started with a leaflet that I picked up in London.

始於我在倫敦撿到的一張傳單。

It was the early '90s,

那時是90年代早期，

and I was at a public event.

我參加了一場公眾活動，

I saw this leaflet and it said,

我讀到這張傳單，上面寫著：

"There are millions of slaves in the world today."

「現在全世界有好幾百萬名奴隸。」

And I thought, "No way, no way."

我那時候想：「這根本不可能。」

And I'm going to admit to hubris.

我當時出於自傲而不願承認的是，

Because I also, I'm going to admit to you,

我要跟大家報告，

I also thought, "How can I be like

我那時想，我身為

a hot-shot young full professor

年輕有為的教授

who teaches human rights and not know this?

在學校教的就是人權，怎麼不知道有這些事？

So it can't be true."

所以這不是真的。

Well, if you teach, if you worship

如果你從事教學，

in the temple of learning,

如果你身在知識殿堂，

do not mock the gods,

千萬別向知識之神挑釁。

because they will take you,

否則祂會引領你

fill you with curiosity and desire,

讓你充滿求知的渴望，

and drive you. Drive you with a passion

驅策你，讓你滿腔熱血

to change things.

去改變世界。

I went out and did a lit review,

我離開會場，搜尋參考文獻，

3,000 articles on the key word "slavery."

輸入「奴隸制度」，找到三千篇文章，

Two turned out to be about contemporary -- only two.

兩篇，只有兩篇，在論述現代奴隸制度，

All the rest were historical.

其他都是陳年往事。

They were press pieces and they were full of outrage,

這兩篇是報紙的文章，語氣非常憤怒，

they were full of speculation, they were anecdotal --

充滿猜測與軼聞，

no solid information.

而沒有信實的訊息。

So, I began to do a research project of my own.

所以我開始自己做研究，

I went to five countries around the world.

我環遊世界，去了五個國家，

I looked at slaves. I met slaveholders,

親身接觸奴隸以及奴隸主，

and I looked very deeply

深入探究

into slave-based businesses

以奴隸為本的產業。

because this is an economic crime.

因為這是一樁經濟犯罪，

People do not enslave people to be mean to them.

奴隸主蓄奴不是為了欺負他們，

They do it to make a profit.

而是為了賺錢。

And I've got to tell you, what I found out in the world

我必須向大家報告，在全世界，

in four different continents,

即使在四個不同的大陸，

was depressingly familiar.

情況都一樣令人難過。

Like this:

就像這個：

Agricultural workers in Africa,

非洲的農業勞工，

whipped and beaten,

受人鞭笞，

showing us how they were beaten in the fields

向我們展示

before they escaped from slavery

他們獲得自由之前，

and met up with our film crew.

在田裡挨打的樣子。

It was mind-blowing.

那真是震懾人心。

And I want to be very clear.

我想要澄清一個觀念：

I'm talking about real slavery.

我所說的是真正的奴隸制度。

This is not about lousy marriages,

這不只是糟糕的婚姻，

this is not about jobs that suck.

不僅僅是討厭的工作，

This is about people who can not walk away,

這些人是無法逃離奴隸制度的。

people who are forced to work without pay,

奴隸主強迫奴隸工作，卻不給薪水，

people who are operating 24/7

他們因為受暴力威脅，

under a threat of violence

全年無休，日夜不息，

and have no pay.

卻賺不到一毛錢。

It's real slavery in exactly the same way

這就是奴隸制度，

that slavery would be recognized

無論中外，

throughout all of human history.

古今皆然。

Now, where is it?

現代奴隸在哪裡呢？

Well, this map in the sort of redder, yellower colors

在這張地圖上，越偏紅色及黃色的地區

are the places with the highest densities of slavery.

奴隸密度越高。

But in fact that kind of bluey color

反之，藍色系的顏色

are the countries where we can't find any cases of slavery.

代表該國完全沒有奴隸。

And you might notice that it's only Iceland and Greenland

各位大概會發現，放眼全球，

where we can't find any cases of enslavement

一個奴隸都沒有的地方，

around the world.

只有冰島跟格陵蘭。

We're also particularly interested

我們還注意到一點：

and looking very carefully

我們深入研究，發現

at places where

在某些地方

slaves are being used to perpetrate

奴隸的勞動造成

extreme environmental destruction.

非常嚴重的環境破壞。

Around the world, slaves are used to destroy the environment,

世界各地都有奴隸勞動破壞環境的例子，

cutting down trees in the Amazon; destroying

他們在亞馬遜叢林砍樹，

forest areas in West Africa;

破壞西非的森林，

mining and spreading mercury around

在迦納與剛果

in places like Ghana and the Congo;

開採水銀、造成毒物外洩，

destroying the coastal ecosystems in South Asia.

以及破壞南亞海岸的生態系統。

It's a pretty harrowing linkage

這樣對人權以及環境

between what's happening to our environment

雙方面的傷害

and what's happening to our human rights.

令人痛心。

Now, how on Earth did we get to a situation like this,

我們到底是如何落入這樣的境地？

where we have 27 million people

2010年，全世界有兩千七百萬人

in slavery in the year 2010?

受困於奴隸制度，

That's double the number that came out of Africa

這是當年奴隸交易期間

in the entire transatlantic slave trade.

非洲輸出總數的兩倍。

Well, it builds up with these factors.

以下是可能的原因，

They are not causal, they are actually supporting factors.

不過並不是原兇，只是幫兇。

One we all know about, the population explosion:

眾所周知的一個原因是人口爆炸，

the world goes from two billion people to almost

五十年來，世界人口從二十億

seven billion people in the last 50 years.

增加到將近七十億。

Being numerous does not make you a slave.

然而人口增加並不會逼人為奴，

Add in the increased vulnerability of very large numbers of people

開發中國家的眾多人口

in the developing world,

越來越容易受到傷害，

caused by civil wars, ethnic conflicts,

因為國家發生內戰、種族衝突、

kleptocratic governments, disease ... you name it, you know it.

政府貪污、疾病流行...各位想得到的都有。

We understand how that works. In some countries

我們知道，在某些國家

all of those things happen at once,

這些事情全部一起發生，

like Sierra Leone a few years ago,

例如數年前的獅子山共和國。

and push enormous parts ... about a billion people in the world, in fact,

一連串災難造成全世界大約十億的難民奔逃，

as we know, live on the edge,

他們生活在邊緣，

live in situations where

他們的生活環境

they don't have any opportunity and are usually even destitute.

不但沒有任何機會，而且時常是匱乏的，

But that doesn't make you a slave either.

但這也並不代表一定要當奴隸。

What it takes to turn a person who is destitute and vulnerable

貧弱之所以會淪為奴隸，

into a slave, is the absence of the rule of law.

是因為法律無法發揮效力。

If the rule of law is sound, it protects

如果法律能有效發揮，

the poor and it protects the vulnerable.

便可以保護窮人、保護弱者；

But if corruption creeps in

然而如果政府貪瀆，

and people don't have the opportunity

人民失去

to have that protection of the rule of law,

法律的保護，

then if you can use violence,

那麼只要用暴力，

if you can use violence with impunity,

只要肆無忌憚使用暴力，

you can reach out and harvest the vulnerable

就能像收割作物一樣

into slavery.

蓄積奴隸。

Well, that is precisely what has happened around the world.

這就是世界上許多地方正在發生的事。

Though, for a lot of people,

不過，對很多人來說

the people who step

讓他們成為奴隸的原因，

into slavery today

誘使他們陷入奴隸制度的原因

don't usually get kidnapped or knocked over the head.

並不全是因為被綁架或被打昏抓走。

They come into slavery because

他們變成奴隸是因為

someone has asked them this question.

有人問了他們這個問題。

All around the world I've been told an almost identical story.

在世界各個角落，我都聽到類似的故事：

People say, "I was home,

人們說：「我本來在家裡，

someone came into our village,

有人來我們村子，

they stood up in the back of a truck, they said, 'I've got jobs,

站在卡車上說：『我這兒有工作，

who needs a job?'"

有人需要工作嗎？』

And they did exactly what

他們下意識的反應

you or I would do in the same situation.

就跟我們的直覺一樣，

They said, "That guy looked sketchy. I was suspicious,

他們說：「這傢伙看起來怪怪的，很可疑，

but my children were hungry.

但是孩子在挨餓，

We needed medicine.

我們也需要醫藥費，

I knew I had to do anything I could

我得盡全力

to earn some money to support the people I care about."

賺錢支持家裡的人，他們是我的摯愛。」

They climb into the back of the truck. They go off with the person who recruits them.

於是他們便爬上了卡車，跟著這些掮客走了，

Ten miles, 100 miles, 1,000 miles later,

走了十哩，一百哩，一千哩之後，

they find themselves in dirty, dangerous, demeaning work.

他們才發現所謂的「工作」環境髒亂、危險而且低賤。

They take it for a little while,

他們勉強做了一陣子，

but when they try to leave, bang!, the hammer comes down,

但是他們想離開的時候，卻有人拿鐵鎚打他們，

and they discover they're enslaved.

他們才發現自己變成奴隸了。

Now, that kind of slavery

這種逼人為奴的方式

is, again, pretty much what slavery has been all through human history.

在人類歷史中一樣是重複發生的。

But there is one thing that is particularly remarkable

不過現代的奴隸制度

and novel about slavery today,

有一點迥異於以前，

and that is a complete collapse

那就是，人的價值

in the price of human beings --

徹底崩潰了。

expensive in the past, dirt cheap now.

以前奴隸很貴，但現在價賤如土，

Even the business programs have started

就連財經節目

picking up on this.

也開始批評。

I just want to share a little clip for you.

給大家看看這段影片。

Daphne: OK. Llively discussion guaranteed here, as always,

（影片）今天的節目依然給大家帶來

as we get macro and talk commodities.

熱烈的討論，主題是總體經濟和商品。

Continuing here in the studio with our guest Michael O'Donohue,

邀請到四陸金控公司的負責人

head of commodities at Four Continents Capital Management.

歐麥克先生，

And we're also joined by Brent Lawson

還有勞氏投顧公司的負責人

from Lawson Frisk Securities.

勞布藍先生。

Brent Lawson: Happy to be here.

大家好。

D: Good to have you with us, Brent.

布藍，歡迎你參加討論。

Now, gentlemen ... Brent, where is your money going this year?

今年你打算把錢投資在哪裡呢？

BL: Well Daphne, we've been going short on gas and oil recently

因為今年油氣和石油短缺，

and casting our net just a little bit wider.

所以我們必須找新的投資標的，

We really like the human being story a lot.

關於「人」的投資題材還不錯，

If you look at a long-term chart,

如果您想長期投資的話，

prices are at historical lows and yet global demand

現在奴隸的價格來到歷史新低，

for forced labor is still real strong.

不過全球的奴隸需求依然很高，

So, that's a scenario that we think we should be capitalizing on.

所以我們覺得可以投資奴隸。

D: Michael, what's your take on the people story? Are you interested?

麥克，你覺得這題材如何？有興趣嗎？

Michael O'Donoghue: Oh definitely. Non-voluntary labor's greatest advantage

當然有，奴隸最大的優點

as an asset is the endless supply.

就是永遠不會短缺。

We're not about to run out of people. No other commodity has that.

永遠不會有人口短缺的問題，這是其他商品沒有的優勢。

BL: Daphne, if I may draw your attention to one thing.

主持人，我要向您報告，

That is that private equity has been sniffing around,

私募基金已經虎視眈眈，

and that tells me that this market is about to explode.

這意味著市場很快會爆炸。

Africans and Indians, as usual,

非洲和印度已經有長足發展，

South Americans, and Eastern Europeans in particular

南美和東歐則是特別受矚目的市場，

are on our buy list.

都很值得投資。

D: Interesting. Micheal, bottom line, what do you recommend?

是的。那麼麥克，你會怎麼建議投資策略呢？

MO: We're recommending to our clients

我們要建議投資人

a buy and hold strategy.

買進留守，

There's no need to play the market.

不必在市場上殺進殺出，

There's a lot of vulnerable people out there. It's very exciting.

弱勢族群很多，可以好好操作。

D: Exciting stuff indeed. Gentlemen, thank you very much.

好的，謝謝各位專家。

Kevin Bales: Okay, you figured it out. That's a spoof.

大家都發現了吧？這只是模仿秀。

Though I enjoyed watching

不過看著大家

your jaws drop, drop, drop, until you got it.

蒙在鼓裡，下巴快掉下來的樣子，還滿有趣的。

MTV Europe worked with us and made that spoof,

感謝歐洲ＭＴＶ公司和我們合作這段影片。

and they've been slipping it in between music videos

他們不做任何說明，就把影片

without any introduction, which I think is kind of fun.

安插在ＭＶ間播放，我覺得很好玩。

Here's the reality.

真相是，

The price of human beings across the last 4,000 years

四萬年來，一個生人的價錢

in today's money has averaged about 40,000 dollars.

換算成現在的幣值大約是四萬美金，

Capital purchase items.

是資本的一種形式。

You can see that the lines cross when the population explodes.

這兩條線交會的地方，人口開始急遽成長，

The average price of a human being today,

今天在全世界

around the world, is about 90 dollars.

平均一個生人價值約九十美元。

They are more expensive in places like North America.

在北美洲之類的地方會比較貴，

Slaves cost between 3,000 to 8,000 dollars in North America,

那裡的奴隸一個大約三千到八千美元；

but I could take you places in India or Nepal

但是在印度或尼泊爾

where human beings can be acquired for five or 10 dollars.

只要五美元或十美元就可以買一個奴隸。

They key here is that

關鍵在於

people have ceased to be that capital purchase item

人已經不再成為資本，

and become like Styrofoam cups.

而是一文不值。

You buy them cheaply, you use them,

他們很便宜，可以壓榨，

you crumple them up, and then when you're done

用完了，

with them you just throw them away.

就丟掉。

These young boys are in Nepal.

這些小男孩在尼泊爾工作，

They are basically the transport system

他們在奴隸主經營的採石場

on a quarry run by a slaveholder.

負責運送石頭，

There are no roads there, so they carry loads of stone

因為沒有路，所以他們就背著石頭，

on their backs, often of their own weight,

有時石頭比他們還重，

up and down the Himalaya Mountains.

在喜馬拉雅山脈穿梭。

One of their mothers said to us,

其中一位孩子的媽媽告訴我們：

"You know, we can't survive here,

「我們在這兒活不下去，

but we can't even seem to die either."

但是想死也死不了。」

It's a horrible situation.

情況非常糟糕。

And if there is anything that makes me feel very positive about this,

唯一能讓我還繼續樂觀的事情

it's that there are also --

就是，

in addition to young men like this who are still enslaved --

即使有許多年輕人受奴役，

there are ex-slaves who are now working to free others.

但是有些重獲自由的人正在努力想救出同伴，

Or, we say, Frederick Douglass is in the house.

他們是現代的Frederick Douglass。【美國政治家，本為黑奴，逃脫後致力於解放黑奴運動。】

I don't know if you've ever had a daydream

不知道各位有沒有想過

about, "Wow. What would it be like to meet Harriet Tubman?

親眼見到Harriet Tubman是甚麼感覺？【本為美國黑奴，逃脫後幫助數百名黑奴祕密逃亡。】

What would it be like to meet Frederick Douglass?"

親眼見到Frederick Douglass是甚麼感覺？

I've got to say, one of the most exciting parts about my job

我的工作內容最振奮的一點

is that I get to,

就是我可以見到和他們一樣偉大的人。

and I want to introduce you to one of those.

我想向大家介紹其中一位，

His name is James Kofi Annan. He was a slave child in Ghana

他名叫詹姆士．科非．安南，小的時候在迦納當童奴，

enslaved in the fishing industry,

從事漁業勞役。

and he now, after escape and building a new life,

逃跑之後，他建立了新生活，

has formed an organization that we work closely with

成立拯救奴隸的組織，

to go back and get people out of slavery.

並和我們密切合作。

This is not James, this is one of the kids that he works with.

這個人不是詹姆士，而是他拯救的一個孩子。

James Kofi Annan (Video): He was hit with a paddle

（詹姆士）有人用槳打他，

in the head. And this reminds me

從頭上打下去。

of my childhood when I used to work here.

我小時候也是被人這樣打。

KB: James and our country director in Ghana,

詹姆士和我們組織在迦納的負責人艾馬鈕爾．奧拓

Emmanuel Otoo are now receiving regular death threats

時常收到恐嚇威脅，

because the two of them managed to get

因為他們兩人成功讓三組

convictions and imprisonment for three human traffickers

人口販子獲罪監禁，

for the very first time in Ghana

這是迦納首例。

for enslaving people, from the fishing industry,

這些人在漁業上蓄奴，

for enslaving children.

利用童奴來做工作。