Since ancient times, mankind has hotly debated

whether mathematics was discovered or invented.

Did we create mathematical concepts to help us understand the universe around us,

or is math the native language of the universe itself,

existing whether we find its truths or not?

Are numbers, polygons and equations truly real,

or merely ethereal representations of some theoretical ideal?

The independent reality of math has some ancient advocates.

The Pythagoreans of 5th Century Greece believed numbers were both

living entities and universal principles.

They called the number one, "the monad," the generator of all other numbers

and source of all creation.

Numbers were active agents in nature.

Plato argued mathematical concepts were concrete

and as real as the universe itself, regardless of our knowledge of them.

Euclid, the father of geometry, believed nature itself

was the physical manifestation of mathematical laws.

Others argue that while numbers may or may not exist physically,

mathematical statements definitely don't.

Their truth values are based on rules that humans created.

Mathematics is thus an invented logic exercise,

with no existence outside mankind's conscious thought,

a language of abstract relationships based on patterns discerned by brains,

built to use those patterns to invent useful but artificial order from chaos.

One proponent of this sort of idea was Leopold Kronecker,

a professor of mathematics in 19th century Germany.

His belief is summed up in his famous statement:

"God created the natural numbers, all else is the work of man."

During mathematician David Hilbert's lifetime,

there was a push to establish mathematics as a logical construct.

Hilbert attempted to axiomatize all of mathematics,

as Euclid had done with geometry.

He and others who attempted this saw mathematics as a deeply philosophical game

but a game nonetheless.

Henri Poincaré, one of the father's of non-Euclidean geometry,

believed that the existence of non-Euclidean geometry,

dealing with the non-flat surfaces of hyperbolic and elliptical curvatures,

proved that Euclidean geometry, the long standing geometry of flat surfaces,

was not a universal truth,

but rather one outcome of using one particular set of game rules.

But in 1960, Nobel Physics laureate Eugene Wigner

coined the phrase, "the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics,"

pushing strongly for the idea that mathematics is real

and discovered by people.

Wigner pointed out that many purely mathematical theories

developed in a vacuum, often with no view towards describing any physical phenomena,

have proven decades or even centuries later,

to be the framework necessary to explain

how the universe has been working all along.

For instance, the number theory of British mathematician Gottfried Hardy,

who had boasted that none of his work would ever be found useful

in describing any phenomena in the real world,

helped establish cryptography.

Another piece of his purely theoretical work

became known as the Hardy-Weinberg law in genetics,

and won a Nobel prize.

And Fibonacci stumbled upon his famous sequence

while looking at the growth of an idealized rabbit population.

Mankind later found the sequence everywhere in nature,

from sunflower seeds and flower petal arrangements,

to the structure of a pineapple,

even the branching of bronchi in the lungs.

Or there's the non-Euclidean work of Bernhard Riemann in the 1850s,

which Einstein used in the model for general relativity a century later.

Here's an even bigger jump:

mathematical knot theory, first developed around 1771

to describe the geometry of position,

was used in the late 20th century to explain how DNA unravels itself

during the replication process.

It may even provide key explanations for string theory.

Some of the most influential mathematicians and scientists

of all of human history have chimed in on the issue as well,

often in surprising ways.

So, is mathematics an invention or a discovery?

Artificial construct or universal truth?

Human product or natural, possibly divine, creation?

These questions are so deep the debate often becomes spiritual in nature.

The answer might depend on the specific concept being looked at,

but it can all feel like a distorted zen koan.

If there's a number of trees in a forest, but no one's there to count them,

does that number exist?