the future of the Internet.

還有網路的未來發展

So I would like to welcome to the TED stage

就想到這位揭露一切真相的人

the man behind those revelations,

讓我們歡迎他上臺

Ed Snowden.

愛德華‧史諾登(Edward Snowden)

(Applause)

(觀眾鼓掌)

Ed is in a remote location somewhere in Russia

他目前藏身俄羅斯偏鄉

controlling this bot from his laptop,

以筆電操控這個機器人

so he can see what the bot can see.

藉著機器人觀看現場

Ed, welcome to the TED stage.

愛德華，歡迎蒞臨TED講壇

What can you see, as a matter of fact?

你目前實際能見範圍有多少？

Edward Snowden: Ha, I can see everyone.

愛德華．史諾登：我看得到所有人

This is amazing.

好神奇！

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

CA: Ed, some questions for you.

克里斯：請教一下

You've been called many things

過去5個月來

in the last few months.

有各種稱呼你的方式:

You've been called a whistleblower, a traitor,

像告密者、叛國賊

a hero.

還有英雄

What words would you describe yourself with?

你又是如何看待自己的？

ES: You know, everybody who is involved

愛德華：所有就這件事

with this debate

爭論過的人

has been struggling over me and my personality

總是針對我和我的人格

and how to describe me.

以及如何來形容我 而爭辯不休

But when I think about it,

但我仔細一想

this isn't the question that we should be struggling with.

這根本不該是爭辯的問題

Who I am really doesn't matter at all.

我是誰一點也不重要

If I'm the worst person in the world,

若我是這世上最差勁的人

you can hate me and move on.

你們大可恨我並繼續過生活

What really matters here are the issues.

以下這些議題才是重點 :

What really matters here is the kind of government we want,

真正重要的是我們要何種政府?

the kind of Internet we want,

還有我們想要什麽樣的網路？

the kind of relationship between people

甚至我們希望人與社會間

and societies.

存在何種關係?

And that's what I'm hoping the debate will move towards,

這才是我認為社會公論 應該進行的方向

and we've seen that increasing over time.

這樣的討論趨勢也 越來越明顯

If I had to describe myself,

若要我描述自已

I wouldn't use words like "hero."

我不會用英雄這類字眼

I wouldn't use "patriot," and I wouldn't use "traitor."

也不會自稱愛國者或叛國賊

I'd say I'm an American and I'm a citizen,

我會說自己跟大家没兩樣

just like everyone else.

都是美國公民

CA: So just to give some context

克里斯：為了讓不了解 事件過程的人

for those who don't know the whole story --

了解來龍去脈

(Applause) —

（掌聲響起）

this time a year ago, you were stationed in Hawaii

一年前的此時你還是 美國國家安全局

working as a consultant to the NSA.

派駐夏威夷的顧問

As a sysadmin, you had access

因為你是系統管理師

to their systems,

有權限進入該局系統

and you began revealing certain classified documents

所以你將特定機密檔案

to some handpicked journalists

透露給指定的媒體

leading the way to June's revelations.

在2013年6月率先揭發內幕

Now, what propelled you to do this?

這樣做是基於何種動機？

ES: You know,

愛德華：你知道嗎?

when I was sitting in Hawaii,

多年前我派駐夏威夷

and the years before, when I was working in the intelligence community,

從事情治工作時

I saw a lot of things that had disturbed me.

見過不少讓我不安的事

We do a lot of good things in the intelligence community,

我們在情治單位 其實也有不少貢獻

things that need to be done,

而且都是必要

and things that help everyone.

對公眾有益的

But there are also things that go too far.

但也有過分踰矩的作為

There are things that shouldn't be done,

更有一些根本不該去做的事

and decisions that were being made in secret

還有黑箱決策

without the public's awareness,

大眾根本不知情

without the public's consent,

更別說同意

and without even our representatives in government

就連代表民意的國會議員

having knowledge of these programs.

也被矇在鼓裡

When I really came to struggle with these issues,

當這些問題 讓我陷入天人交戰時

I thought to myself,

我暗自思索

how can I do this in the most responsible way,

該怎樣以最負責任的方式

that maximizes the public benefit

為大眾謀取最大福利

while minimizing the risks?

並將風險減到最低？

And out of all the solutions that I could come up with,

不管是我自己絞盡腦汁 想辦法也好

out of going to Congress,

透過國會程序也好

when there were no laws,

由於事發當時 還沒有相關條文

there were no legal protections

也沒有法律救濟

for a private employee,

來保護像我這樣的體制外僱員

a contractor in intelligence like myself,

像我一樣的情報單位合約僱員

there was a risk that I would be buried along with the information

只要有動作 就有和情報一起消失的危險

and the public would never find out.

大眾永遠不會知情

But the First Amendment of the United States Constitution

但美國憲法第一修正案

guarantees us a free press for a reason,

保障新聞自由的原因

and that's to enable an adversarial press,

就是要賦予媒體抗辯權

to challenge the government,

能夠挑戰政府的作為

but also to work together with the government,

同時也與政府合作

to have a dialogue and debate about how we can

就如何在不危及 國家安全的條件下

inform the public about matters of vital importance

告知大眾切身攸關的大事

without putting our national security at risk.

進行對談與辯論

And by working with journalists,

靠著與媒體記者合作

by giving all of my information

我將掌握到的資訊

back to the American people,

歸還美國人民

rather than trusting myself to make

而非靠我自己判斷

the decisions about publication,

是否要公開

we've had a robust debate

大家對此已經有過相當 踴躍的辯論

with a deep investment by the government

政府方面的鼓勵大家關心 的投入也不惶多讓

that I think has resulted in a benefit for everyone.

我認為這對大家都好

And the risks that have been threatened,

而那些政府

the risks that have been played up

警告和過分強調的

by the government

種種危機

have never materialized.

從來沒應驗過

We've never seen any evidence

目前從未有證據

of even a single instance of specific harm,

顯示任何相關危害的案例

and because of that,

正因如此

I'm comfortable with the decisions that I made.

我對自己的決定很放心

CA: So let me show the audience

克里斯：我想讓觀眾看一下

a couple of examples of what you revealed.

兩個你揭發過的案例

If we could have a slide up, and Ed,

可以幫我放一下投影片嗎？

I don't know whether you can see,

不知愛德華你是否看得到?

the slides are here.

投影片巳打在瑩幕上

This is a slide of the PRISM program,

這張是有關稜鏡計畫 (PRISM) 的

and maybe you could tell the audience

也許你可以跟觀眾解釋

what that was that was revealed.

已公開的資訊有哪些內容

ES: The best way to understand PRISM,

愛德華：因為有些爭議

because there's been a little bit of controversy,

所以了解此計畫最好的方式

is to first talk about what PRISM isn't.

就是先排除不相關的部份

Much of the debate in the U.S. has been about metadata.

在美國引發辯論的大多是 中繼資料 (metadata)

They've said it's just metadata, it's just metadata,

官方也始終宣稱只是中繼資料

and they're talking about a specific legal authority

目前他們援引的法理是

called Section 215 of the Patriot Act.

《愛國者法案》第215款

That allows sort of a warrantless wiretapping,

該條文形同容許非法監聽

mass surveillance of the entire country's

並能廣泛地監控全國通聯紀錄

phone records, things like that --

或施行類似的手段

who you're talking to,

像通話對象

when you're talking to them,

通聯時間

where you traveled.

和旅行地點

These are all metadata events.

都是中繼資料搜集的範圍

PRISM is about content.

「稜鏡」涉及的是通訊內容

It's a program through which the government could

這計畫讓美國政府

compel corporate America,

得以驅使美國企業

it could deputize corporate America

並授權給他們

to do its dirty work for the NSA.

為國家安全局做些不法勾當

And even though some of these companies did resist,

儘管有些企業確實抗拒過

even though some of them --

即使雅虎（Yahoo）等

I believe Yahoo was one of them —

這些公司曾訴諸法律

challenged them in court, they all lost,

不過都鍛羽而歸

because it was never tried by an open court.

因為都不是在公開庭審理

They were only tried by a secret court.

而僅以不公開方式 進行審判

And something that we've seen,

我們目睹過稜鏡計畫中的 某些部分

something about the PRISM program that's very concerning to me is,

有些部分格外令我憂心

there's been a talking point in the U.S. government

美國政府內部曾存在一種論據

where they've said 15 federal judges

說有15位聯邦法官

have reviewed these programs and found them to be lawful,

重審過這些計畫 並判決計劃屬於合法行動

but what they don't tell you

不過政府不會告訴你

is those are secret judges

審判程序其實是 秘密進行

in a secret court

在不公開庭當中

based on secret interpretations of law

基於政府對法律的片面解讀

that's considered 34,000 warrant requests

過去33年中

over 33 years,

政府申請過3萬4千筆搜索票

and in 33 years only rejected

33年中

11 government requests.

僅有11件申請被駁回

These aren't the people that we want deciding

我們認為不應該由 這些仲裁者決定

what the role of corporate America

美國企業

in a free and open Internet should be.

在自由開放的網路中 扮演的角色

CA: Now, this slide that we're showing here

克里斯：接下來的投影片顯示

shows the dates in which

各家科技和網路公司

different technology companies, Internet companies,

據傳涉入稜鏡計畫

are alleged to have joined the program,

以及資料蒐集活動

and where data collection began from them.

起始的日期

Now, they have denied collaborating with the NSA.

不過他們都否認與美國 國家安全局合作

How was that data collected by the NSA?

到底國家安全局是 怎樣蒐集資料的？

ES: Right. So the NSA's own slides

愛德華：是這樣的， 在他們的簡報中

refer to it as direct access.

這叫遠端存取

What that means to an actual NSA analyst,

對我們美國國安局 情報分析師

someone like me who was working as an intelligence analyst

也就是像我一樣 分析情報資料

targeting, Chinese cyber-hackers,

例如在夏威夷鎖定 中國網路駭客

things like that, in Hawaii,

或做其他 類似工作的人來說

is the provenance of that data

遠端存取就是

is directly from their servers.

直接從他人伺服器攫取資料

It doesn't mean

這並不表示

that there's a group of company representatives

有一大群公司代表

sitting in a smoky room with the NSA

與國安局的人同坐在 煙霧繚繞的房間裡

palling around and making back-room deals

套交情搞暗盤

about how they're going to give this stuff away.

商議著該如何移轉資料

Now each company handles it different ways.

各公司的做法都有所不同

Some are responsible.

有些採取負責任的方式

Some are somewhat less responsible.

有些就比較輕忽

But the bottom line is, when we talk about

不過重點是

how this information is given,

當談到資料如何移轉

it's coming from the companies themselves.

其實是公司自己交出的

It's not stolen from the lines.

並非從線上竊取

But there's an important thing to remember here:

不過有一點是必須記得的

even though companies pushed back,

就算公司抵制這樣的做法

even though companies demanded,

甚至要求依法行事，像是

hey, let's do this through a warrant process,

「我們透過正當搜索程序 來進行吧」

let's do this

「就這麼辦吧！」

where we actually have some sort of legal review,

為此我們真的研究過相關法律

some sort of basis for handing over

好確定交出資料是合法的

these users' data,

關於這些用戶資訊

we saw stories in the Washington Post last year

去年華盛頓郵報就報過了好幾則

that weren't as well reported as the PRISM story

不過稜鏡計畫的報導比較精彩

that said the NSA broke in

其中提到美國國安局侵入

to the data center communications

企業資訊伺服器中心

between Google to itself

竊取Google內部的資訊溝通

and Yahoo to itself.

對雅虎也如法炮製

So even these companies that are cooperating

有此可見，即使公司勉強

in at least a compelled but hopefully lawful manner

在法律邊緣

with the NSA,

配合美國國安局行事

the NSA isn't satisfied with that,

但國安局要得其實更多

and because of that, we need our companies

因此我們呼籲公司

to work very hard

竭盡全力

to guarantee that they're going to represent

確保他們會堅守

the interests of the user, and also advocate

捍衛使用權利益的立場 並且極力倡導

for the rights of the users.

使用者的權益維護

And I think over the last year,

去年一整年我都在想

we've seen the companies that are named

剛才那張稜鏡計畫簡報

on the PRISM slides

點名的公司

take great strides to do that,

已經放手去做這件事

and I encourage them to continue.

而我鼓勵他們持續下去

CA: What more should they do?

克里斯：他們還有哪些事該做？

ES: The biggest thing that an Internet company

愛德華：目前美國的網路公司

in America can do today, right now,

在保護全球用戶權利上

without consulting with lawyers,

不需涉及法律層面

to protect the rights of users worldwide,

又最能著力的一點

is to enable SSL web encryption

就是為每個網頁

on every page you visit.

啟用傳輸安全層機制

The reason this matters is today,

這很重要的理由是: 如果今天

if you go to look at a copy of "1984" on Amazon.com,

你上亞馬遜網路書店流覽 《1984》這本小說

the NSA can see a record of that,

美國國安局看得到瀏覽記錄

the Russian intelligence service can see a record of that,

俄國也能

the Chinese service can see a record of that,

中國也是

the French service, the German service,

德法也不例外

the services of Andorra.

甚至安道拉親王國（歐洲） 都辦得到

They can all see it because it's unencrypted.

沒有加密保護 就無法防範這些窺視

The world's library is Amazon.com,

亞馬遜是全球書庫

but not only do they not support encryption by default,

但他們不是唯一 沒預設加密保護的

you cannot choose to use encryption

你甚至不能選擇以加密方式

when browsing through books.

上網瀏覽書籍

This is something that we need to change,

這樣的事必須有所改變

not just for Amazon, I don't mean to single them out,

這不是針對亞馬遜 我不是要找他們碴

but they're a great example.

不過他們是個明顯的例子

All companies need to move

事實上所有公司 都得付出行動

to an encrypted browsing habit by default

預設加密的網路瀏覽

for all users who haven't taken any action

對尚未採取任何行動

or picked any special methods on their own.

或主動使用特定措施的用戶

That'll increase the privacy and the rights

加密可強化隱私

that people enjoy worldwide.

同時保護全球用戶權利

CA: Ed, come with me to this part of the stage.

克里斯：愛德華請跟我來

I want to show you the next slide here. (Applause)

我想給你看下一張投影片（掌聲）

This is a program called Boundless Informant.

這程式叫《神通線民》 (Boundless Informant)

What is that?

是什麼樣的程式呢？

ES: So, I've got to give credit to the NSA

愛德華：我得佩服美國國安局

for using appropriate names on this.

取了這麼貼切的名字

This is one of my favorite NSA cryptonyms.

在他們取的代號中 這算我最愛的一個

Boundless Informant

美國國安局對國會隱瞞

is a program that the NSA hid from Congress.

《神通線民》這個程式

The NSA was previously asked by Congress,

美國國會質詢過國安局

was there any ability that they had

國家是否有能力

to even give a rough ballpark estimate

就美國境內

of the amount of American communications

通訊監聽的數量

that were being intercepted.

作粗略的估計？

They said no. They said, we don't track those stats,

國安局回答:不行 因為他們不追蹤相關統計

and we can't track those stats.

也無法追蹤相關資料

We can't tell you how many communications

所以全球有多少通訊 遭到監聽

we're intercepting around the world,

他們無可奉告

because to tell you that would be

因為透露這項資訊