There is.

有的

We're the only creatures

人類是唯一完整地

with fully developed moral sentiments.

發展出道德感的動物

We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.

作為社會動物，我們熱衷於道德

We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.

我們要求知道人的行為所為為何

And I personally am obsessed with morality.

我自己也熱衷於道德

It was all due to this woman,

那是由於這位女士的緣故

Sister Mary Marastela,

這位是瑪莉馬拉斯特拉修女

also known as my mom.

也叫做我媽

As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,

當輔祭童時，我常聞焚香味

and I learned to say phrases in Latin,

也學會了說一點拉丁語詞

but I also had time to think

但我還是有時間思考

about whether my mother's top-down morality

我母親的由上而下的道德

applied to everybody.

是否適用於每一個人

I saw that people who were religious and non-religious

我看到有宗教和無宗教信仰的人

were equally obsessed with morality.

都同樣熱衷於道德

I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis

我想也許在道德的決定背後

for moral decisions.

有一些世俗的基礎

But I wanted to go further

但是我想更深入研究

than to say our brains make us moral.

不想只說道德來自我們的大腦

I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.

我想明白道德是否有化學的基礎

I want to know

我想知道

if there was a moral molecule.

有否道德的分子存在

After 10 years of experiments,

經過十年的實驗

I found it.

我找到了那個分子了

Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.

要看看道德分子嗎？我帶來了一些

This little syringe

這個小針筒

contains the moral molecule.

裡頭裝的是道德分子

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

It's called oxytocin.

它叫做催產素

So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule

催產素是一種既簡單又古老的分子

found only in mammals.

哺乳類動物身上才找得到它

In rodents, it was known

在嚙齒目動物身上

to make mothers care for their offspring,

它會讓母獸照顧後代

and in some creatures,

它也會讓某些動物

allowed for toleration of burrowmates.

能容忍別的動物同居一穴

But in humans, it was only known

但在人類身上，我們只知道

to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,

它會為女人催生、催乳

and is released by both sexes during sex.

做愛時兩性都會釋放出催產素

So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.

因此我想到催產素可能就是道德分子

I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.

像多數人一樣－我問了一些同事的意見

One of them told me,

其中一位告訴我

"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.

「保羅，這是世界上最蠢的想法。」

It is," he said, "only a female molecule.

他說：「這不過是女性分子而已

It can't be that important."

不可能那麼重要。」

But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.

但是我回答：「男人的腦袋裡也製造這東西

There must be a reason why."

其中肯定有道理的。」

But he was right, it was a stupid idea.

不過他倒說對了，確實是個蠢想法

But it was testably stupid.

但這是個可以測試的蠢想法

In other words, I thought I could design an experiment

換言之，我認為可以設計一個實驗

to see if oxytocin made people moral.

來看看催產素是否會讓人有道德

Turns out it wasn't so easy.

結果發現並沒有那麼容易

First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.

首先，催產素是一種害羞的分子

Baseline levels are near zero,

最通常的情況是零水平

without some stimulus to cause its release.

沒有受到刺激催產素不會釋放的

And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,

產生後的半衰期只有三分鐘

and degrades rapidly at room temperature.

而且在室溫下會很快衰變

So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,

因此做實驗要能引發大量催產素

have to grab it fast and keep it cold.

而且必須趕快攫取冷藏起來

I think I can do that.

我想我有辦法做到

Now luckily, oxytocin is produced

很幸運地，催產素産生了

both in the brain and in the blood,

在腦袋裡、在血液裡都有

so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.

因此我不用學習神經科手術就能做實驗

Then I had to measure morality.

然後我必須測量道德

So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.

從大處著想來研究道德是一項大計劃

So I started smaller.

所以我從小處著手

I studied one single virtue:

我只單單研究一項美德：

trustworthiness.

那就是值得信賴度

Why? I had shown in the early 2000s

爲什麽？我在21世紀初指出

that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people

在一個國家中若有較多人值得信賴

are more prosperous.

這個國家就會比較繁榮

So in these countries, more economic transactions occur

那樣的國家裡會發生較多的經濟交易

and more wealth is created,

因此會産生較多的財富

alleviating poverty.

因而改善貧窮的問題

So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.

貧窮國家大體上是信賴感低落的國家

So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,

那麼如果我瞭解值得信賴度的化學原理

I might help alleviate poverty.

我就有可能幫助改善貧窮

But I'm also a skeptic.

不過我也有懷疑

I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"

我不想只問「你值不值得信賴」？

So instead I use

因此我改採用

the Jerry Maguire approach to research.

傑利馬蓋爾的方式進行研究

If you're so virtuous,

如果你那麼具有美德

show me the money.

就讓我看到錢

So what we do in my lab

於是我們在實驗室裡做的是

is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.

用錢來測試人的美德和惡德

Let me show you how we do that.

我來解釋這是怎麽做的

So we recruit some people for an experiment.

我們招募了一些人來做這個實驗

They all get $10 if they agree to show up.

如果同意來參加，就能得到$10

We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.

我們給那些人許多指示，並沒有欺騙他們

Then we match them in pairs by computer.

然後我們用電腦給他們配對

And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,

那一對之中有一人收到信息說

"Do you want to give up some of your $10

「你肯從到這兒來

you earned for being here

所賺到的$10裡拿出一些

and ship it to someone else in the lab?"

送給實驗室裡的某個人嗎？」

The trick is you can't see them,

妙的是，你看不見別人

you can't talk to them.

你也不能和別人談話

You only do it one time.

你只做這麽一次

Now whatever you give up

好啦，不管你給出多少

gets tripled in the other person's account.

另外那個人的帳戶就淨得三倍

You're going to make them a lot wealthier.

你會讓別人變得非常富有

And they get a message by computer saying

而他們會收到電腦的信息說

person one sent you this amount of money.

第一號人士給你這些錢

Do you want to keep it all,

你想全部留著呢

or do you want to send some amount back?

還是要送一些回去？

So think about this experiment for minute.

那麼請想一下這個實驗

You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.

你坐在硬板椅上一個半鐘頭

Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle

有個瘋狂的科學家用針

and take four tubes of blood.

紮你手臂，抽出四管血液

And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?

而你現在要我把這個錢送給一個陌生人？

So this was the birth of vampire economics.

這就是吸血鬼經濟的由來

Make a decision and give me some blood.

你做個決定，再給我一點血

So in fact, experimental economists

其實全世界到處都有

had run this test around the world,

實驗經濟學家進行這種實驗

and for much higher stakes,

而且賭注比這還高出許多

and the consensus view

所得到的共同看法是

was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,

第一個人給予第二個人的是對信賴的測量

and the transfer from the second person back to the first

而第二個人傳回給第一個人的是

measured trustworthiness.

可測量到的值得信賴度

But in fact, economists were flummoxed

但經濟學家感到困惑的

on why the second person would ever return any money.

其實是爲什麽第二個人會還錢

They assumed money is good,

他們假設錢是個好東西

why not keep it all?

爲什麽不全部留下來？

That's not what we found.

但那不是我們發現的事實

We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,

我們發現首先做決定送錢出去的人有90%

and of those who received money,

而那些收到錢的人當中

95 percent returned some of it.

有95%還了一點錢回去

But why?

爲什麽會這樣？

Well by measuring oxytocin

我們測量了催產素

we found that the more money the second person received,

發現第二個人收到越多錢

the more their brain produced oxytocin,

腦袋裡就産生越多催產素

and the more oxytocin on board,

腦袋裡有越多的催產素

the more money they returned.

他們還回去的錢就越多

So we have a biology of trustworthiness.

我們這下就找到了值得信賴度的生態

But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?

不過慢著，這實驗有什麽不對勁呢？

Two things.

有兩個不對勁

One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.

第一個是：體內所發生的不會是獨立的事件

So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,

因此我們也測量與催產素互動的其他九種分子

but they didn't have any effect.

但是他們並沒有什麽作用

But the second is

第二個是：

that I still only had this indirect relationship

關於催產素和值得信賴度之間的關係

between oxytocin and trustworthiness.

我還是只有這麽個間接證據

I didn't know for sure

我當時還不能確定明白

oxytocin caused trustworthiness.

催產素真的會導致值得信賴度

So to make the experiment,

因此，要做好這個實驗

I knew I'd have to go into the brain

我知道我得進入腦袋裡

and manipulate oxytocin directly.

並直接操弄催產素

I used everything short of a drill

除了鑽子之外，我什麽都用了

to get oxytocin into my own brain.

以便把催產素弄到自己的腦袋裡

And I found I could do it

結果我發現我可以辦到

with a nasal inhaler.

用一支鼻吸入器就行了

So along with colleagues in Zurich,

於是我和蘇黎世的同事們

we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,

利用催產素或安慰劑對200人

had that same trust test with money,

用錢進行同樣的那個試驗

and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,

結果發現吸入催產素的人不僅表現更多的信賴

we can more than double the number of people

我們甚至辦到讓會把錢送給陌生人的人數

who sent all their money to a stranger --

增加到一倍以上

all without altering mood or cognition.

他們的心情和認知狀態都沒有什麽改變

So oxytocin is the trust molecule,

那麼催產素果真是信賴的分子

but is it the moral molecule?

但它會不會就是道德分子呢？

Using the oxytocin inhaler,

利用催產素吸入器

we ran more studies.

我們進行了更多的研究

We showed that oxytocin infusion

我們證實了注射催產素

increases generosity

會讓人更慷慨大方

in unilateral monetary transfers

在單向的送錢行爲上

by 80 percent.

有80%的人如此

We showed it increases donations to charity

我們證實了催産素

by 50 percent.

會讓慈善捐款增加50%

We've also investigated

我們也探討了如何

non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.

能不用藥來增加催產素

These include massage,

這些方式包括按摩

dancing and praying.

跳舞和禱告

Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.

是的，我媽對最後這一項感到高興

And whenever we raise oxytocin,

只要我們增加催產素

people willingly open up their wallets

人們就會樂於打開他們的錢包

and share money with strangers.

拿錢來分享給陌生人

But why do they do this?

但是他們爲什麽會這樣做？

What does it feel like

當你的腦袋裡充滿了催產素

when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?

你會有怎樣的感受？

To investigate this question, we ran an experiment

爲了探討這個問題，我們做了一個試驗

where we had people watch a video

我們讓一些人看影片

of a father and his four year-old son,

片中有一個父親和他四歲的兒子

and his son has terminal brain cancer.

他的兒子腦癌末期

After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings

看過影片後，請他們爲自己的感受打分數

and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.

事前事後都測量他們體內的催產素

The change in oxytocin

催產素的含量

predicted their feelings of empathy.

預測了他們的同理心

So it's empathy

那麼正是同理心

that makes us connect to other people.

讓我們和別人産生聯繫

It's empathy that makes us help other people.

正是同理心讓我們會幫助別人

It's empathy that makes us moral.

正是同理心使我們有了道德

Now this idea is not new.

這個想法並不新奇

A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith

有一位大家知道的哲學家叫

wrote a book in 1759

亞當史密斯在1759年寫了一本書

called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."

書名「道德感的理論」

In this book, Smith argued

在這本書裡，史密斯論證說

that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,

人之爲道德動物並非由上而下的推理結果

but for a bottom-up reason.

而是由下而上的推理結果

He said we're social creatures,

他說人是社會動物

so we share the emotions of others.

因此我們分享別人的情感

So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.

因此我若傷害你，我會感受到那個痛苦

So I tend to avoid that.

因此我傾向於避免傷害你

If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.

我若讓你愉快，我便能分享你的喜悅

So I tend to do those things.

因此我傾向於讓你愉快

Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,

正是這位亞當史密斯

would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --

在17年後寫出一本叫「國富論」的小冊子－

the founding document of economics.

這本書是經濟學的基礎文獻

But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,

但他其實是道德哲學家，他對人之所以

and he was right on why we're moral.

有道德的看法確實正確

I just found the molecule behind it.

我才剛剛找到使人有道德的分子

But knowing that molecule is valuable,

但是知道了這個分子很有價值

because it tells us how to turn up this behavior

因爲它告訴我們如何提高道德

and what turns it off.

也告訴我們窒息道德的是什麽

In particular, it tells us

它尤其告訴我們

why we see immorality.

爲什麽我們會看到不道德

So to investigate immorality,

因此爲了探討不道德

let me bring you back now to 1980.

讓我帶領各位回到1980年

I'm working at a gas station

那時我在一個加油站工作

on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.

在加利佛尼亞州的聖塔巴巴拉

You sit in a gas station all day,

整天坐在加油站裡

you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.

各位，保證看到許多道德和不道德

So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth

有一天下午，有個人走進我的出納室

with this beautiful jewelry box.

帶著漂亮的首飾盒

Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.

打開來看是珍珠項鏈在裡頭

And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.

他說：「我在洗手間裡

I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"

發現這個東西，你看我們該怎麽處理？」

"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."

「我不知道，交給失物招領處吧。」

"Well this is very valuable.

「這東西可是非常有價值的

We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."

我們得找到失主。」我說：「是呀。」

So we're trying to decide what to do with this,

我們試著決定怎麽處理

and the phone rings.

這時電話響了

And a man says very excitedly,

有個男人激動地說

"I was in your gas station a while ago,

「不久前我在你們的加油站

and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."

我買了首飾給太太，現在找不到了。」

I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."

我說：「珍珠項鏈？」「是的。」

"Hey, a guy just found it."

「嘿，剛剛有人找到它了。」

"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.

「哦，你救了我的命，我的電話是...

Tell that guy to wait half an hour.

告訴那個人等我半個鐘頭

I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."

我會過來，會給他$200賞金。」

Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.

好極了，我告訴那個人：「放心啦

Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."

真不錯，你有大賞金可以拿了。」

He said, "I can't do it.

他說：「那可不成

I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,

15分鐘內我得在加林納面試

and I need this job, I've got to go."

我需要這個工作，我得走了。」

Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"

他又問：「你想我們該怎麽辦？」

I'm in high school. I have no idea.

當時我還是高中生，不曉得該怎麽辦

So I said, "I'll hold it for you."

我就說：「我幫你把錢收下來。」

He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."

他說：「你人真好，我和你分賞金好了

I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,