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Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
克里斯(Chris Anderson 以下簡稱 C) ︰ 尹隆(Elon以下簡稱E),甚麼樣瘋狂的夢想會讓你想嘗試進入汽車工業進而建造出一台全電動汽車?
Chris Anderson: Elon, what kind of crazy dream
克里斯(Chris Anderson 以下簡稱 C) ︰ 尹隆(Elon以下簡稱E),甚麼樣瘋狂的夢想會讓你想嘗試進入汽車工業進而建造出一台全電動汽車?
would persuade you to think of trying
克里斯(Chris Anderson 以下簡稱 C) ︰ 尹隆(Elon以下簡稱E),甚麼樣瘋狂的夢想會讓你想嘗試進入汽車工業進而建造出一台全電動汽車?
to take on the auto industry and build an all-electric car?
E︰嗯,這應該要回溯到當我念大學的時,我想到 甚麼樣的問題會影響活在未來世界中的人類之最甚。
Elon Musk: Well, it goes back to when I was in university.
E︰嗯,這應該要回溯到當我念大學的時,我想到 甚麼樣的問題會影響活在未來世界中的人類之最甚。
I thought about, what are the problems that are most likely
E︰嗯,這應該要回溯到當我念大學的時,我想到 甚麼樣的問題會影響活在未來世界中的人類之最甚。
to affect the future of the world or the future of humanity?
我認為是極為重要的永續運輸和永續能源製造。
I think it's extremely important that we have sustainable transport
我認為是極為重要的永續運輸和永續能源製造。
and sustainable energy production.
這算是這世紀所有永續能源問題中 最大的也最需要解決的問題。
That sort of overall sustainable energy problem
這算是這世紀所有永續能源問題中 最大的也最需要解決的問題。
is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century,
獨立於所有的環境議題中。
independent of environmental concerns.
事實上,即便產生二氧化碳(CO2)對環境是好的,
In fact, even if producing CO2 was good for the environment,
但考慮到我們快用盡碳氫化合物的狀況下,
given that we're going to run out of hydrocarbons,
我們必須找到一些保持運作的永續手段。
we need to find some sustainable means of operating.
C︰美國大部份的電力來自於燃燒石油燃料。
CA: Most of American electricity comes from
C︰美國大部份的電力來自於燃燒石油燃料。
burning fossil fuels.
那麼需要插電的電動車如何產生效益呢?
How can an electric car that plugs into that electricity help?
E︰哦,有兩個元素可以當作答案。
EM: Right. There's two elements to that answer.
第一個是即便發電廠也取得相同的來源的燃料並產生電力
One is that, even if you take the same source fuel
第一個是即便發電廠也使用相同的來源的燃料並產生電力,
and produce power at the power plant
而我們用來替電動車充電,仍然是較好的選擇。 (例如發電的規模經濟因素提升效率...等等。)
and use it to charge electric cars, you're still better off.
因此,假設如果我們用的是天然氣,
So if you take, say, natural gas,
同時也是我們最廣泛使用碳氫化合物燃料源。
which is the most prevalent hydrocarbon source fuel,
如果我們在通用電力公司(General Electric) 現代化的天然氣發電渦輪燃燒,
if you burn that in a modern
如果我們在通用電力公司(General Electric) 現代化的天然氣發電渦輪燃燒,
General Electric natural gas turbine,
我們會得到百分之六十的能源效率。
you'll get about 60 percent efficiency.
如果同樣的能源我們在汽車的內燃機燃燒,
If you put that same fuel in an internal combustion engine car,
我們只能得到百分之二十的能源效率。
you get about 20 percent efficiency.
而原因在於,我們在發電廠中可以提供 非常多提升燃料價值的方法。
And the reason is, in the stationary power plant,
而原因在於,我們在發電廠中可以提供 非常多提升燃料價值的方法。
you can afford to have something that weighs a lot more,
而原因在於,我們在發電廠中可以提供 非常多提升燃料價值的方法。
is voluminous,
我們還可以將浪費掉的熱能
and you can take the waste heat
重新送入蒸氣渦輪並成為二度電力的來源。
and run a steam turbine and generate
重新送入蒸氣渦輪並成為二度電力的來源。
a secondary power source.
因此,當我們採取了任何降低(能量)傳輸的所有手段,
So in effect, even after you've taken transmission loss into account and everything,
即便是使用相同來源的燃料,在發電廠產電燃後 用來充電動車,我們都可以得到兩倍以上的好處。
even using the same source fuel, you're at least twice as better off
即便是使用相同來源的燃料,在發電廠產電燃後 用來充電動車,我們都可以得到兩倍以上的好處。
charging an electric car, then burning it at the power plant.
C︰這樣的規模產生了更高的效率
CA: That scale delivers efficiency.
E︰是的。
EM: Yes, it does.
另一個觀點是,不論如何我們必須擁有永續產生能源的方法。也就是發電。
And then the other point is, we have to have sustainable means
另一個觀點是,不論如何我們必須擁有 永續產生能源的方法。也就是發電。
of power generation anyway, electricity generation.
因此,假設我們必須解決永續發電議題,
So given that we have to solve sustainable electricity generation,
那麼我們使用電動車當作一種 運輸模式就顯得更合理了。
then it makes sense for us to have electric cars
那麼我們使用電動車當作一種 運輸模式就顯得更合理了。
as the mode of transport.
C︰哦,我們現在有一些關於 Tesla 組裝過程的影片。
CA: So we've got some video here
C︰哦,我們現在有一些關於 Tesla 組裝過程的影片。
of the Tesla being assembled,
我們等一下來放一下第一段影片
which, if we could play that first video --
那麼甚麼是這些過程中的創新呢?
So what is innovative about this process in this vehicle?
當然,當我們要加速電動運輸工具的來臨,
EM: Sure. So, in order to accelerate the advent of electric transport,
或許我應該說,所有的運輸工具模式都將變成全電力的,
and I should say that I think, actually,
或許我應該說,所有的運輸工具模式都將變成全電力的,
all modes of transport will become fully electric
當然具有諷刺性的火箭除外。
with the ironic exception of rockets.
因為我們無法違反牛頓第三運動定律(反作用力)。
There's just no way around Newton's third law.
主要的問題是在於我們如何 加速電力運輸工具的來臨。
The question is how do you accelerate
主要的問題是在於我們如何 加速電力運輸工具的來臨。
the advent of electric transport?
如果要達成這個目標,真正具有 能源效率的汽車必須因而問世。
And in order to do that for cars, you have to come up with
如果要達成這個目標,真正具有 能源效率的汽車必須因而問世。
a really energy efficient car,
這代表要把它做的讓人訝異的輕,
so that means making it incredibly light,
如同我們現在看到的,
and so what you're seeing here
是唯一全鋁車身並在北美組裝的車殼。
is the only all-aluminum body and chassis car
是唯一全鋁車身並在北美組裝的車殼。
made in North America.
事實上,除了大型的電池箱以外, 我們還應用了許多用來設計火箭的科技。
In fact, we applied a lot of rocket design techniques
事實上,除了大型的電池箱以外, 我們還應用了許多用來設計火箭的科技。
to make the car light despite having a very large battery pack.
所以它同時具有所有同型車最低的阻力系數。
And then it also has the lowest drag coefficient
所以它同時具有所有同型車最低的阻力系數。
of any car of its size.
從結果可以看得出來,它的能源消耗量非常的低,
So as a result, the energy usage is very low,
並且具有最先進的電池箱,
and it has the most advanced battery pack,
也賦予了它在續航力的競爭力,
and that's what gives it the range that's competitive,
因此我們可以擁有兩百五十英哩(約四百公里)的續航力。
so you can actually have on the order of a 250-mile range.
C︰所以,這些電池箱是如此的重,
CA: I mean, those battery packs are incredibly heavy,
但你認為數學能夠聰明地解決這個問題 --透過結合輕的車身和重的電池,
but you think the math can still work out intelligently --
但你認為數學能夠聰明地解決這個問題 --透過結合輕的車身和重的電池,
by combining light body, heavy battery,
仍然能得到驚人的效率?
you can still gain spectacular efficiency.
E︰正是。車子的其他部份必須非常的輕, 用以彌補電池箱的重量。
EM: Exactly. The rest of the car has to be very light
E︰正是。車子的其他部份必須非常的輕, 用以彌補電池箱的重量。
to offset the mass of the pack,
但仍然必須擁有低的阻力系數才會有好的公路續航力。
and then you have to have a low drag coefficient so that you have good highway range.
事實上,Model S的客戶,算是能與 其他人競爭,並嘗試爭取最高的可能續航力。
And in fact, customers of the Model S
事實上,Model S的客戶,算是能與 其他人競爭,並嘗試爭取最高的可能續航力。
are sort of competing with each other
事實上,Model S的客戶,算是能與 其他人競爭,並嘗試爭取最高的可能續航力。
to try to get the highest possible range.
我想好像有人最近才剛達到單次充電 跑了420英哩的紀錄。(約675公里左右)
I think somebody recently got 420 miles out of a single charge.
C︰布魯諾(Bruno Bowden),剛好在這,打破了世界紀錄。
CA: Bruno Bowden, who's here, did that,
E︰恭喜!
broke the world record.EM: Congratulations.
C︰那是一個好消息。但壞消息是為了達成 那樣的壯舉,它必須開時速18英哩的固定速度。
CA: That was the good news. The bad news was that
C︰那是一個好消息。但壞消息是為了達成 那樣的壯舉,它必須開時速18英哩的固定速度。
to do it, he had to drive at 18 miles an hour constant speed
而且還被警察攔檢。
and got pulled over by the cops. (Laughter)
E︰當然,我們可以在正常狀況下開到時速65英哩。
EM: I mean, you can certainly drive --
E︰當然,我們可以在正常狀況下開到時速65英哩。
if you drive it 65 miles an hour,
E︰當然,我們可以在正常狀況下開到時速65英哩。
under normal conditions,
250英哩是比較合理的數字。
250 miles is a reasonable number.
C︰我們來看第二段影片,
CA: Let's show that second video
顯示出Tesla正在冰上運作。
showing the Tesla in action on ice.
並非全然是紐約時報 (New York Time) 寫出來的調侃,
Not at all a dig at The New York Times, this, by the way.
甚麼是開這台車時最讓人驚訝的體驗呢?
What is the most surprising thing about the experience
甚麼是開這台車時最讓人驚訝的體驗呢?
of driving the car?
E︰在創造這臺電動車的時候,
EM: In creating an electric car,
人們針對這台車的反應是相當神奇的。
the responsiveness of the car is really incredible.
所以我們要人們感覺到 他們幾乎能和車子心靈相通,
So we wanted really to have people feel as though
所以我們要人們感覺到 他們幾乎能和車子心靈相通,
they've almost got to mind meld with the car,
所以我們會感覺到我們 和車子幾乎是人車一體。
so you just feel like you and the car are kind of one,
就如同你在轉彎或是加速的當下,就這樣發生了,
and as you corner and accelerate, it just happens,
如同車子具有車身穩定系統一樣。
like the car has ESP.
我們可以用電動車自身獨特的反饋做這樣的作動。
You can do that with an electric car because of its responsiveness.
但你沒辦法用汽油車完成這樣的作動。
You can't do that with a gasoline car.
我認為這是具有深遠意義的差別,
I think that's really a profound difference,
而人們只能透過試駕才能感受到那樣的作動。
and people only experience that when they have a test drive.
C︰這真的是一台很美但卻很貴的車。
CA: I mean, this is a beautiful but expensive car.
你們有規劃讓這台車成為大眾市場的交通工具嗎?
Is there a road map where this becomes
你們有規劃讓這台車成為大眾市場的交通工具嗎?
a mass-market vehicle?
E︰當然。Tesla的問世目標需透過三階段步驟。
EM: Yeah. The goal of Tesla has always been
E︰當然。Tesla的問世目標需透過三階段步驟。
to have a sort of three-step process,
第一階段是少量又昂貴,
where version one was an expensive car at low volume,
第二階段是中等價格又中等數量,
version two is medium priced and medium volume,
第三階段是低價多量。
and then version three would be low price, high volume.
而目前我們處在第二階段。
So we're at step two at this point.
因此我們有10萬美金的跑車,叫作Roadster。
So we had a $100,000 sports car, which was the Roadster.
然後我們有Model S大約5萬美金。
Then we've got the Model S, which starts at around 50,000 dollars.
而我們第三代車輛,應該有希望在三、四年後問世,價值約三萬美金。
And our third generation car, which should hopefully
而我們第三代車輛,應該有希望在三、四年後問世,價值約三萬美金。
be out in about three or four years
而我們第三代車輛,應該有希望在三、四年後問世,價值約三萬美金。
will be a $30,000 car.
但不論何時我們取得像這樣的新科技,
But whenever you've got really new technology,
通常來說我們需要這三個主要階段,
it generally takes about three major versions
才能成為大眾市場的產品。
in order to make it a compelling mass-market product.
因此我認為我們目前正朝著這樣的方向前進,
And so I think we're making progress in that direction,
而我感覺到我們會達到目標。
and I feel confident that we'll get there.
C︰所以我們在短程通勤上,可以 靠著這台車往返,並且在家充電。
CA: I mean, right now, if you've got a short commute,
C︰所以我們在短程通勤上,可以 靠著這台車往返,並且在家充電。
you can drive, you can get back, you can charge it at home.
但現在國內沒有這麼大的充電站網絡, 電動車問世的太快了。
There isn't a huge nationwide network of charging stations now that are fast.
你真的覺得充電站網絡會形成嗎?
Do you see that coming, really, truly,
還是只是幾個主要的幹道?
or just on a few key routes?
E︰事實上充電站比人們意識到的還要多得多,
EM: There actually are far more charging stations
E︰事實上充電站比人們意識到的還要多得多,
than people realize,
我們也為Tesla設計了一項名為「超級充電科技」。
and at Tesla we developed something
我們也為Tesla設計了一項名為「超級充電科技」。
called a Supercharging technology,
如果你買了一臺Model S,我們將終身免費提供給你。
and we're offering that if you buy a Model S
如果你買了一臺Model S,我們將終身免費提供給你。
for free, forever.
這也許是很多人沒有意識到的。
And so this is something that maybe a lot of people don't realize.
我們事實上已提供了加州 (California) 和內華達州 (Nevada)
We actually have California and Nevada covered,
以及東岸的波士頓 (Boston) 到首都 (D.C.)。
and we've got the Eastern seaboard
以及東岸的波士頓 (Boston) 到首都 (D.C.)。
from Boston to D.C. covered.
在今年底,你可以從洛杉磯 (L.A.) 直接開到紐約 (New York)。
By the end of this year, you'll be able to drive
在今年底,你可以從洛杉磯 (L.A.) 直接開到紐約 (New York)。
from L.A. to New York
只要使用我們的超級充電網絡,
just using the Supercharger network,
平均每趟充五次電左右。
which charges at five times the rate of anything else.
主要在於計算從開車到停止的次數比例,
And the key thing is to have a ratio of drive to stop,
停車的次數大約在六或七次左右。
to stop time, of about six or seven.
因此當你開車約三個小時左右,
So if you drive for three hours,
你想把停車約20或30分鐘,
you want to stop for 20 or 30 minutes,
這是因為大部份的人都會這麼做的。
because that's normally what people will stop for.
所以當你早上九點開始一趟旅程,
So if you start a trip at 9 a.m.,
正午的時候你想停下來吃個東西、 到洗手間、喝杯咖啡然後繼續前進。
by noon you want to stop to have a bite to eat,
正午的時候你想停下來吃個東西、 到洗手間、喝杯咖啡然後繼續前進。
hit the restroom, coffee, and keep going.
C︰所以你給客戶的是,完整的充電,大約一個小時左右。
CA: So your proposition to consumers is, for the full charge, it could take an hour.
雖然很常見,不會想只待在那裏十分鐘,
So it's common -- don't expect to be out of here in 10 minutes.
而是等約一個小時,但好消息是,
Wait for an hour, but the good news is,
我們在拯救這個星球。
you're helping save the planet,
而且話說回來,電力是不用錢的, 我們不用支付任何一毛。
and by the way, the electricity is free. You don't pay anything.
E︰事實上,而我們正期待的是 提供人們約20到30分鐘的充電時間,而不是一小時。
EM: Actually, what we're expecting is for people
E︰事實上,而我們正期待的是 提供人們約20到30分鐘的充電時間,而不是一小時。
to stop for about 20 to 30 minutes, not for an hour.
大約開了160英哩到170英哩 然後休息半小時再走是比較好的狀況。
It's actually better to drive for about maybe 160, 170 miles
大約開了160英哩到170英哩 然後休息半小時再走是比較好的狀況。
and then stop for half an hour
大約開了160英哩到170英哩 然後休息半小時再走是比較好的狀況。
and then keep going.
這是一趟旅程中自然的規律。
That's the natural cadence of a trip.
C︰這是你的能源策略最重要的一項了。
CA: All right. So this is only one string to your energy bow.
你已經花了很多心血在這家 太陽能發電公司「太陽城」有一段時間了。
You've been working on this solar company SolarCity.
它有甚麼特別的地方?
What's unusual about that?
E︰就如同我之前提到的,
EM: Well, as I mentioned earlier,
如同電力消耗一樣,我們有永續電力生產的問題,
we have to have sustainable electricity production
如同電力消耗一樣,我們有永續電力生產的問題,
as well as consumption,
所以我非常有自信認為最主要的電力生產手段就是太陽能。
so I'm quite confident that the primary means
所以我非常有自信認為最主要的電力生產手段就是太陽能。
of power generation will be solar.
我認為,這本身真的是一種間接核融合作用。
I mean, it's really indirect fusion, is what it is.
我們把這個在天空中巨大的核融合發電機稱為太陽。
We've got this giant fusion generator in the sky called the sun,
我們只需要截取其中一點點的能量供給給人類文明使用。
and we just need to tap a little bit of that energy
我們只需要截取其中一點點的能量供給給人類文明使用。
for purposes of human civilization.
這其中人們最知道卻不了解的是, 這世界本身幾乎早已就是一個太陽驅動的地方。
What most people know but don't realize they know
這其中人們最知道卻不了解的是,這世界本身幾乎早已就是一個太陽驅動的地方。
is that the world is almost entirely solar-powered already.
如果太陽不在的話,我們會變成卡爾文3度左右結凍的冰球。(約攝氏-270度,幾乎是氮氣分子完全無動能的狀況)
If the sun wasn't there, we'd be a frozen ice ball
如果太陽不在的話,我們會變成卡爾文3度左右結凍的冰球。(約攝氏-270度,幾乎是氮氣分子完全無動能的狀況)
at three degrees Kelvin,
而太陽能是所有系統中最重要的基礎。
and the sun powers the entire system of precipitation.
整個生態系統是太陽能驅動的。
The whole ecosystem is solar-powered.
C︰但是一加侖的汽油,我們會擁有 數千年太陽能極有效率地加壓在一個小空間中。
CA: But in a gallon of gasoline, you have,
C︰但是一加侖的汽油,我們會擁有 數千年太陽能極有效率地加壓在一個小空間中。
effectively, thousands of years of sun power
C︰但是一加侖的汽油,我們會擁有 數千年太陽能極有效率地加壓在一個小空間中。
compressed into a small space,
所以我們現在去評估太陽能的效率, 並且拿來和天然氣、裂解後的天然氣比較。 你打算怎麼從中建立商業模式?
so it's hard to make the numbers work right now on solar,
所以我們現在去評估太陽能的效率, 並且拿來和天然氣、裂解後的天然氣比較。 你打算怎麼從中建立商業模式?
and to remotely compete with, for example, natural gas,
所以我們現在去評估太陽能的效率, 並且拿來和天然氣、裂解後的天然氣比較。 你打算怎麼從中建立商業模式?
fracked natural gas. How are you going to build a business here?
E︰哦,事實上,我非常有信心 能輕易打敗所有的東西,包括天然瓦斯在內。
EM: Well actually, I'm confident that solar
E︰哦,事實上,我非常有信心 能輕易打敗所有的東西,包括天然瓦斯在內。
will beat everything, hands down, including natural gas.
C︰怎麼說?
(Applause)CA: How?
E︰這是一定要的,如果沒有的話我們就慘了。
EM: It must, actually. If it doesn't, we're in deep trouble.
但是你沒有在賣太陽能板給客戶啊?
CA: But you're not selling solar panels to consumers.
你們到底在做些甚麼呢?
What are you doing?
E︰不,我們事實上是。你可以買一個 太陽能發電系統,或是出租一個太陽能發電系統。
EM: No, we actually are. You can buy a solar system
E︰不,我們事實上是。你可以買一個 太陽能發電系統,或是出租一個太陽能發電系統。
or you can lease a solar system.
大部份的人選擇出租。
Most people choose to lease.
而其中關於太陽能發電的是
And the thing about solar power is that
不用原料或是出營運成本,
it doesn't have any feed stock or operational costs,
只要一次安裝,就都好了。
so once it's installed, it's just there.
它能夠運作數十年,將來也許可以運作一個世紀。
It works for decades. It'll work for probably a century.
因此,最主要的事情是降低初次安裝的成本,
So therefore, the key thing to do is to get the cost
因此,最主要的事情是降低初次安裝的成本,
of that initial installation low,
並且達到最低的財務成本,
and then get the cost of the financing low,
因為有趣的是,這兩個重要的因素是推動了太陽能發電的成本。
because that interest -- those are the two factors that drive the cost of solar.
而且我們已經朝這個方向創造出重大發展。
And we've made huge progress in that direction,
這也是為什麼我非常有自信我們能夠打敗天然瓦斯。
and that's why I'm confident we'll actually beat natural gas.
C︰所以你們對客戶的主張是,不用付出太大的前置費用。
CA: So your current proposition to consumers is,
C︰所以你們對客戶的主張是,不用付出太大的前置費用。
don't pay so much up front.
E︰零費用。 C︰付出零前置費用。
EM: Zero.CA: Pay zero up front.
E︰我們會安裝太陽能板在你的屋頂。
We will install panels on your roof.
C…然後你再付費,租期大概多久?
You will then pay, how long is a typical lease?
E︰大約20年左右,
EM: Typical leases are 20 years,
但是它的建議價值是,有點像暗示也可以說很直接。
but the value proposition is, as you're sort of alluding to, quite straightforward.
它不用花錢,而你的使用帳單也降低了。
It's no money down, and your utility bill decreases.
是一個非常好的交易。
Pretty good deal.
C︰所以這看起來像是讓消費者贏的交易。
CA: So that seems like a win for the consumer.
沒有風險,你現在會比過去付的更少。
No risk, you'll pay less than you're paying now.
對你來說,這樣的夢想代表著,
For you, the dream here then is that --
誰長久的擁有來自於太陽能板的電力?
I mean, who owns the electricity from those panels for the longer term?
我的意思是說,公司的利潤來源從何而來?
I mean, how do you, the company, benefit?
E︰哦,簡單來說,
EM: Well, essentially,
太陽城從一些地方募集資本,
SolarCity raises a chunk of capital
舉個例,一家公司或是銀行。
from say, a company or a bank.
Google就是我們其中的合作夥伴之一。
Google is one of our big partners here.
而他們也期待這小塊資本能夠產生報酬。
And they have an expected return on that capital.
有了這樣的資本,太陽城就能買更多安裝在屋頂的太陽能板。
With that capital, SolarCity purchases and installs the panel on the roof
並且每個月向家戶或是企業主收租, 這樣的租金少於水電帳單。
and then charges the homeowner or business owner
並且每個月向家戶或是企業主收租, 這樣的租金少於水電帳單
a monthly lease payment, which is less than the utility bill.
C︰但是你可以從這樣的電力獲取長期商業利益。
CA: But you yourself get a long-term commercial benefit from that power.
你有點像是正在創造一個新型態的使用者通路。
You're kind of building a new type of distributed utility.
E︰正是,這其中必須歸功於這樣具大的公用事業通路。
EM: Exactly. What it amounts to
E︰正是,這其中必須歸功於這樣具大的公用事業通路。
is a giant distributed utility.
我認為這是好事,因為公用事業 如此的壟斷,人們就沒有任何選擇。
I think it's a good thing, because utilities
我認為這是好事,因為公用事業 如此的壟斷,人們就沒有任何選擇。
have been this monopoly, and people haven't had any choice.
非常有效,這是第一次在這樣的 壟斷市場有了競爭狀況,
So effectively it's the first time
非常有效,這是第一次在這樣的 壟斷市場有了競爭狀況,
there's been competition for this monopoly,
因為公用事業被配電商所擁有, 但現在卻在你的屋頂。
because the utilities have been the only ones
因為公用事業被配電商所擁有, 但現在卻在你的屋頂。
that owned those power distribution lines, but now it's on your roof.
所以我認為這真的對家戶和企業是非常強大。
So I think it's actually very empowering
所以我認為這真的對家戶和企業是非常強大。
for homeowners and businesses.
C︰這真的讓你描繪出美國主要電力發展的未來,
CA: And you really picture a future
C︰這真的讓你描繪出美國主要電力發展的未來,
where a majority of power in America,
在你這輩子,或是十年、二十年後, 未來會變成太陽能發電嗎?
within a decade or two, or within your lifetime, it goes solar?
E︰我有極度的自信,太陽能至少會 成為大量電力來源,很有可能成為主要電力來源。
EM: I'm extremely confident that solar will be at least a plurality of power,
E︰我有極度的自信,太陽能至少會 成為大量電力來源,很有可能成為主要電力來源。
and most likely a majority,
而且我預測20年內會成為多數使用來源。
and I predict it will be a plurality in less than 20 years.
我曾和有些人這樣打賭 。 C︰大量的定義是?
I made that bet with someone —CA: Definition of plurality is?
E︰來自於太陽能的電力將超越其他發電來源。
EM: More from solar than any other source.
C︰哦,你和誰打賭?
CA: Ah. Who did you make the bet with?
E︰一個不願具名的朋友 XD。
EM: With a friend who will remain nameless.
C︰這是我們兩人之間的秘密。
CA: Just between us. (Laughter)
E︰我想我應該是兩、三年前作這樣的打賭,
EM: I made that bet, I think, two or three years ago,
所以大約還有十八年。
so in roughly 18 years,
我想我們會看到比其他發電來源還更多的太陽能發電。
I think we'll see more power from solar than any other source.
C︰好的,我們來看看你和自己打的 另外一個賭,我想那是一個瘋狂的賭注。
CA: All right, so let's go back to another bet that you made
C︰好的,我們來看看你和自己打的 另外一個賭,我想那是一個瘋狂的賭注。
with yourself, I guess, a kind of crazy bet.
你賣掉Paypal賺了一些錢。
You'd made some money from the sale of PayPal.
你卻決定去建立一個太空公司?
You decided to build a space company.
為甚麼地球上有人會作出這種事情?
Why on Earth would someone do that?
^_^
(Laughter)
E︰我常常被人這樣問,這是真的。
EM: I got that question a lot, that's true.
他們會說「你聽過關於一個人從 太空工業得到小小財富的笑話嗎?」
People would say, "Did you hear the joke about the guy
他們會說「你聽過關於一個人從 太空工業得到小小財富的笑話嗎?」
who made a small fortune in the space industry?"
顯然地,笑點會是在「他是從一個大財富開始的」。
Obviously, "He started with a large one," is the punchline.
而我會告訴這些人,我曾尋找一個 最快的方法將大量的財富變成很小的財富。
And so I tell people, well, I was trying to figure out
而我會告訴這些人,我曾尋找一個 最快的方法將大量的財富變成很小的財富。
the fastest way to turn a large fortune into a small one.
然後他們的會看著我,表情就好像說「你是認真的嗎?」
And they'd look at me, like, "Is he serious?"
C︰你真的很奇怪。然後呢?
CA: And strangely, you were. So what happened?
E︰這真的非常險。事情差點就泡湯。
EM: It was a close call. Things almost didn't work out.
我們曾經差一點就失敗。
We came very close to failure,
但我們在2008年的時候安然度過危機。
but we managed to get through that point in 2008.
SpaceX 的目標是透過 解決一些障礙或問題 發展先進火箭科技。
The goal of SpaceX is to try to advance rocket technology,
SpaceX 的目標是透過 解決一些障礙或問題 發展先進火箭科技。
and in particular to try to crack a problem
而我認為這對人類發展 成為太空文明的重要關鍵,
that I think is vital
而我認為這對人類發展 成為太空文明的重要關鍵,
for humanity to become a space-faring civilization,
也就是可以馬上可以重複使用的火箭。
which is to have a rapidly and fully reusable rocket.
C︰人類真的會發展成為太空文明嗎?
CA: Would humanity become a space-faring civilization?
所以這是你的其中一個夢想,是在年輕的時候,
So that was a dream of yours, in a way, from a young age?
你曾夢想到火星或是其他的嗎?
You've dreamed of Mars and beyond?
E︰我小時後的確建造了一個火箭,
EM: I did build rockets when I was a kid,
但我卻沒想過我會牽涉其中。
but I didn't think I'd be involved in this.
對一個令人期待又激昂的未來而言, 這真的遠遠超越了事情本身成為結果的必需性。
It was really more from the standpoint of
對一個令人期待又激昂的未來而言, 這真的遠遠超越了事情本身成為結果的必需性。
what are the things that need to happen in order for
對一個令人期待又激昂的未來而言, 這真的遠遠超越了事情本身成為結果的必需性。
the future to be an exciting and inspiring one?
而我真的認為,如果我們真正的去想想未來, 那裏將會有一個重大的差異介於人類與太空文明之間。
And I really think there's a fundamental difference,
而我真的認為,如果我們真正的去想想未來, 那裏將會有一個重大的差異介於人類與太空文明之間。
if you sort of look into the future,
而我真的認為,如果我們真正的去想想未來, 那裏將會有一個重大的差異介於人類與太空文明之間。
between a humanity that is a space-faring civilization,
就在探索星星的那一端,或是其他星球上,
that's out there exploring the stars, on multiple planets,
而這和永久侷限在地球上直到絕對會發生的滅絕相比, 我認為這真的令人振奮。
and I think that's really exciting,
而這和永久侷限在地球上直到絕對會發生的滅絕相比, 我認為這真的令人振奮。
compared with one where we are forever confined to Earth
而這和永久侷限在地球上直到絕對會發生的滅絕相比, 我認為這真的令人振奮。
until some eventual extinction event.
C︰所以你憑自己的算計,用了某種方法削減了建造火箭的75%成本,你是怎麼在地球上辦到這件事情的?
CA: So you've somehow slashed the cost of building
C︰所以你憑自己的算計,用了某種方法削減了建造火箭的75%成本,你是怎麼在地球上辦到這件事情的?
a rocket by 75 percent, depending on how you calculate it.
C︰所以你憑自己的算計,用了某種方法削減了建造火箭的75%成本,你是怎麼在地球上辦到這件事情的?
How on Earth have you done that?
NASA已經做這件事很久了,你是如何做到的?
NASA has been doing this for years. How have you done this?
E︰這,我們曾在飛行器架構、引擎、電子用品和發射運作上創造出顯著的成長。
EM: Well, we've made significant advances
E︰這,我們曾在飛行器架構、引擎、電子用品和發射運作上創造出顯著的成長。
in the technology of the airframe, the engines,
E︰這,我們曾在飛行器架構、引擎、電子用品和發射運作上創造出顯著的成長。
the electronics and the launch operation.
我們在那裏所想出來的東西,在這裡是很難說完、一個列不完的創新啊。
There's a long list of innovations
我們在那裏所想出來的東西,在這裡是很難說完、一個列不完的創新啊。
that we've come up with there
我們在那裏所想出來的東西,在這裡是很難說完、一個列不完的創新啊...
that are a little difficult to communicate in this talk, but --
C︰那是因為你仍然可能會被抄襲吧?
CA: Not least because you could still get copied, right?
但你卻沒有申請專利。這真的讓我很感興趣。
You haven't patented this stuff. It's really interesting to me.
E︰是的,我們沒有申請專利。 C︰你們沒有申請專利是認為有專利比沒有專利危險。
EM: No, we don't patent.CA: You didn't patent because you think it's
C︰你們沒有申請專利是認為有專利比沒有專利危險。
more dangerous to patent than not to patent.
E︰想當然爾我們主要的競爭對手是國家政府部門,
EM: Since our primary competitors are national governments,
所以我們認為專利權的強制性是非常啟人疑竇的。
the enforceability of patents is questionable.(Laughter) (Applause)
C︰顯然而見,是真的很有意思。
CA: That's really, really interesting.
但是大創新仍然領頭,你們現在也不斷的研發,能和我多說一些嗎?
But the big innovation is still ahead,
但是大創新仍然領頭,你們現在也不斷的研發,能和我多說一些嗎?
and you're working on it now. Tell us about this.
E︰好吧,所謂的大創新就是...
EM: Right, so the big innovation—
C︰這樣好了,我們來放一些影片同時,你可以和我們說那邊是怎麼樣子。
CA: In fact, let's roll that video and you can talk us through it, what's happening here.
E︰當然。所以關於火箭就是他們全部是消耗品。
EM: Absolutely. So the thing about rockets is that
E︰當然。所以關於火箭就是他們全部是消耗品。
they're all expendable.
所有現在在用的火箭都是消耗品。
All rockets that fly today are fully expendable.
而太空梭是一個企圖設計成可回收的火箭。
The space shuttle was an attempt at a reusable rocket,
但太空梭主要的油箱每次都會被丟掉,
but even the main tank of the space shuttle was thrown away every time,
但是這一塊是可以重複使用的,
and the parts that were reusable
但是要一個一萬人的團體花九個月才可以重新用來飛行。
took a 10,000-person group nine months to refurbish for flight.
造成每次太空飛行的成本會花上百萬美元。
So the space shuttle ended up costing a billion dollars per flight.
顯然這並不是非常好...
Obviously that doesn't work very well for —
C︰影片上是怎樣了?我們好像看到甚麼東西降落。
CA: What just happened there? We just saw something land?
E︰是的,讓各節火箭可以回收是很重要的,讓火箭回到發射區後還可以在數小時內馬上重新發射。
EM: That's right. So it's important that the rocket stages
E︰是的,讓各節火箭可以回收是很重要的,讓火箭回到發射區後還可以在數小時內馬上重新發射。
be able to come back, to be able to return to the launch site
E︰是的,讓各節火箭可以回收是很重要的,讓火箭回到發射區後還可以在數小時內馬上重新發射。
and be ready to launch again within a matter of hours.
C︰哇!可重複使用的火箭。 E︰是的!
CA: Wow. Reusable rockets.EM: Yes. (Applause)
E︰而人們不了解的事情是,
And so what a lot of people don't realize is,
推動火箭的燃料成本是非常的低的。
the cost of the fuel, of the propellant, is very small.
差不多就和噴射機一樣。
It's much like on a jet.
而推動的成本約占整個火箭成本的0.3%
So the cost of the propellant is about .3 percent
而推動的成本約占整個火箭成本的0.3%
of the cost of the rocket.
因此是很容易達成的,舉個例,
So it's possible to achieve, let's say,
如果我們可以有效的重複使用火箭, 那麼太空飛行的成本就可以改善大約100倍。
roughly 100-fold improvement in the cost of spaceflight
如果我們可以有效的重複使用火箭, 那麼太空飛行的成本就可以改善大約100倍。
if you can effectively reuse the rocket.
這是為什麼重複使用是這麼重要的原因。
That's why it's so important.
每一種我們正在使用運輸的模式,
Every mode of transport that we use,
不論是飛機、火車、汽車、腳踏車、馬匹都是可以重複使用的,但偏偏就不是火箭。
whether it's planes, trains, automobiles, bikes, horses,
不論是飛機、火車、汽車、腳踏車、馬匹都是可以重複使用的,但偏偏就不是火箭。
is reusable, but not rockets.
若我們要邁向太空文明,就必須要解決這樣的問題。
So we must solve this problem in order to become a space-faring civilization.
C︰你先前有問我一個問題,是說如果一條受歡迎遊輪航線,如果我們每次去完以後都必須把遊輪燒掉會變得怎麼樣?
CA: You asked me the question earlier
C︰你先前有問我一個問題,是說如果一條受歡迎遊輪航線,如果我們每次去完以後都必須把遊輪燒掉會變得怎麼樣?
of how popular traveling on cruises would be
E︰這樣的船顯然的就有很大的問題。
if you had to burn your ships afterward.EM: Certain cruises are apparently highly problematic.
C︰絕對是非常貴的!
CA: Definitely more expensive.
所以必然潛藏一個絕對顛覆性的科技,我猜,它在某些層面上也為你讓人們能夠有規模的上火星的夢想鋪路。
So that's potentially absolutely disruptive technology,
所以必然潛藏一個絕對顛覆性的科技,我猜,它在某些層面上也為你讓人們能夠有規模的上火星的夢想鋪路。
and, I guess, paves the way for your dream to actually take,
所以必然潛藏一個絕對顛覆性的科技,我猜,它在某些層面上也為你讓人們能夠有規模的上火星的夢想鋪路。
at some point, to take humanity to Mars at scale.
你願意看到火星上的殖民就是了。
You'd like to see a colony on Mars.
E︰是的,正是,SpaceX就是民營公司和政府的結合,就是要推動一個能在很多星球注入生命的大方向。
EM: Yeah, exactly. SpaceX, or some combination
E︰是的,正是,SpaceX就是民營公司和政府的結合,就是要推動一個能在很多星球注入生命的大方向。
of companies and governments, needs to make progress
E︰是的,正是,SpaceX就是民營公司和政府的結合,就是要推動一個能在很多星球注入生命的大方向。
in the direction of making life multi-planetary,
並且在其中設立另一個基地登陸另一個星球,
of establishing a base on another planet,
上火星,成為一個最實際的選項,
on Mars -- being the only realistic option --
然後我們將會建立很多基地,
and then building that base up
直到我們真的成為一個跨星球的物種。
until we're a true multi-planet species.
C︰所以現在「讓火箭可重複使用吧!」的計畫運作的如何?剛剛我們看的是不是只是一個模擬影片?
CA: So progress on this "let's make it reusable,"
C︰所以現在「讓火箭可重複使用吧!」的計畫運作的如何?剛剛我們看的是不是只是一個模擬影片?
how is that going? That was just a simulation video we saw.
C︰所以現在「讓火箭可重複使用吧!」的計畫運作的如何?剛剛我們看的是不是只是一個模擬影片?
How's it going?
E︰我們透過「蚱蜢測試計畫」(Grasshopper Test Project)現在已經做出重大發展,
EM: We're actually, we've been making some good progress recently
E︰我們透過「蚱蜢測試計畫」(Grasshopper Test Project)現在已經做出重大發展,
with something we call the Grasshopper Test Project,
我們正在測試垂直降落的部分,
where we're testing the vertical landing portion of the flight,
算是比較棘手的最終階段的部分。
the sort of terminal portion which is quite tricky.
而我們已經有了很好的測試結果。
And we've had some good tests.
C︰我們可以看看嗎? E︰當然。
CA: Can we see that?EM: Yeah.
E︰這是一個比例的概念
So that's just to give a sense of scale.
我們將牛仔扮成Johnny Cash的樣子
We dressed a cowboy as Johnny Cash
並將他固定在火箭上。
and bolted the mannequin to the rocket. (Laughter)
C︰哦,我們來看看影片先,
CA: All right, let's see that video then,
想到這個是真的太令人訝異了。
because this is actually amazing when you think about it.
你從來沒看過這個。一個火箭發射,然後...
You've never seen this before. A rocket blasting off and then --
E︰所以火箭的大小約為12層樓高。
EM: Yeah, so that rocket is about the size
E︰所以火箭的大小約為12層樓高。
of a 12-story building.
(火箭發射)
(Rocket launch)
現在大約達到40公尺左右,而且持續在調整角度和主要引擎偏角與投射。
So now it's hovering at about 40 meters,
現在大約達到40公尺左右,而且持續在調整角度和主要引擎偏角與投射。
and it's constantly adjusting
現在大約達到40公尺左右,而且持續在調整角度和主要引擎偏角與投射。
the angle, the pitch and yaw of the main engine,
並且用煤炭瓦斯閥保持運作。
and maintaining roll with cold gas thrusters.
C︰真的很酷啊!
CA: How cool is that? (Applause)
艾隆(Elon),你怎麼做到的?
Elon, how have you done this?
這些計畫都很...Paypal、太陽城、Telsa、SpaceX,他們都如此與眾不同。
These projects are so -- Paypal, SolarCity,
這些計畫都很...Paypal、太陽城、Tesla、SpaceX,他們都如此與眾不同。
Tesla, SpaceX, they're so spectacularly different,
這些真的都是極具規模與野心的計畫。
they're such ambitious projects at scale.
地球上怎麼會有如此一個人能創新到這樣呢?
How on Earth has one person
地球上怎麼會有如此一個人能創新到這樣呢?
been able to innovate in this way?
到底甚麼你是甚麼樣的人呢?
What is it about you?
E︰我自己也不知道。
EM: I don't know, actually.
我想我没有好的答案給你。
I don't have a good answer for you.
我一直持續工作,真的很多工作。
I work a lot. I mean, a lot.
C︰我對你有一個理論。 E︰哦?
CA: Well, I have a theory.EM: Okay. All right.
C︰我的理論是你可以用系統等級的思考能力去結合這些設計、科技和商業,
CA: My theory is that you
C︰我的理論是你可以用系統等級的思考能力去結合這些設計、科技和商業,
have an ability to think at a system level of design
C︰我的理論是你可以用系統等級的思考能力去結合這些設計、科技和商業,
that pulls together design, technology and business,
如果TED是TBD也就是設計、科技和商業形成一體的話,
so if TED was TBD, design, technology and business,
如果TED是TBD也就是設計、科技和商業形成一體的話,
into one package,
很少人能夠結合這些後自成一格,也是最重要的事情,感到無比的自信,並將它放在一個組合中,然後去承擔一些瘋狂的風險。
synthesize it in a way that very few people can and --
很少人能夠結合這些後自成一格,也是最重要的事情,感到無比的自信,並將它放在一個組合中,然後去承擔一些瘋狂的風險。
and this is the critical thing -- feel so damn confident
很少人能夠結合這些後自成一格,也是最重要的事情,感到無比的自信,並將它放在一個組合中,然後去承擔一些瘋狂的風險。
in that clicked-together package that you take crazy risks.
你幾乎把自己的財富賭上去了,而且看起來已經作過好幾次。
You bet your fortune on it, and you seem to have done that multiple times.
我是說,幾乎沒有人能作到這種事情。
I mean, almost no one can do that.
你可以分享一些秘密給我們嗎?
Is that -- could we have some of that secret sauce?
我們可以將它放在我們的教育系統嗎?有人可以從妳身上學習到東西嗎?
Can we put it into our education system? Can someone learn from you?
你的成就是真的讓人感到驚訝。
It is truly amazing what you've done.
E︰呵呵,謝啦。感謝你。
EM: Well, thanks. Thank you.
我相信有一種很好的思考架構。
Well, I do think there's a good framework for thinking.
那就是物理。你知道的,有點像是論證的第一原則。
It is physics. You know, the sort of first principles reasoning.
我想我在這裡真正能作的是去思考一些基礎的真理, 並且從中去論證,而不是用類推的。
Generally I think there are -- what I mean by that is,
我想我在這裡真正能作的是去思考一些基礎的真理, 並且從中去論證,而不是用類推的。
boil things down to their fundamental truths
我想我在這裡真正能作的是去思考一些基礎的真理, 並且從中去論證,而不是用類推的。
and reason up from there,
我想我在這裡真正能作的是去思考一些基礎的真理, 並且從中去論證,而不是用類推的。
as opposed to reasoning by analogy.
我們絕大多數時候都用類推在生活著,
Through most of our life, we get through life
我們絕大多數時候都用類推在生活著,
by reasoning by analogy,
也就是模仿別人做的事並加以微幅更動。
which essentially means copying what other people do with slight variations.
我們也必須這麼做。
And you have to do that.
不然,心理上,我們是沒辦法度過每一天。
Otherwise, mentally, you wouldn't be able to get through the day.
而當你想要做一些新的東西時,
But when you want to do something new,
你必須應用物理思考。
you have to apply the physics approach.
物理真的是一門理解如何發現常理 無法解釋的事情的方法,如同量子力學,
Physics is really figuring out how to discover
物理真的是一門理解如何發現常理 無法解釋的事情的方法,如同量子力學,
new things that are counterintuitive, like quantum mechanics.
是真的有違常理。
It's really counterintuitive.
所以我想重要是我們將注意力 放在負面回饋,找到他,特別是從朋友們。
So I think that's an important thing to do,
所以我想重要是我們將注意力 放在負面回饋,找到他,特別是從朋友們。
and then also to really pay attention to negative feedback,
所以我想重要是我們將注意力 放在負面回饋,找到他,特別是從朋友們。
and solicit it, particularly from friends.
這聽起來是很簡單的建議,
This may sound like simple advice,
但卻很少人做到。
but hardly anyone does that,
但這真的是非常有幫助的。
and it's incredibly helpful.
C︰孩子們注意,去學物理,向這個人學習。
CA: Boys and girls watching, study physics.
C︰孩子們注意,去學物理,向這個人學習。
Learn from this man.
艾隆(Elon Musk),我真的希望 我們有整天的時間談。謝謝你今天來到TED。
Elon Musk, I wish we had all day, but thank you so much for coming to TED.
E︰謝謝。 C︰真的太神奇了,非常酷。
EM: Thank you. CA: That was awesome. That was really, really cool.
看看!
Look at that. (Applause)
敬個禮吧。
Just take a bow. That was fantastic.
太感謝了。
Thank you so much.