greatest possible benefit.

並且在某些情況下帶來最大的益處。

I'll tell you something else I learned,

讓我告訴你們我所學到的另一件事，

that the reason some drugs are legal and others not

之所以有些藥物是合法，有些則不是的原因,

has almost nothing to do with science or health

跟科學、健康或藥物的相對風險

or the relative risk of drugs,

幾乎沒有任何關係;

and almost everything to do with who uses

而是跟誰在使用,

and who is perceived to use particular drugs.

或是誰被認為在使用某種藥物有關。

In the late 19th century,

在19世紀後期，

when most of the drugs that are now illegal were legal,

當大多數現在是非法藥物還是合法的時候，

the principal consumers of opiates in my country

在我國和其他國家的鴉片的主要消費者

and others were middle-aged white women,

是中年的白人婦女,

using them to alleviate aches and pains

她們用鴉片來緩解疼痛,

when few other analgesics were available.

當時很少有其他的止痛藥可用。

And nobody thought about criminalizing it back then

當時沒有人想過把它定為刑事犯罪,

because nobody wanted to put Grandma behind bars.

因為沒有人希望把奶奶關在監牢裡。

But when hundreds of thousands of Chinese

但是，當成千上萬的中國人

started showing up in my country,

開始出現在我的國家,

working hard on the railroads and the mines

在鐵路和礦山上打拼,

and then kicking back in the evening

然後晚上放鬆一下，

just like they had in the old country

就像他們在故鄉時那樣

with a few puffs on that opium pipe,

吸上幾口大煙的時候,

that's when you saw the first drug prohibition laws

你看到在加利福尼亞州和內華達州的

in California and Nevada,

第一條禁毒法出現了。

driven by racist fears of Chinese

因為那些有種族歧視的人擔心

transforming white women

中國人會把白人婦女變成

into opium-addicted sex slaves.

鴉片成癮的性奴隸。

The first cocaine prohibition laws, similarly prompted

而第一條禁止可卡因的法律, 也是由那些有種族歧視

by racist fears of black men sniffing that white powder

的人所提倡的, 他們怕黑人嗅了那白色粉末以後,

and forgetting their proper place

會忘記自己在南方社會的

in Southern society.

適當位置。

And the first marijuana prohibition laws,

還有第一條禁止大麻的法律,

all about fears of Mexican migrants

同樣是和在西部和西南地區

in the West and the Southwest.

對墨西哥移民的恐懼有關。

And what was true in my country,

而這些在我的國家的真相,

is true in so many others as well,

在別的地方也如是,

with both the origins of these laws

那些法律的起源和

and their implementation.

執行都是這樣的。

Put it this way,

這樣說好了,

and I exaggerate only slightly:

我就誇張一點說,

If the principal smokers of cocaine

如果可卡因的主要吸食者,

were affluent older white men

都是一些有錢的白人老頭,

and the principal consumers of Viagra

而偉哥的主要消費者,

were poor young black men,

都是貧窮的年輕黑人男子,

then smokable cocaine would be easy to get with a prescription from your doctor

那麼, 拿到煙用可卡因將會比 得到你醫生的處方更容易

and selling Viagra would get you five to 10 years behind bars.

而出售偉哥將會讓你坐5到10年的牢。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I used to be a professor teaching about this.

我曾經是一個教這方面的教授。

Now I'm an activist, a human rights activist,

現在，我是一個積極分子， 一名人權運動積極分子，

and what drives me is my shame

而背後驅使我的動力是慚愧,

at living in an otherwise great nation

我生活在一個原本很偉大的國家,

that has less than five percent of the world's population

我國家的人口占不到世界人口的5%,

but almost 25 percent of the world's incarcerated population.

被關押的人口卻幾乎是 全球被監禁人口的25%。

It's the people I meet who have lost someone

我所遇到的人, 曾因為

they love to drug-related violence or prison

與毒品有關的暴力事件、 監禁、吸食過量或愛滋病

or overdose or AIDS

而失去了他們的所愛,

because our drug policies emphasize

這都歸咎於我們那重視刑責

criminalization over health.

多於健康的藥物政策。

It's good people who have lost their jobs,

他們是好人, 他們失去工作、

their homes, their freedom, even their children

房子、自由，甚至於孩子的原因，

to the state, not because they hurt anyone

不是因為他們傷害了誰,

but solely because they chose to use one drug

而僅僅是因為他們選擇了某一種藥物,

instead of another.

而不是另一種。

So is legalization the answer?

所以合法化是我們要找的答案嗎？

On that, I'm torn:

關於這一點, 我實在左右為難;

three days a week I think yes, three days a week I think no,

一個星期中有三天我認為是這樣的， 有三天我又認為不是，

and on Sundays I'm agnostic.

然後在週日我是個不可知論者。

But since today is Tuesday,

由於今天是星期二，

let me just say that legally regulating and taxing

就讓我說:合法地管制和徵稅

most of the drugs that are now criminalized

大多數現在被列為非法的藥物

would radically reduce the crime, violence,

會大大減少犯罪、暴力、

corruption and black markets,

貪污、黑市、

and the problems of adulterated and unregulated drugs,

以及摻假和不受管制藥物的問題，

and improve public safety,

並提高公眾的安全，

and allow taxpayer resources to be developed

允許納稅人的資源

to more useful purposes.

用來開發更有用的目的。

I mean, look, the markets in marijuana, cocaine,

我的意思是，你看，大麻、可卡因、

heroin and methamphetamine

海洛因和甲基苯丙胺的市場，

are global commodities markets

是全球性的商品市場，

just like the global markets in alcohol, tobacco,

就像跟全球的酒精、煙草、

coffee, sugar, and so many other things.

咖啡、糖和許多其他的市場一樣。

Where there is a demand,

哪裡有需求，

there will be a supply.

哪裡就有供應。

Knock out one source and another

趕絕了一個源頭, 另一個源頭

inevitably emerges.

還是會不可避免地出現。

People tend to think of prohibition

人們往往認為，禁止

as the ultimate form of regulation

是最終極的規管方法，

when in fact it represents the abdication of regulation

而事實上，它代表的是規管退位，

with criminals filling the void.

並由罪犯去填補這個空缺。

Which is why putting criminal laws and police

這就是為什麼把刑法和警察

front and center in trying to control

放在前線和中心來試圖控制

a dynamic global commodities market

一個瞬息萬變的全球性商品市場

is a recipe for disaster.

是一個災難。

And what we really need to do

而我們真正需要做的

is to bring the underground drug markets

是把地下的毒品交易市場

as much as possible aboveground

盡可能帶上地面,

and regulate them as intelligently as we can

盡我們所能明智地規範它，

to minimize both the harms of drugs

以減少藥物以及

and the harms of prohibitionist policies.

禁制政策帶來的危害。

Now, with marijuana, that obviously means

現在，大麻顯然意味著

legally regulating and taxing it like alcohol.

像酒精般依法規範和徵稅。

The benefits of doing so are enormous, the risks minimal.

這樣做的好處很大，風險極小。

Will more people use marijuana?

會有更多的人使用大麻嗎？

Maybe, but it's not going to be young people,

也許吧，但不會是年輕人，

because it's not going to be legalized for them,

因為對他們來說大麻不會被合法化，

and quite frankly, they already have

而且坦白的說，他們已經有

the best access to marijuana.

拿到大麻的最佳途徑了。

I think it's going to be older people.

我認為這將會是上了年紀的人。

It's going to be people in their 40s and 60s

會是40多歲、60多歲

and 80s who find they prefer a little marijuana

和80多歲的人發現自己寧願吸點大麻

to that drink in the evening or the sleeping pill

來代替在晚上喝一杯或吃安眠藥,

or that it helps with their arthritis or diabetes

或者是用它來舒緩他們的關節炎或糖尿病,

or maybe helps spice up a long-term marriage. (Laughter)

又或者用來為老夫老妻的 婚姻生活增添點情趣。 （笑聲）

And that just might be a net public health benefit.

這對公眾健康也將會有莫大的益處。

As for the other drugs,

至於其他藥物,

look at Portugal, where nobody goes to jail

看葡萄牙，在那裡，沒有人會因為

for possessing drugs,

藏有毒品被抓去坐牢，

and the government's made a serious commitment

政府作出了鄭重承諾，

to treating addiction as a health issue.

會把上癮是看作一個健康問題來治療。

Look at Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands,

再看看瑞士、德國、荷蘭、

Denmark, England, where people who have

丹麥和英國，在這些地方，

been addicted to heroin for many years

那些對海洛因上癮多年,

and repeatedly tried to quit and failed

多次試圖戒毒但失敗的人,

can get pharmaceutical heroin and helping services

可以在醫療診所獲得藥用海洛因和緩助,

in medical clinics, and the results are in:

而成果是：

Illegal drug abuse and disease

非法濫用藥物、疾病、

and overdoses and crime and arrests all go down,

藥物過量、犯罪和拘捕統統下降,

health and well-being improve,

健康和福祉有所提高,

taxpayers benefit,

納稅人受益，

and many drug users even put their addictions behind them.

許多吸毒者甚至放下了毒癮。

Look at New Zealand, which recently enacted a law

新西蘭最近頒布了一項法律,

allowing certain recreational drugs to be sold legally

允許某些軟性毒品被合法銷售,

provided their safety had been established.

前提是已確認其安全性。

Look here in Brazil, and some other countries,

看看巴西這裡和一些其他國家，

where a remarkable psychoactive substance,

"死藤水"這個值得注意的精神藥物，

ayahuasca, can be legally bought and consumed