By 2050, our average power consumption will be 28 terawatts,

that's 12 zeros after 28.

The only resource that's available to supply to this demand is the sun.

We have about 100,000 terawatts

striking at the Earth's surface when the Sun is shining.

And after we subtract away the ocean, mountains, and so forth,

the usable energy is about 600 terawatts.

So that's still in far excess of our utilization.

But there's a problem with the Sun;

it doesn't shine all the time, and it doesn't shine everywhere.

This is a picture, a photo, from the International Space Station

showing the United States half in daytime and half in nighttime.

This is one problem of the Sun.

The second problem is that the Sun doesn't shine

where we need it to shine.

We have here London, Tokyo, and Chicago.

So if you've been to these places or lived in those places,

you know that the sun[light] is not abundant.

Yet, these are giant metropolises in which we have huge population centers.

So you may ask, "How about Texas?" There's plenty of sun in Texas, right?

That's not entirely true.

Even in the summer,

you have thunder storms that limit the availability of the Sun.

So the big problem with solar is that it is not available

when and where it is needed, at least not all the time.

So the vision we have is to make energy available

when and where it's needed.

So, roughly speaking, we can divide it into several processes.

One, we have a carbon-free source, like the sun.

We have to first capture it,

then we have to think about how to store it

- and that's going to be the bulk of my talk today -

we have to deliver it, and we have to utilize it.

We already do this today, pretty well.

We can take solar panels as a way to capture sunlight,

turn that into electricity,

we can store it in batteries, like our iPhones or electric cars,

we can deliver it using the conventional electric grid,

and we can use it.

But the problem lies with storage. It is not a perfect mechanism.

With batteries it's rather expensive, and it's heavy,

we're carrying away dead weight with batteries most of the time,

we're not carrying the energy we need.

It's mostly just things that are inactive, you're not storing the energy.

Moreover, battery does not store electricity for a long period of time.

If you look at your iPhone and so forth,

it only lasts for maybe 30 days, or 60 days if we don't charge it.

So it will lose charge over time.

What we need is a medium to store energy that is long-lasting, dispatchable,

so we can bring it to wherever it is needed,

anytime, whether the Sun is shining or not.

So, I want to introduce you to the concept of what we call solar fuels.

Fuel such as ethanol,

methane - which is the biggest component in natural gas -

or hydrogen.

It's a great way to store energy,

you can dispatch it whenever you want, it is very high energy density,

and it can be derived directly from the Sun.

You can imagine we can take molecules like water or carbon dioxide,

we can put the sun to it, take them apart,

reassemble them into these energetic molecules, such as ethanol,

we can store it in their form, we can transport it in the pipelines,

we can use it.

And when we'll burn these materials, what we'd get? Water and CO2.

And it goes back right to the top of the loop, where we start again.

It is a carbon-neutral energy cycle.

So this is were we aim to be, but we're pretty far from it now,

but this is the way of the future.

So let me talk a little bit about how to turn water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Here hydrogen is your fuel.

We call this sometime the reverse combustion process.

Combustion is the other way round,

you take hydrogen or any other form of fuel,

you put it with air, and you burn it, OK?

And you can get power out of it.

So this is the reverse process.

You can imagine that it is an uphill process;

you're spending energy,

you're pushing the water molecule uphill, as shown on the slide.

And you want to get over this barrier; it's about 1.2 volt,

this is roughly the voltage of an AA battery that you have.

It doesn't sound like a lot, but it is very hard to achieve,

to get this 1.2 volt needed to dissociate water into hydrogen and oxygen,

so that we can use it when and wherever we want.

So in this process of dissociating water and taking it into a form of the fuel,

it's inefficient.

And I'm going to talk about a couple of things

that we're doing at Stanford to make this a reality.

One of the biggest challenges with taking sunlight and storing it as the fuel

is we can't use the entire solar spectrum very well.

On the top of the screen you see the various colors of the Sun.

You have UV light, after violet light,

you have the visible light, and you have infrared.

Solar cells today can take the visible light very well.

They can also take the ultraviolet light very well.

But they can't take the infrared light

which is actually a bulk part of the solar spectrum.

And if you take a look at the availability of power as a function of the color,

the wavelength of light,

you will see what the problem is.

Solar cells today can only take a very small portion of it

like the one shown in red.

Everything else is lost as heat.

And because solar cell efficiency decreases with heat,

you'll have to cool it in order to maintain efficiency.

So all this energy that is not being used and is now turning up as heat

is discarded in the system.

So we can't use that very well.

But we now have developed a new system at Stanford

to help us take not only the light energy but also the thermal energy.

So we can take the entire solar spectrum,

whether it's coming as light, or being absorbed as heat,

and put all that energy toward rolling that water molecule up the hill,

so that we can dissociate it into hydrogen,

so it can be used as a fuel, stored and dispatched.

Another big problem with solar fuel is

it often takes very rare materials to perform the process.

Often, it takes materials like platinum or iridium,

and these are among the rarest materials on the planet,

to carry out this pushing uphill process with light.

What is happening when you shine light on these materials is

the electrons start moving around,

and the electron is zapping the water molecules,

and allowing it to be dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen.

But you want to do it with a material that is abundant.

And what we're looking at is using material, iron oxide.

So this is essentially a form of rust.

It gives rise to the red color of rocks in Southwest United States,

it's one of the most abundant materials,

the problem with this material is

that these electrons, when you shine a light on them, don't move very fast.

So you can't extract energy very efficiently.

But it turns out that if you give it a little bit of heat,

these electrons start moving much and much faster,

so that it can eventually reach the water molecules

and turn that into storable fuel.

So that's what we've been looking at for the past couple of years,

on taking sunlight, water, and sometimes even carbon dioxide,

and turning that into a fuel

so we can use it when and whenever we want.

You might ask one question:

"Well, how do we get both heat and light at the same time?"

After all, if we stand outside, we don't get to a very high temperature.

But it turns out that if we take a magnifying glass,

we can focus sunlight to a smaller spot.

And that allows us to achieve simultaneously

the intensity of light and also heat.

This is a conventional solar cell.

You take light, and you shine it on it, and you convert it to electricity.

But imagine now you have a way to focus the light with mirrors,

and now you have a smaller solar cell,

so you decrease the cost because you're doing more with less.

But the problem with conventional solar cells

is you have to cool it in the process because the heat decreases the efficiency.

But now imagine using a process

that can positively be enhanced with both light and heat.

Then you can take both, convert it to useful energy without the cooling.

So now you eliminate the part of the system which was limiting the cost.

So I'm hopefully giving you some idea

of the possibility to store sunlight in terms of fuel,

turning water, carbon dioxide into fuel,

and making the Sun available when and where it's needed.

Thank you.

(Applause)