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  • The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.

    你待會兒聞到的香氣,絕不會有機會以這種方式聞第二次

  • It’s a fragrance called Beyond Paradise,

    這香水名為「霓采天堂」

  • which you can find in any store in the nation.

    在國內的店裡找不到

  • Except here it’s been split up in parts by Estée Lauder

    除非你去跟雅詩蘭黛要一點來

  • and by the perfumer who did it, Calice Becker,

    或是跟香水師Calice Becker要

  • and I'm most grateful to them for this.

    我很感激他們分我一些

  • And it’s been split up in successive bits and a chord.

    香氣可拆開成接連散發並組合如和弦的各種氣味

  • So what youre smelling now is the top note.

    而妳現在所聞到的就是首調

  • And then will come what they call the heart, the lush heart note.

    緊接著的引人入勝氣味被稱為中調

  • I will show it to you.

    等會我將讓各位聞聞

  • The Eden top note is named after the Eden Project in the U.K.

    「霓采天堂」的首調「伊甸」是以英國的伊甸園計畫命名的

  • The lush heart note, Melaleuca bark note -- which does not contain any Melaleuca bark,

    中調則是白千層樹皮──然而香水裡其實沒有這個成份

  • because it’s totally forbidden.

    因為它被禁用

  • And after that, the complete fragrance.

    最後,則是完整的香氣

  • Now what you are smelling is a combination of --

    現在你所聞到的組合是──

  • I asked how many molecules there were in there, and nobody would tell me.

    我曾問,香水中有什麼分子。沒有人想告訴我

  • So I put it through a G.C., a Gas Chromatograph that I have in my office,

    所以我把香水以我辦公室裡的氣相層析儀分析

  • and it’s about 400.

    發現裡頭大概有400種分子

  • So what youre smelling is several hundred molecules

    也就是說,你正在聞數百個

  • floating through the air, hitting your nose.

    漂浮在空氣中、撞擊鼻腔的分子

  • And do not get the impression that this is very subjective.

    如果這個事實還不夠令人印象深刻的話

  • You are all smelling pretty much the same thing, OK?

    你們所聞到的香氣成份其實相當接近啊

  • Smell has this reputation of being somewhat different for each person.

    嗅覺向以每個人都有不同的感受聞名

  • It’s not really true.

    這並不完全正確

  • And perfumery shows you that can’t be true,

    只需要一瓶香水就能證明這一點

  • because if it were like that it wouldn’t be an art, OK?

    因為如果真是這樣,香水就不會是個藝術,你明白嗎?

  • Now, while the smell wafts over you, let me tell you the history of an idea.

    當陣陣香氣襲向各位時,我想談談一個點子的歷史

  • Everything that youre smelling in here

    你在這裡所聞到的每種香氣

  • is made up of atoms that come from what I call

    都是由一群位在,被我稱為

  • the Upper East Side of the periodic table -- a nice, safe neighborhood.

    週期表上東城──一個安全美好的區域──的分子組成

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • You really don’t want to leave it if you want to have a career in perfumery.

    如果你想在香水業立足,你絕對不會想離開這區

  • Some people have tried in the 1920s

    有些人在1920年代曾經試著

  • to add things from the bad parts, and it didn’t really work.

    在香水裡加入週期表其他區塊的分子,但是沒有成功

  • These are the five atoms from which just about everything

    上東城裡的五個分子幾乎就能組成

  • that youre going to smell in real life, from coffee to fragrance, are made of.

    你生活裡從咖啡跟香水等所有的氣味,

  • The top note that you smelled at the very beginning,

    而你剛剛一開始所聞到的前調

  • the cut-grass green, what we call in perfumery -- theyre weird terms --

    在我們香水業被稱做清新草原味──很怪的叫法

  • and this would be called a green note,

    而之所以這麼稱呼綠葉調

  • because it smells of something green, like cut grass.

    是因為它聞來就像綠色植物,如草原的氣息

  • This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. And I had to learn chemistry on the fly

    這是順式-3-己烯醇。我過去三年

  • in the last three years. A very expensive high school chemistry education.

    得抽空學習化學。非常昂貴的高中化學教育

  • This has six carbon atoms, so "hexa," hexene-1-ol.

    順式-3-己烯醇有六個碳分子,所以"hexanol"以hexa-為字首

  • It has one double bond, it has an alcohol on the end,

    分子裡有一個雙鍵,分子末端有乙醇

  • so it’s "ol," and that’s why they call it cis-3-hexene-1-ol.

    所以"hexanol"以-ol為字尾。這是順式-3-己烯醇的命名由來。

  • Once you figure this out, you can really impress people at parties.

    一旦你懂得分子命名原則,你就能在派對上唬人

  • This smells of cut grass. Now, this is the skeleton of the molecule.

    順式-3-己烯醇聞來就像草原。這是分子的碳鏈

  • If you dress it up with atoms, hydrogen atoms --

    你可以用電腦在碳鏈上加氫原子

  • that’s what it looks like when you have it on your computer --

    這時順式-3-己烯醇看起來像這樣

  • but actually it’s sort of more like this, in the sense that the atoms have a certain

    但因為每個元素都有個不能侵入的圓形區域─

  • sphere that you cannot penetrate. They repel.

    它們互斥─所以順式-3-己烯醇實際上長這樣

  • OK, now. Why does this thing smell of cut grass, OK?

    好,現在問題來了:為什麼這分子聞起來是草原味,

  • Why doesn’t it smell of potatoes or violets? Well, there are really two theories.

    而不是馬鈴薯,或是紫羅蘭?有兩個理論:

  • But the first theory is: it must be the shape.

    第一個理論是關於分子的形狀。

  • And that’s a perfectly reasonable theory in the sense that

    這是個完美的理論,因為在生物界

  • almost everything else in biology works by shape.

    幾乎所有的功能都由分子形狀決定

  • Enzymes that chew things up, antibodies, it’s all, you know,

    如分解分子的酵素、抗體,一切取決於蛋白質

  • the fit between a protein and whatever it is grabbing, in this case a smell.

    跟其他分子間的緊密結合。而嗅覺也是

  • And I will try and explain to you what’s wrong with this notion.

    我等一下會試著解釋這個理論哪裡不對

  • And the other theory is that we smell molecular vibrations.

    另一個理論則是說嗅覺是我們聞到分子的震動

  • Now, this is a totally insane idea.

    這個想法完全沒有道理

  • And when I first came across it in the early '90s, I thought my predecessor,

    而我在90年代早期第一次聽到這個想法時

  • Malcolm Dyson and Bob Wright, had really taken leave of their senses,

    覺得Dyson跟Wright這些先驅者的直覺失準

  • and I’ll explain to you why this was the case.

    我等一下會告訴你們為什麼

  • However, I came to realize gradually that they may be right --

    然而,我漸漸明白,他們也許是對的

  • and I have to convince all my colleagues that this is so, but I’m working on it.

    我得說服我的同行接受這個理論,而我仍在努力

  • Here’s how shape works in normal receptors.

    這是分子跟其受器間作用機制的形狀說圖解

  • You have a molecule coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here,

    一個分子進入一個蛋白質,當兩者的形狀吻合

  • and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way

    分子會跟蛋白質的一部分結合

  • by binding in certain parts.

    造成這個複合體的變型、扭轉或移動

  • And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein

    而分子跟蛋白質之間的吸引力造成這樣的運動模式

  • cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea.

    就是這個以分子形狀為基礎的理論

  • Now, what’s wrong with shape is summarized in this slide.

    而這個分子形狀理論的問題摘要在這投影片上

  • The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds.

    希望大家還記得這些物質

  • This is one page of work from a chemist’s workbook, OK?

    這是一位在香水公司工作的化學家

  • Working for a fragrance company.

    其實驗筆記的一頁

  • He’s making 45 molecules, and he’s looking for a sandalwood,

    因為檀香味的龐大商機

  • something that smells of sandalwood.

    他得找出檀香味,或是類似檀香的味道

  • Because there’s a lot of money in sandalwoods.

    所以他製造了45個分子

  • And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood.

    而這45個分子中,只有4629分子聞起來是檀香

  • And he puts an exclamation mark, OK? This is an awful lot of work.

    他加註驚嘆號,對吧?這是非常繁重的工作

  • This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly,

    以一個人一年工時計,如果你給他無利潤的低薪

  • if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits.

    其收入約為20萬美金

  • So this is a profoundly inefficient process.

    所以這是個非常沒有效率的工作

  • And my definition of a theory is, it’s not just something

    而我對理論的定義,不僅只是

  • that you teach people; it’s labor saving.

    被傳授的知識,更得幫助節省勞力

  • A theory is something that enables you to do less work.

    一個理論得讓人們事半功倍

  • I love the idea of doing less work. So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact

    我喜歡省力的主意。請讓我解釋

  • that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well.

    形狀理論之所以無用的單純現實

  • This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass.

    這是順式-3-己烯醇,聞起來像草原

  • This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK?

    這是順式-3-己硫醇,聞起來像腐敗的蛋

  • Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs.

    你也知道伏特加聞起來絕對不像腐敗的蛋

  • If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar.

    如果是,你會放下酒杯,改去另一間酒吧

  • This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H --

    換句話說,我們不會對弄錯醇類

  • we never mistake it for an S-H, OK?

    不會搞混醇類跟硫化物

  • Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know,

    這跟濃度無關,即使讓你聞純酒精

  • if you smelt pure ethanol, it doesn’t smell of rotten eggs.

    也不會聞到壞蛋的臭味

  • Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur compound will smell like vodka.

    反之,再純的硫化物也不會聞起來像伏特加

  • It’s very hard to explain this by molecular recognition.

    我們很難用蛋白質辨識分子形狀的不同來解釋這個現象

  • Now, I showed this to a physicist friend of mine who has a profound distaste

    而我如此向我那對生物學完全沒興趣的

  • for biology, and he says, "That’s easy! The things are a different color!"

    物理學家朋友說明,他說:「這容易,兩種不同顏色的東西!」

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • We have to go a little beyond that. Now let me explain why vibrational theory has

    更進一步,現在讓我來解釋為什麼振動理論

  • some sort of interest in it. These molecules, as you saw in the beginning,

    有趣。這些分子,如你一開始所見

  • the building blocks had springs connecting them to each other.

    組成分子的原子間有如彈簧般的連結

  • In fact, molecules are able to vibrate at a set of frequencies

    不同的分子的震動包含不同頻率

  • which are very specific for each molecule and for the bonds connecting them.

    頻率組成視分子,或是組成分子的原子間的連結而定

  • So this is the sound of the O-H stretch, translated into the audible range.

    這是將O-H鍵的振動頻率轉換成人類聽力範圍的聲音

  • S-H, quite a different frequency.

    而S-H鍵振動頻率則相當不同

  • Now, this is kind of interesting, because it tells you

    這個現象最有趣的部分

  • that you should be looking for a particular fact, which is this:

    在提醒我認清這個特定事實,也就是

  • nothing in the world smells like rotten eggs except S-H, OK?

    這個世界上除了腐爛的蛋,沒有別的東西聞起來像硫氫化物了

  • Now, Fact B: nothing in the world has that frequency except S-H.

    再者:這個世界上除了有硫氫化物,沒有別的分子能以這樣的頻率振動

  • If you look on this, imagine a piano keyboard.

    你也可以這麼看:想像一個鋼琴鍵盤

  • The S-H stretch is in the middle of a part of the keyboard

    代表S-H鍵的振動頻率的琴鍵位在鍵盤某處的中間

  • that has been, so to speak, damaged,

    這個琴鍵壞掉了

  • and there are no neighboring notes, nothing is close to it.

    周圍及其他的琴鍵沒有一個能發出接近它的音頻

  • You have a unique smell, a unique vibration.

    而氣味也有這樣的獨特性,獨特的震動

  • So I went searching when I started in this game

    為了自我說服

  • to convince myself that there was any degree of plausibility

    這整個瘋狂的理論是可信的

  • to this whole crazy story.

    我開始這個尋找氣味分子的遊戲

  • I went searching for a type of molecule, any molecule,

    我想找到某個類型的分子,或任何分子

  • that would have that vibration and that -- the obvious prediction

    其振動頻率跟硫氫化物一樣

  • was that it should absolutely smell of sulfur.

    若理論正確,顯然這分子聞起來像硫磺

  • If it didn’t, the whole idea was toast, and I might as well move on to other things.

    如果不是這樣,這整個理論是個餿主意,我會轉而研究其他主題

  • Now, after searching high and low for several months,

    在經過幾個月有高潮有低潮的研究

  • I discovered that there was a type of molecule called a Borane

    我發現有種叫做硼烷的分子

  • which has exactly the same vibration.

    跟硫氫化物有一模一樣的振動頻率

  • Now the good news is, Boranes you can get hold of.

    好消息是,我們能拿到一些硼烷

  • The bad news is theyre rocket fuels.

    而壞消息是,硼烷是火藥的燃料

  • Most of them explode spontaneously in contact with air,

    一但跟空氣接觸,大部分的硼烷會自動爆炸

  • and when you call up the companies, they only give you minimum ten tons, OK?

    若你打電話給硼烷公司訂購,他們至少得賣你十噸好嗎?

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • So this was not what they call a laboratory-scale experiment,

    這並不是所謂的實驗室規模的實驗

  • and they wouldn’t have liked it at my college.

    而我的學校高層並不欣賞這樣的研究

  • However, I managed to get a hold of a Borane eventually, and here is the beast.

    然而,我到底還是拿到一些硼烷了,就是這個怪獸

  • And it really does have the same -- if you calculate,

    經過計算跟測量

  • if you measure the vibrational frequencies, they are the same as S-H.

    硼烷的振動頻率的確硫氫化物相同

  • Now, does it smell of sulfur? Well, if you go back in the literature,

    現在問題來了,硼烷的味道跟硫氫化物一樣嗎?

  • there’s a man who knew more about Boranes than anyone

    Alfred Stock,有史以來最懂硼烷的人

  • alive then or since, Alfred Stock, he synthesized all of them.

    當他還在世時,他合成了所有硼烷化合物

  • And in an enormous 40-page paper in German he says, at one point --

    在一篇長達40頁,以德文寫就的大論文裡,他提到一點──

  • my wife is German and she translated it for me --

    我的妻子是德國人,是她幫我翻譯原文的

  • and at one point he says, "ganz widerlich Geruch,"

    Alfred Stock這麼說:"ganz widerlich Geruch"

  • an "absolutely repulsive smell," which is good. Reminiscent of hydrogen sulfide.

    意即:「非常難聞的味道」。很好,這讓我想起了硫化氫。

  • So this fact that Boranes smell of sulfur

    這就是說,早在1910年,就已知硼烷的味道

  • had been known since 1910, and utterly forgotten until 1997, 1998.

    跟硫化氫相同,之後直至1997, 98年都一直被人遺忘

  • Now, the slight fly in the ointment is this: that

    而有點美中不足的是:

  • if we smell molecular vibrations, we must have a spectroscope in our nose.

    如果我們的嗅覺是在辨別分子振動,我們的鼻子中必定有個光譜儀

  • Now, this is a spectroscope, OK, on my laboratory bench.

    這就是光譜儀,好吧,其實是我實驗桌上的光譜儀

  • And it’s fair to say that if you look up somebody’s nose,

    公道的說,當你看著一個人的鼻子時

  • youre unlikely to see anything resembling this.

    你不太可能覺得鼻子跟這個東西有任何相似之處

  • And this is the main objection to the theory.

    這是這理論最主要的反證

  • OK, great, we smell vibrations. How? All right?

    好吧,我們聞得出分子的振動。然而,這是怎麼辦到的?

  • Now when people ask this kind of question, they neglect something,

    當人們問這個問題時,他們忽略了一件事

  • which is that physicists are really clever, unlike biologists.

    那就是:物理學家的確很聰明,不像生物學家

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • This is a joke. I’m a biologist, OK?

    這是個笑話,我到底還是個生物學家

  • So it’s a joke against myself.

    這笑話是對我的反諷

  • Bob Jacklovich and John Lamb at Ford Motor Company,

    當福特汽車還投資大量金錢

  • in the days when Ford Motor was spending vast amounts of money

    在基礎研究上時,公司職員

  • on fundamental research, discovered a way

    Bob Jacklovich跟John Lamb找到了

  • to build a spectroscope that was intrinsically nano-scale.

    製作內建奈米級光譜儀的方法

  • In other words, no mirrors, no lasers, no prisms, no nonsense,

    換句話說,這個小儀器不需要鏡子、

  • just a tiny device, and he built this device. And this device uses electron tunneling.

    雷射、稜鏡等沒有必要的東西,而是利用電子隧穿的原理

  • Now, I could do the dance of electron tunneling,

    我是可以跳個電子隧穿舞

  • but I’ve done a video instead, which is much more interesting. Here’s how it works.

    不過,我還是製作一段更有趣的影片,來告訴你們這是怎麼辦到的

  • Electrons are fuzzy creatures, and they can jump across gaps,

    電子是非常活躍的物質,他們能夠跳越

  • but only at equal energy. If the energy differs, they can’t jump.

    兩個能量相同的能隙。當能隙能量不同時,則無法跨越

  • Unlike us, they won’t fall off the cliff.

    跟我們不同,電子不會從由能量差構成的懸崖摔下

  • OK. Now. If something absorbs the energy, the electron can travel.

    如果有某個物質吸收能量,電子就能夠游移

  • So here you have a system, you have something --

    而這個系統──

  • and there’s plenty of that stuff in biology --

    生物體中有很多這樣的系統──

  • some substance giving an electron, and the electron tries to jump,

    某些物質提供電子,這些電子試著穿越能隙

  • and only when a molecule comes along that has the right vibration

    只有具正確振動頻率的某分子存在時

  • does the reaction happen, OK?

    反應才會發生

  • This is the basis for the device that these two guys at Ford built.

    這是福特的兩位職員發明的奈米光譜儀的原理

  • And every single part of this mechanism is actually plausible in biology.

    這個機器的每一個部份在生物學上都行得通

  • In other words, I’ve taken off-the-shelf components,

    也就是說,我曾經拆開過這個儀器

  • and I’ve made a spectroscope.

    自己做過光譜儀

  • What’s nice about this idea, if you have a philosophical bent of mind,

    如果你天生就是個好學之士,你會明白

  • is that then it tells you that the nose,

    這個點子最棒之處,在於揭示所有的感官

  • the ear and the eye are all vibrational senses.

    包括嗅覺聽覺跟視覺都是在感覺分子的振動

  • Of course, it doesn’t matter, because it could also be that theyre not.

    當然,這不重要,因為也有可能不是這樣

  • But it has a certain --

    但是,這理論在某種程度上──

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • -- it has a certain ring to it which is attractive to people

    在某種程度上對讀了很多19世紀時的

  • who read too much 19th-century German literature.

    德國文獻的人們是有吸引力的

  • And then a magnificent thing happened:

    當年,巨大的轉折出現:

  • I left academia and joined the real world of business,

    我離開學術圈,進入產業界的現實世界

  • and a company was created around my ideas

    根據我的想法成立一個公司

  • to make new molecules using my method,

    並利用我的技術合成新分子

  • along the lines of, let’s put someone else’s money where your mouth is.

    也就是讓別人來投資我的信念

  • And one of the first things that happened was

    一開始

  • we started going around to fragrance companies

    我們去拜訪香水公司

  • asking for what they needed, because, of course,

    問他們需要什麼。當然,這是因為

  • if you could calculate smell, you don’t need chemists.

    如果你能量化味道,就不需要化學家

  • You need a computer, a Mac will do it, if you know how to program the thing right,

    只要一部蘋果電腦,跟寫出正確的程式

  • OK? So you can try a thousand molecules,

    就能計算一千個分子

  • you can try ten thousand molecules in a weekend,

    一個周末你就能處理一萬個分子

  • and then you only tell the chemists to make the right one.

    再讓化學家去合成味道正確的分子

  • And so that’s a direct path to making new odorants.

    這是合成新味道的直接途徑

  • And one of the first things that happened was

    剛開始

  • we went to see some perfumers in France --

    我們去拜訪法國的香水師─

  • and here’s where I do my Charles Fleischer impression --

    這時我模仿Charles Fleischer的演出─

  • and one of them says, "You cannot make a coumarin."

    他們之中有一個人說:「你才做不來香豆素的味道。」

  • He says to me, "I bet you cannot make a coumarin."

    「我賭你做不來。」

  • Now, coumarin is a very common thing, a material,

    香豆素是非常常見的香水原料

  • in fragrance which is derived from a bean that comes from South America.

    這個味道是從南美洲的一種豆子提煉出來的

  • And it is the classic synthetic aroma chemical, OK?

    但也是個典型的人工合成香味

  • It’s the molecule that has made men’s fragrances

    這個分子讓男性香水的味道

  • smell the way they do since 1881, to be exact.

    從1881年以來就沒有變過

  • And the problem is it’s a carcinogen.

    但問題是,香豆素致癌

  • So nobody likes particularly to -- you know, aftershave with carcinogens.

    而沒有人會希望他不過是刮個鬍子就會接觸致癌物

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • There are some reckless people, but it’s not worth it, OK?

    總是有不在乎的人,但還是不值得嘛!

  • So they asked us to make a new coumarin. And so we started doing calculations.

    所以他們希望我們合成新的香豆素。我們也做了計算

  • And the first thing you do is you calculate the vibrational spectrum

    首先,得計算香豆素的振動頻率譜

  • of coumarin, and you smooth it out,

    並整理結果來讓我們

  • so that you have a nice picture of what the sort of chord, so to speak, of coumarin is.

    對香豆素是個怎樣的香調有比較好的認識

  • And then you start cranking the computer to find other molecules,

    接著,是利用電腦分析類似香豆素的分子

  • related or unrelated, that have the same vibrations.

    不相干的分子也可以,來找跟香豆素振動方式相同的分子

  • And we actually, in this case, I’m sorry to say,

    而我們的確,就這個案例,我不得不這麼說

  • it happened -- it was serendipitous.

    這方法行得通──我們運氣不錯

  • Because I got a phone call from our chief chemist

    當時我們的首席化學家打電話給我

  • and he said, look, I’ve just found this such a beautiful reaction,

    說他剛剛發現一個很美妙的化學反應

  • that even if this compound doesn’t smell of coumarin,

    所以就算反應產物聞起來不像香豆素

  • I want to do it, it’s just such a nifty,

    他還是想研究這個有效率的、只要一個步驟的反應──

  • one step -- I mean, chemists have weird minds --

    化學家都有個怪腦袋

  • one step, 90 percent yield, you know, and you get this lovely

    反正只要一步,我們就能得到這個可愛的結晶物

  • crystalline compound. Let us try it.

    產率達90%。讓我們試試看吧

  • And I said, first of all, let me do the calculation on that compound, bottom right,

    我說:首先,我們來對這個物質進行些計算

  • which is related to coumarin, but has an extra pentagon inserted into the molecule.

    它的部分結構近似香豆素,但多了一個五碳環

  • Calculate the vibrations, the purple spectrum is that new fellow,

    這是結果,紫色表示這個新物質的振動頻率譜

  • the white one is the old one.

    而白色的就是香豆素

  • And the prediction is it should smell of coumarin.

    預測顯示,新物質聞起來應該像香豆素

  • They made it ... and it smelled exactly like coumarin.

    新物質作出來以後,味道正是香豆素的味道

  • And this is our new baby, called tonkene.

    這是我們的新寶物,香豆烯

  • You see, when youre a scientist, youre always selling ideas.

    你看,當你是個科學家時,你總是在賣你的想法

  • And people are very resistant to ideas, and rightly so.

    然而人們抗拒新點子,問題也正是:

  • Why should new ideas be accepted?

    為什麼我們得接受新點子?

  • But when you put a little 10-gram vial on the table in front of perfumers

    但當你在香水師的桌前放上少少的10克

  • and it smells like coumarin, and it isn’t coumarin,

    "聞起來像香豆素,卻不是香豆素"的物質

  • and youve found it in three weeks,

    而你只花三個星期找到它

  • this focuses everybody’s mind wonderfully.

    這讓每個人都覺得棒極了

  • (Laughter)

    (笑)

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

  • And people often ask me, is your theory accepted?

    人們常問:你的理論被接受了嗎?

  • And I said, well, by whom? I mean most, you know -- there’s three attitudes:

    我說:被誰接受呢?聽到這理論的人大致有三種反應:

  • Youre right, and I don’t know why, which is the most rational one at this point.

    雖然我不明白,但你是對的,這是目前最合理的推測

  • Youre right, and I don’t care how you do it, in a sense;

    你大概是對的,而我也不在乎你是怎麼辦到的

  • you bring me the molecules, you know.

    反正你都把新分子給我了

  • And: Youre completely wrong, and I’m sure youre completely wrong.

    還有:你錯了,我很確定你一定是錯的

  • OK? Now, were dealing with people who only want results,

    也就是說,我們得面對只在乎結果的人

  • and this is the commercial world.

    而這是個資本主義世界

  • And they tell us that even if we do it by astrology, theyre happy.

    他們說,就算我們是靠著占星學知識達成任務,他們還是滿意的

  • But were not actually doing it by astrology.

    但我們的確不是靠著占星學知識達成任務

  • But for the last three years, I’ve had what I consider to be

    在最近三年,我做著一份我認為是

  • the best job in the entire universe, which is to put my hobby --

    全宇宙最棒的工作:這讓我能將我的嗜好

  • which is, you know, fragrance and all the magnificent things --

    也就是香氛跟所有美好的事物

  • plus a little bit of biophysics, a small amount of self-taught chemistry

    跟一些些生理學,一些些自學來的化學結合起來

  • at the service of something that actually works.

    做出一些實際有用的貢獻

  • Thank you very much.

    非常謝謝大家

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

The fragrance that you will smell, you will never be able to smell this way again.

你待會兒聞到的香氣,絕不會有機會以這種方式聞第二次

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B1 TED 分子 香水 理論 味道 頻率

【TED】盧卡-都靈:氣味的科學(Luca Turin: the science of scent)。 (【TED】Luca Turin: The science of scent (Luca Turin: The science of scent))

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    Elma Kung posted on 2021/01/14
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