that the world today is full of problems.

We've been hearing them

today and yesterday and every day for decades.

Serious problems, big problems, pressing problems.

Poor nutrition, access to water,

climate change, deforestation,

lack of skills, insecurity, not enough food,

not enough healthcare, pollution.

There's problem after problem,

and I think what really separates this time

from any time I can remember in my brief time

on Earth is the awareness of these problems.

We're all very aware.

Why are we having so much trouble

dealing with these problems?

That's the question I've been struggling with,

coming from my very different perspective.

I'm not a social problem guy.

I'm a guy that works with business,

helps business make money.

God forbid.

So why are we having so many problems

with these social problems,

and really is there any role for business,

and if so, what is that role?

I think that in order to address that question,

we have to step back and think about

how we've understood and pondered

both the problems and the solutions

to these great social challenges that we face.

Now, I think many have seen business

as the problem, or at least one of the problems,

in many of the social challenges we face.

You know, think of the fast food industry,

the drug industry, the banking industry.

You know, this is a low point

in the respect for business.

Business is not seen as the solution.

It's seen as the problem now, for most people.

And rightly so, in many cases.

There's a lot of bad actors out there

that have done the wrong thing,

that actually have made the problem worse.

So this perspective is perhaps justified.

How have we tended to see the solutions

to these social problems,

these many issues that we face in society?

Well, we've tended to see the solutions

in terms of NGOs,

in terms of government,

in terms of philanthropy.

Indeed, the kind of unique organizational entity

of this age is this tremendous rise of NGOs

and social organizations.

This is a unique, new organizational form

that we've seen grown up.

Enormous innovation, enormous energy,

enormous talent now has been mobilized

through this structure

to try to deal with all of these challenges.

And many of us here are deeply involved in that.

I'm a business school professor,

but I've actually founded, I think, now, four nonprofits.

Whenever I got interested and became aware

of a societal problem, that was what I did,

form a nonprofit.

That was the way we've thought about how to deal

with these issues.

Even a business school professor has thought about it that way.

But I think at this moment,

we've been at this for quite a while.

We've been aware of these problems for decades.

We have decades of experience

with our NGOs and with our government entities,

and there's an awkward reality.

The awkward reality is we're not making

fast enough progress.

We're not winning.

These problems still seem very daunting

and very intractable,

and any solutions we're achieving

are small solutions.

We're making incremental progress.

What's the fundamental problem we have

in dealing with these social problems?

If we cut all the complexity away,

we have the problem of scale.

We can't scale.

We can make progress. We can show benefits.

We can show results. We can make things better.

We're helping. We're doing better. We're doing good.

We can't scale.

We can't make a large-scale impact on these problems.

Why is that?

Because we don't have the resources.

And that's really clear now.

And that's clearer now than it's been for decades.

There's simply not enough money

to deal with any of these problems at scale

using the current model.

There's not enough tax revenue,

there's not enough philanthropic donations,

to deal with these problems the way we're dealing with them now.

We've got to confront that reality.

And the scarcity of resources

for dealing with these problems is only growing,

certainly in the advanced world today,

with all the fiscal problems we face.

So if it's fundamentally a resource problem,

where are the resources in society?

How are those resources really created,

the resources we're going to need to deal

with all these societal challenges?

Well there, I think the answer is very clear:

They're in business.

All wealth is actually created by business.

Business creates wealth

when it meets needs at a profit.

That's how all wealth is created.

It's meeting needs at a profit

that leads to taxes

and that leads to incomes

and that leads to charitable donations.

That's where all the resources come from.

Only business can actually create resources.

Other institutions can utilize them

to do important work,

but only business can create them.

And business creates them

when it's able to meet a need at a profit.

The resources are overwhelmingly

generated by business.

The question then is, how do we tap into this?

How do we tap into this?

Business generates those resources

when it makes a profit.

That profit is that small difference

between the price and the cost it takes to produce

whatever solution business has created

to whatever problem they're trying to solve.

But that profit is the magic.

Why? Because that profit allows whatever solution

we've created

to be infinitely scalable.

Because if we can make a profit,

we can do it for 10, 100, a million,

100 million, a billion.

The solution becomes self-sustaining.

That's what business does

when it makes a profit.

Now what does this all have to do

with social problems?

Well, one line of thinking is, let's take this profit

and redeploy it into social problems.

Business should give more.

Business should be more responsible.

And that's been the path that we've been on

in business.

But again, this path that we've been on

is not getting us where we need to go.

Now, I started out as a strategy professor,

and I'm still a strategy professor.

I'm proud of that.

But I've also, over the years,

worked more and more on social issues.

I've worked on healthcare, the environment,

economic development, reducing poverty,

and as I worked more and more in the social field,

I started seeing something

that had a profound impact on me

and my whole life, in a way.

The conventional wisdom in economics

and the view in business has historically been

that actually, there's a tradeoff

between social performance and economic performance.

The conventional wisdom has been

that business actually makes a profit

by causing a social problem.

The classic example is pollution.

If business pollutes, it makes more money

than if it tried to reduce that pollution.

Reducing pollution is expensive,

therefore businesses don't want to do it.

It's profitable to have an unsafe working environment.

It's too expensive to have a safe working environment,

therefore business makes more money

if they don't have a safe working environment.

That's been the conventional wisdom.

A lot of companies have fallen into that conventional wisdom.

They resisted environmental improvement.

They resisted workplace improvement.

That thinking has led to, I think,

much of the behavior

that we have come to criticize in business,

that I come to criticize in business.

But the more deeply I got into all these social issues,

one after another,

and actually, the more I tried to address them

myself, personally, in a few cases,

through nonprofits that I was involved with,

the more I found actually that the reality

is the opposite.

Business does not profit

from causing social problems,

actually not in any fundamental sense.

That's a very simplistic view.

The deeper we get into these issues,

the more we start to understand

that actually business profits

from solving social problems.

That's where the real profit comes.

Let's take pollution.

We've learned today that actually

reducing pollution and emissions

is generating profit.

It saves money.

It makes the business more productive and efficient.

It doesn't waste resources.

Having a safer working environment actually,

and avoiding accidents,

it makes the business more profitable,

because it's a sign of good processes.

Accidents are expensive and costly.

Issue by issue by issue, we start to learn

that actually there's no trade-off

between social progress

and economic efficiency

in any fundamental sense.

Another issue is health.

I mean, what we've found is actually

health of employees is something

that business should treasure,

because that health allows those employees

to be more productive and come to work

and not be absent.

The deeper work, the new work, the new thinking

on the interface between business and social problems

is actually showing that there's a fundamental,

deep synergy,

particularly if you're not thinking in the very short run.

In the very short run, you can sometimes

fool yourself into thinking

that there's fundamentally opposing goals,

but in the long run, ultimately, we're learning

in field after field that this is simply not true.

So how could we tap into

the power of business

to address the fundamental problems

that we face?

Imagine if we could do that, because if we could do it,

we could scale.

We could tap into this enormous resource pool

and this organizational capacity.

And guess what? That's happening now, finally,

partly because of people like you

who have raised these issues now

for year after year and decade after decade.

We see organizations like Dow Chemical

leading the revolution away from trans fat

and saturated fat with innovative new products.

This is an example of Jain Irrigation.

This is a company that's brought drip irrigation technology

to thousands and millions of farmers,

reducing substantially the use of water.

We see companies like the Brazilian forestry company Fibria

that's figured out how to avoid

tearing down old growth forest

and using eucalyptus and getting much more yield