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Thank you very much, Caitlin, Bobby, ladies and gentlemen.
I wasn't sure I was coming to fashion week.
President Levin, Vice President Lorimer, if I had -- you
know, all I got was this little class napkin.
I feel if it were a little bigger, I'd turn it into
a doo-rag so I could feel right at home.
[LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE]
I just went over and said a word to Dean Brenzel, because
you may have seen he had an article in the Huffington Post.
It said, now if they'd asked me to give this speech, this
is what I would have said.
It's really good.
It's really good.
But if you had done that then I'd have missed all your hats.
How could anybody possibly be worried about the future of the
world when it's in your hand?
[APPLAUSE]
I mean anybody with this kind of judgment and head gear
will have no problem solving all the other challenges.
Let me say, in all seriousness, I'm honored to be here.
I congratulate the graduates, and I want to thank you and
your families, your friends, the faculty and staff for
letting me share this day.
I am profoundly grateful to Yale because of the things I
learned, the professors I had, the friends of a lifetime, the
fact that I still work with a lot of people from Yale in
public health and endeavors we have together in Ethiopia
and in Liberia.
The President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is
here and I thank her.
But most of all, I'm grateful because if I hadn't come here I
never would have met Hilary.
[APPLAUSE]
So, she's been in Shanghai for two days at this big world expo
they're having over there, and she called me last night and
told me she had given this speech and how much it meant to
her, how much you loved it.
She didn't prepare me for your sartorial splendor quite as
much as she should have, but I'm very proud of the work
she's doing and I'm very grateful to Yale because I
would have missed it if I hadn't come here.
And we've had a remarkable life together.
I say that because we've been gone from Yale since 1973
-- that's 37 years, if my math still works.
And yet it seems to me as if we were here yesterday.
So I thought and thought and thought.
I said how can I be brief, which I owe you -- you know,
when you have as good a sense of humor as you've displayed
today, you're at least entitled to a short speech, and still
say something that might be helpful.
Here's the best I can do.
The world you are going into that you will shape, should be
the most interesting, exciting, fulfilling, stunning
time in human history.
I mean after all, we've torn down all these barriers of time
and space and people are no longer confined to where they
were born, and so America has become explosively diverse.
You might be interested to know that at our pavilion in
Shanghai, one of the things that is most emphasized is how
there's somebody here from everywhere.
I'm trying to get the World Cup of soccer to come to America in
2018 or 2022, and my main pitch is this is the only place you
can go where everybody will have a home team
cheering squad.
It's an amazing thing and it makes life a
lot more interesting.
The internet is amazing.
When I became President, believe it or not -- I know for
a lot of you this is the dark ages, but it was really just
yesterday -- on January of 1993, January 20th, you know
how many sites there were on the entire worldwide web? 50.
5-0.
More than that have been added since I started talking.
The average cell phone on the day I took the Oath of
Office weighed five pounds.
Now you know somebody like me with big hands has to have one
wide enough so that you only had to redial about one
in every four times.
It's a fascinating time.
Look at all these scientific discoveries that have been
coming out -- the genome was sequenced first in 2000,
probably the major scientific advance of the eight years I
served, and I spent a lot of your family's tax money
trying to get that done.
[LAUGHTER]
But certainly the most amusing, off-shoot of genome research
appeared the last couple of weeks when we learned that
every one of us in our genomic make up are between 1% and 4%
descended from neanderthals.
And I'm glad all of us made it because if only the men had
made it, we'd never hear the end of it.
And now we all have an excuse for every dumb thing we've ever
done going back to age five.
It's great.
I say that but it is interesting.
It is interesting furthermore that the genome sequencing's
first profoundly significant finding was that, from a
genetic point of view, all human beings are
99.9% the same.
Then Craig Ventor's independent project said, no that's all
wrong, we're only 99.5% the same.
Now with three billion units, 4/10 of 1% is significant, but
from a social, political, philosophical point of
view, it doesn't matter.
You just look around this vast crowd of your classmates, every
single physical difference you can see is the product of
somewhere between 1/10 and 5/10 of a percent of your
genetic makeup.
And what I want to say is most of us spend 99% of our
time thinking about that 1/10, the 5/10 of 1%.
You're going to have a lot of people tell you, and it'll all
be true, how smart you are, how gifted you are, how fortunate
you've been, how, as our committee said, if we just give
one of you a lever, you can move the world.
It's all true.
What I want you to take a few minutes thinking about is the
99.5% of you, because my basic belief is the only way that you
can make the most of the world that lies before you, is to
believe that it's interesting and fascinating and profoundly
important as all of our diversities are, our common
humanity matters more.
And that leads us to certain fundamental conclusion, as does
the fact that our fate has caught up with the fate of
the planet which we occupy.
I think about this a lot now.
I think about what young people who have more tomorrows than
yesterdays are to make of the world they have inherited.
It's really quite extraordinary.
I read just this week, we had this amazing breakthrough in
physics attempting to determine how life on earth began, and
the results seem to suggest that subatomic elements of
matter, which normally under the laws of physics would be
expected to cancel each other out over and over and over
again so life could never have formed in the first place,
didn't because there were slightly more positive than
negative elements of the most basic building block of matter.
If that's true, it is a metaphor for how
you have to live.
Thank God and the primordial slime that positive
outweighed the negative.
That's about it, and about what you have to do.
And I say that because the world you live in for all
of its joys has three problems not very much
in evident here today.
It is too unstable, it is too unequal, and it is
completely unsustainable.
So that if you want your children and grandchildren to
be sitting on this lawn with their own inevitable choices of
funky hats, you got to deal with those three things, and
you gotta deal with them as an integral part of your life, not
something that's over here that you think about sometimes,
because these three challenges, that's where your 99.5%
to 99.9% comes in.
It doesn't matter how smart you are, it doesn't matter how
wealthy you grow, you're going to have to share
that with everyone.
The world is too unequal.
Half the world's people live on less than $2.00 a day, a
billion on less than $1.00 a day, a billion people have no
access to clean water, a billion people go to bed hungry
every night, two and a half billion people have no access
to sanitation, one in four of all the people who die on
planet earth this year will die of AIDS, tuberculosis, Malaria
and infections related to dirty water. 80% of them will
be children under five.
Those are the killers of the poor.
And there are no health networks out there
for many of them.
I work with wonderful people from Yale, who just took a
picture with me before I came in, and our Health Access
Initiative in Ethiopia and Liberia, and Ethiopia, when we
started, the country has 80 million people, 58 million live
in villages of fewer than 1,000, 60,000 villages, there
were 700 clinics in the whole country.
Now moving toward 17,000.
We get 17,000 built, everybody will be within a day's
walk of a health care.
These are things that we don't think about all the time,
but the world is unequal.
You're sitting here getting a degree from one of the greatest
universities in history, founded in 1701.
There are more than 100 million children today that still never
darkened a schoolhouse door, and another 100 million who go
to school but not really, because they don't have trained
teachers or adequate learning material.
When even one year of schooling in a poor country adds 10%
a year to learning capacity for life.
It's an unequal world within wealthy countries -- most but
not all, the world has grown more unequal.
The day before the financial meltdown, 2/3 of American
families after inflation had lower incomes than they did
the day I left office seven and a half years earlier.
Median family income dropped $2,000 while the cost of health
care doubled, the cost of college after inflation went up
75%, and America fell from first to tenth in the world for
the first time since World War II in the percentage of our
young people 25 to 35 that had four year degrees.
Now I think the Bill just passed by Congress to cut the
cost of student loans, the cost of repayment, and let all of
you pay it back as a share of your income is a very good
start, because that means people can graduate from
college with a degree and still join Teach For America, still
join the Peace Corps, still join Americorps, still go out
into rural areas and serve people, or go halfway
around the world.
This is a very good thing, but we have to face the
fact that our own country grew more unequal.
The world is more unstable.
It's entirely too unstable.
We deal with the threat of terror in every country -- in
America, all the way from the first World Trade Center
bombing in 1993 to this poor tragic Pakistani man who got
two degrees in America, got his citizenship, used it to fly
home to Waziristan and learn how to make a bomb and tried to
set it off in Times Square.
Thank God he didn't learn his lesson very well, and
people escaped unharmed.
But it shows you that when you tear down all the walls and you
can break through all the barriers of information, that
the same things that empower you to get access to more
information more quickly than ever before, could empower
you to build bombs.
It's an unstable world.
The financial crisis started in America, pretty soon it's all
over Europe, then it hurts Latin America and Asia.
Now you've got Greece, a very small part of the European
union imperiling the whole enterprise of the common
currency and spooking investors around the world in every place
that has significant debt.
We have to reduce the instability.
And the third thing we have to recognize is that because of
the way we produce and consume energy, the world you live in
is totally unsustainable.
Oh, I know the climate change deniers got a little juice out
of some stolen emails at the University of East Anglia, but
an independent scientific panel just reviewed them and said
they confirm what everybody knows -- the world is warming
at an unsustainable rate that's going to lead to radical
variations in temperature.
When we had this huge snowfall in February, all on the East
coast, all the way down to Florida, they opened the
Olympics in Canada and it was so hot up there they were
afraid they wouldn't be able to start some of the
outdoor winter sports.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration just
released this week its finding that April was the hottest
April ever recorded.
Clearly, we have to do something, and a lot of people
are discouraged because there was no agreement
made in Copenhagen.
I'll come back to this, but the reason there was no agreement
in Copenhagen is simple -- unlike when Al Gore and I tried
to take this issue on, now nearly everybody accepts the
fact that climate change is real and caused by human
activity and we gotta do something about it.
But many people still don't believe we can do what we
need to do and still grow the economy.
When I was your age, a little younger, Martin Luther King
used to say, used to quote the great French writer Victor
Hugo, saying there's nothing so powerful as an idea
whose time has come.
Today with regard to this climate change issue, we ought
to say there's nothing more destructive than an idea whose
time has come and gone and people just won't give it up.
The truth is that if we change the way we produced and
consumed energy in an intelligent way, it would do
more than anything else we could do to reduce inequality,
start an economic boom, stabilize our future, as
well as deal with the sustainability issue.
It is the greatest opportunity this country has faced since we
mobilized for World War II, and this time it can be
entirely constructive.
[APPLAUSE]
And I'm going to make this point a little more explicitly
in a moment, but one problem we have in the modern world is we
got access to more information than ever before, but we don't
all listen to the same information.
America's a much more tolerant country today in most
conventional ways.
It's not as racist as it used to be, there's not the
religious prejudices as used to be, it's not as sexist as it
used to be, it's not as homophobic as it used to be
-- we're getting there.
The only place where we're bigoted now is we only want
to be around people who agree with us.
You think about it.
And in our media habits, we go to the television stuff, we go
to the radio talk shows, we go to the blog sites
that agree with us.
And it can have very bizarre consequences.
Hawaii, the State where President Obama was born, has
done everything they can to debunk this myth that he
wasn't born in America.
They've done everything but blow up his birth certificate,
put it in neon lights and hang it on the dome of the Capital.
But 45% of registered Republicans still believe
that he is serving unconstitutionally.
Why?
Because they've been told that by the only place they
go to get information.
I force myself to listen to people who disagree with me,
and to try to get into a fact-based mode.
So I will say again, I think that this is an enormous
opportunity for you, but you have to understand just about
anything you think is wrong with the world can be
categorized as a result of too much inequality, too
much instability, or too much unsustainability.
So the mission of every citizen, not just in the United
States, but every empowered person in the world in this
time has to be to build up the positive and reduce the
negative forces of our interdependence.
Whenever anybody asks me, what's your position on x, y or
z, I have this little filter that automatically runs the
question through and I ask myself will it build up the
positive and reduce the negative forces of
our interdependence?
If it will, I'm for it.
If it won't, I'm against it.
And I think it's really important to think about that.
Now let's talk about what that means.
It means that we have to be relentlessly committed to
change, and change is hard.
We once had a member of Congress when I served as
president who used to say, you know what they say
about change, let's do it, you go first.
It's hard.
First you have to have a vision of the future.
We've got to put America, and increasingly the world, more
determinedly in the future business.
Secondly, we have to ask the right questions
and answer them.
Most the time I was in politics, we
debated two things.
If you looked at the news or read the press, usually people
talk about two things.
One reason I combed the blogs is that they go beyond that.
But most discussion is what are you going to do and how much
money are you going to spend on it.
You agree?
We're going to do something in health care, how much will it
cost -- no, no, you should cut taxes, how much will
you spend, right.
There's almost no discussion about the third question, which
I predict to you will be the most important question, public
question, of your next 20 years, which is whatever you're
going to do and however much money you have or don't have,
how do you propose to do it, so you can turn your good
intentions into real changes in other people's lives.
The how question will determine how well we
move into the future.
And the last point I want to make about that is that when
you're determining how to do something, your goal should
be what in game theory is called a non-zero sum game.
One of the most influential books I've read since I
left the White House is Robert Right's Nonzero.
A zero-sum game, as all of you know, is the Yale-Harvard
football game, right.
I mean there's gotta be a winner and a loser.
We now in college football make people play 50-11 overtimes
until somebody drops, if necessary, until there is
a winner and a loser.
We're in the pro basketball championships -- fascinating
time -- they'll play as many overtimes as they have to until
somebody wins, and you know somebody won because
somebody lost.
A non-zero sum game is where both parties can win.
Zero-sum games are more fun on the playing fields -- they
don't work in the 21st century.
If the world is interdependent and too unequal, too unstable,
too unsustainable, obviously, if you wanted to change, you
have to find a way for everybody to win.
And that means politics is important, that means what you
do for a living is important, and how you do it is important.
Think of this.
Throughout most of human history the vast mass of
humanity didn't have a thousandths of the choices
you have before you today.
People didn't have any choice about what they did for a
living -- they worked to eat and support their families and
have shelter and keep people alive, and all over the
world today most people still do it that way.
You have choices.
And as you make those choices, you should do what makes you
happy -- most people are happiest doing what
they're best at.
But you should relentlessly, relentlessly, every single day
check yourself and say, am I building up the positive and
reducing the negative forces?
Am I helping to create a world in which we can all win?
Am I reducing the inequality, instability, unsustainability?
Am I building all these wonderful positive things
that I have loved so much in my life?
And, as I said, that requires you to be good at work, be
responsible when you have your own kids, cast intelligent
and informed votes.
And it also, in this new century, requires all of
us to be part of some non-governmental movement.
The NGO movement -- which many of you are already actively
participating in, in community service here, around the world
-- is older than the Republic.
Benjamin Franklin organized the first volunteer fire department
in the United States before the Constitution was ratified.
We've been doing this a long time.
But the whole movement has been in overdrive for
the last 12 years.
We have about a million foundations and 355,000
religious institutions doing this work in America -- half of
the foundations have been established in the last dozen
years, and there are parallels all over the world -- private
citizens doing public good.
The work we do in our foundation with Yale is an
example of what we try to do all over the world, in energy
and climate change and health care and education.
We try to figure out how to do things faster, better, at less
cost, and then get it adopted either by government or in a
new business model, so we can go on and do something else.
You need to do that, because you got a good deal out of that
1/10 to 5/10 of a percent of your genetic makeup
that was different.
No matter how hard you work, no matter what you had to
overcome, you're still very fortunate to be here today.
You got a good deal, and you have lots of
choices going forward.
Some of those choices should be to do public good
as private citizens.
[APPLAUSE]
The problems with poor and rich countries are fundamentally
different, and your needed here and around the world.
The problem with poor people is they're just is smart as we are
and they work harder just to keep body and soul together,
but they don't have systems and organized structures that give
predictable consequences when they exert good efforts.
Just think of just the little thing you're taking for
granted here today.
You'd be shocked if this microphone went off and you
couldn't hear a word I'm saying, or if those
lights failed.
You know when you leave here, if you're hot and dry you can
get a drink of water and you'll be fine.
I spent a lot of my life in places where none of that
is taken for granted.
We take things for granted that other people don't have.
So, for Haiti, for example, the work I'm doing now with the UN,
and we have to build them systems so that the gifts of
their people can be manifest at home and they don't have to
come to the United States or Canada or France or someone
else for people to say boy, those people are smart and
gifted and wonderful.
Less than 2% of the African American population is Haitian.
11% of our African American physicians are Haitians.
The head of one of the largest foundations in America's
a Haitian American.
Some of the most important people in the health care
community in New York City are Haitians.
The Haitians are rather like the Palestinians -- they're
only poor in their own backyard, and they deserve a
better deal and a chance to build a better future for their
children and I think you can give it to them. [APPLAUSE]
But it's important to realize that the reason that can happen
is there is an enlightened self-interest in the cache
transfers that all these wealthier countries and
multilateral organizations are going to send to Haiti.
They're our neighbors -- we realize our interdependence and
we want it to be positive.
But that means we have to keep getting better, too.
And the problems of wealthy countries are just the reverse.
We have systems, otherwise you wouldn't be here today, but the
problem with all systems is that at some point, going back
to the Sumerian civilization 8,000 years ago, the people who
are a part of those systems acquire a greater interest in
holding on to their position then continually advance the
purpose for which the system was set up in the first place.
So you tell me how we get off spending 17.2% of our
income on health care.
No one else spends more than 10 and one-half, and we now have
40 countries with lower infant mortality rates than we have,
and we are ranked 35th in overall health outcomes.
And the people who fought the attempt to reform health care
and finally provide coverage to everybody said we were going to
mess up the health care system.
We spend 30% of our health care dollars on paperwork, no one
else spends more than 19 from all sources -- that's $215
billion a year, that's twice what it would take to give
everybody insurance.
So we have to be in the reform business, and we have to do it
with education, we have to do it with government, we have to
do with finance, we have to do with the financial regulations,
we have to do with energy.
And every place we do it we should ask ourselves
a simple question.
What will give us more positive interdependence and reduce
the negative interdependence?
A lot of this fight over the recent financial transactions
has, to me, missed the point -- not so much whether it's legal
or not but whether it's legal or not, does it make us more
unstable without doing anything to create more businesses, more
jobs, more investment, a broader future?
If the answer is yes, we should stop doing it whether
it's illegal or not.
You need to put the right filter on your glasses when
you look into the future and ask these questions.
You need to ask yourself what you can do about it.
And let me just like one final thing.
I talked about all these problems, but nobody could
stand where I'm standing and look at you and be pessimistic
about the future.
And I have always believed, the one thing I have never changed
my opinion on from when I was your age, I've always believed
that cynicism and pessimism were cop-outs -- they're
an excuse to take a dive.
They're self-fulfilling prophecies.
[APPLAUSE]
And, for example, people have been betting against the United
States since George Washington took on King George -- you
should go back and read some of the things.
Oh, Washington is nothing more than a mediocre surveyor who
lost every battle he was ever involved in before this.
He doesn't even have a good set of false teeth.
Abraham Lincoln's a baboon -- be better if somebody killed
him before he could take the Oath of Office -- an editorial
in an Illinois newspaper.
I could go on and on and on.
Nobody remembers the naysayers.
In the end, all that endures are the builders, and in the
end even the builders are forgotten and all that endures
are the ripples of what they built, and that's good
-- that's a good thing.
So, go out there with a happy heart.
Learn to live with confidence in the face of all these
changes, and give other people the courage to live with
confidence in the face of change.
A lot of these whacko things that are happening in American
politics today are not really what they seem, they're just
people screaming -- stop the world, I want to get off.
The problem is you can't stop it and you can't get off.
And since we're all stuck, we better make it better together.
Thank you.
Good luck, and God bless you all.