[Ted N' Ed's Carnival; open daily - all day long; Yew Chube Common - Entrance off the Google highway]

[John Lloyd's Inventory of the Invisible]

[Adapted from a TEDTalk given by John Lloyd in 2009]

Now our next speaker has spent his whole career eliciting that sense of wonder.

Please welcome John Lloyd. (Applause)

Question is: what is invisible?

There's more of it than you think, actually.

Everything, I would say -- everything that matters --

Except every thing, and except matter.

We can see matter

but we can't see what's the matter.

We can see the stars and the planets but we can't see what holds them apart,

or what draws them together.

With matter as with people, we see only the skin of things,

we can't see into the engine room, we can't see what makes people tick,

at least not without difficulty,

and the closer we look at anything,

the more it disappears.

In fact, if you look really closely at stuff, if you look at the basic substructure of matter,

there isn't anything there. Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz, and there is only energy.

One of the interesting things about invisibility is the things that we can's see,

we also can't understand.

Gravity is one thing that we can't see, and which we don't understand.

It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces,

and the weakest, and nobody really knows what it is or why it's there.

For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived,

he thought Jesus came to earth specifically to operate the levers of gravity.

That's what he thought he was there for.

So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know. (Laughter)

Consciousness. I see all your faces; I've no idea what any of you are thinking.

Isn't that amazing? Isn't it incredible that we can't read each other's minds,

when we can touch each other, taste each other, perhaps, if we get close enough, but we can't read each other's minds.

I find that quite astonishing.

In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion which some claim is the root of all religions,

Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say,

but their main exercise of telepathy is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.

So that's why we don't think it exists; the Sufi masters working on us.

In the question of consciousness and artificial intelligence,

artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness,

gotten nowhere, we have no idea how consciousness works.

Not only have they not created artificial intelligence,

they haven't yet created artificial stupidity.

The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.

Remind you of anyone?

Interesting. I'm, as you can guess, not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.

And I find a very useful new word -- ignostic. Okay? I'm an ignostic, [God?]

I refuse to be drawn on the question on whether God exists

until somebody properly defines the terms.

Another thing we can't see is the human genome.

And this is increasingly peculiar, because about 20 years ago

when they started delving into the genome, they thought it would probably contain

around 100 thousand genes. Every year since,

it's been revised downwards. We now think there are likely to be just over 20 thousand genes

in the human genome.

This is extraordinary, because rice -- get this --

rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.

Potatoes -- potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than people,

and the same as a gorilla. (Laughter)

You can't see these things, but they are very strange.

The stars by day, I always think that's fascinating.

The universe disappears. The more light there is, the less you can see.

Time. Nobody can see time.

I don't know if you know this. Modern physicists -- there's a big movement in modern physics

to decide that time doesn't really exist, because it's too inconvenient for the figures.

It's much easier if it's not really there.

You can't see the future, obviously,

and you can't see the past, except in your memory.

One of the interesting things about the past is you particularly can't see --

my son asked me this the other day, he said Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two?

And I said yes. He said, why can't I?

Isn't that extraordinary? You cannot remember what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three.

Which is great news for psychoanalysts, because otherwise they'd be out of a job.

Because that's where all the stuff happens [laughter]

that makes you who you are.

Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang.

This is fascinating. You probably know, some of you, that cells are continually renewed.

Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff --

but every cell in your body is replaced at some point.

Taste buds, every 10 days or so.

Livers and internal organs take a bit longer.

Spine takes several years.

But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body

remains from what was there seven years ago.

The question is: who then are we? What are we? What is this thing that we hang on?

That is actually us?

Atoms, can't see them. Nobody ever will. They're smaller than the wavelength of light.

Gas, can't see that. Interesting, somebody mentioned 1600 recently.

Gas was invented in 1600 by a Dutch chemist called Van Helmont.

It's said to be the most successful ever invention of a word by a known individual.

Quite good. He also invented a word called blas, meaning astral radiation.

Didn't catch on, unfortunately. (Laughter)

But well done, Him. Light -- you can't see light.

When it's dark, in a vacuum, if a person shines a beam of light straight across your eyes, you won't see it.

Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this. But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light,

you can only see what it hits.

Electricity, can't see that. Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity, they don't.

Nobody knows what it is. (Laughter) You probably think the electrons in an electric wire move instantaneously

down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light, when you turn the light on.

They don't. Electrons bumble down the wire, about the speed of spreading honey, they say.

Galaxies -- hundred billion of them, estimated in the universe. Hundred billion.

How many can we see? Five. Five, out of a hundred billion galaxies, with the naked eye.

And one of them's quite difficult to see, unless you've got very good eyesight.

Radio waves. There's another thing. Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves,

in 1887, he called them radio waves because they radiated.

Somebody said to him, well what's the point of these, Heinrich? What's the point of these radio waves

that you've found? And he said, well I've no idea, but I guess somebody'll find a use for them someday.

The biggest thing that's invisible to us is what we don't know.

It is incredible how little we know.

Thomas Edison once said we don't know one percent of one millionth about anything.

And I've come to the conclusion --

because you ask this other question: what's another thing we can't see?

The point, most of us. What's the point?

The point -- what I've got it down to is there are only two questions really worth asking.

Why we're here, and what should we do about it while we are?

To help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers,

perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century.

One a mathematician and engineer, and the other a poet.

The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein, who said,

I don't know why we are here, but I am pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves.

He was a cheerful bastard, wasn't he? (Laughter)

And secondly, and lastly, W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets

who said, We are here on earth to help others. What the others are here for, I've no idea.

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