started its trajectory

的原產地是

in an artisanal mine

在剛果東部

in the Eastern Congo.

的礦場

It's mined by armed gangs

這個礦產有武裝部隊

using slaves, child slaves,

利用兒童奴隸開採

what the U.N. Security Council

這也就是聯合國安理會

calls "blood minerals,"

所說的"血礦產"

then traveled into some components

然後這些礦產被加工成一些原件

and ended up in a factory

最後到中國深圳的

in Shinjin in China.

一間工廠

That factory -- over a dozen people have committed suicide

這間工廠在今年

already this year.

已經有超過十二人自殺

One man died after working a 36-hour shift.

有個人在持續工作三十六小時後死亡

We all love chocolate.

我們都愛巧克力

We buy it for our kids.

我們都買巧克力給我們的孩子

Eighty percent of the cocoa comes from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

百分之八十的可可來自於象牙海岸和迦納

and it's harvested by children.

然後由孩子們來收成

Cote d'Ivoire, we have a huge problem of child slaves.

在象牙海岸，兒童奴隸一直是很嚴重的問題

Children have been trafficked from other conflict zones

而小孩都是從其他動亂區販運而來的

to come and work on the coffee plantations.

他們被安排到咖啡園工作

Heparin -- a blood thinner,

肝磷脂-血液稀釋劑

a pharmaceutical product --

是一種藥品

starts out in artisanal workshops

來自於手工廠

like this in China,

就像這個在中國的手工廠，

because the active ingredient

因為這個藥的活性成分

comes from pigs' intestines.

是從豬腸子提取的

Your diamond -- you've all heard, probably seen the movie "Blood Diamond."

你們的鑽石，你們都聽過也可能看過"血鑽石"這部電影

This is a mine in Zimbabwe

這是一個在辛巴威的礦場

right now.

現在

Cotton: Uzbekistan is the second biggest

棉花的第二大產地是烏茲別克

exporter of cotton on Earth.

烏茲別克是全世界的第二大棉花出口國

Every year when it comes to the cotton harvest,

每年到了棉花收成的時候

the government shuts down the schools,

政府就下令停課

puts the kids in buses, buses them to the cotton fields

將學童一車車載到棉花田

to spend three weeks harvesting the cotton.

讓他們停課三星期來收成棉花

It's forced child labor

這是強迫的童工

on an institutional scale.

在體制下全面進行

And all of those products probably end their lives

而這些棉花也許會奪走孩子們的生命

in a dump like this one in Manila.

看看這個在馬尼拉的垃圾場

These places, these origins,

這些地方，這些原產地

represent governance gaps.

代表了全球治理上的落差

That's the politest description

這是我最委婉的說法

I have for them.

對這些問題最客氣的講法

These are the dark pools

全球供應鏈就是從

where global supply chains begin --

這些暗池開始

the global supply chains,

而這個全球供應鏈

which bring us our favorite brand name products.

創造了我們最喜愛的名牌商品

Some of these governance gaps

這些治理上的缺失

are run by rogue states.

是無賴政權造成的

Some of them are not states anymore at all.

有些甚至已經不是國家了

They're failed states.

而是失敗的政權

Some of them

有些國家

are just countries who believe that deregulation or no regulation

相信自由化或完全放任

is the best way to attract investment,

是吸引投資最好的方式

promote trade.

是促進貿易最好的方法

Either way, they present us

總之,他們呈現給我們的是

with a huge moral and ethical dilemma.

一個嚴重的倫理道德上的困境

I know that none of us want to be accessories

在全球供應鏈下

after the fact

有著人權迫害的

of a human rights abuse

事實背後

in a global supply chain.

我知道沒有一個國家想成為別國的附屬品

But right now,

但是現在

most of the companies involved in these supply chains

大部分涉及這些供應鏈的公司

don't have any way

沒有其他辦法

of assuring us

向我們保證:

that nobody had to mortgage their future,

在製造我們

nobody had to sacrifice their rights

喜愛的名牌產品過程中

to bring us our favorite

不會有人賭上自己的未來

brand name product.

也不會犧牲自己的權利

Now, I didn't come here to depress you

現在我站在這裡

about the state of the global supply chain.

不是要讓你們對全球供應鏈感到失望

We need a reality check.

而是要你們正視這些事實

We need to recognize just how serious

我們需要了解

a deficit of rights we have.

欠缺這個權利的嚴重性

This is an independent republic,

這是一個獨立的共和國

probably a failed state.

也可能是「失敗國家」

It's definitely not a democratic state.

很顯然也不是個民主的國家

And right now,

而現在

that independent republic of the supply chain

這些獨立共和國的供應鏈

is not being governed

不受管制

in a way that would satisfy us,

導致我們無法有良心地去消費

that we can engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption.

來滿足我們的需求

Now, that's not a new story.

這已經眾所皆知了

You've seen the documentaries

你們已經看過

of sweatshops making garments

全世界

all over the world, even in developed countries.

製造成衣的血汗工廠的紀錄片

You want to see the classic sweatshop,

如果你想看典型的血汗工廠

meet me at Madison Square Garden,

請來麥迪遜花園廣場與我相見

I'll take you down the street, and I'll show you a Chinese sweatshop.

我會帶你走遍整條街並參觀中國血汗工廠

But take the example of heparin.

以肝磷脂為例,

It's a pharmaceutical product.

是一種藥品

You expect that the supply chain that gets it to the hospital,

你期望它在供應鏈中

probably squeaky clean.

不受汙染地運送到醫院

The problem is that the active ingredient in there --

但問題是

as I mentioned earlier --

我稍早提及

comes from pigs.

肝磷脂所具有的活性成分來自於豬腸子

The main American manufacturer

主要擁有這活性成分的

of that active ingredient

美國製造商

decided a few years ago to relocate to China

早在多年前就進駐中國

because it's the world's biggest supplier of pigs.

因為中國是全球最大的豬隻供應國

And their factory in China --

雖然他們在中國的工廠

which probably is pretty clean --

或許很乾淨

is getting all of the ingredients

可是獲取的材料都是來自於

from backyard abattoirs,

家庭式的屠宰場，

where families slaughter pigs

他們在自家宰殺豬隻

and extract the ingredient.

並從中提取成分

So a couple of years ago, we had a scandal

所以多年以前，有一個負面新聞是關於

which killed about 80 people around the world,

受污染的肝磷脂

because of contaminants

因進入全球供應鏈中

that crept into the heparin supply chain.

而導致80人死亡

Worse, some of the suppliers

更糟的是，有些供應商

realized that they could substitute a product

意識到他們可用

which mimicked heparin in tests.

類似肝磷脂的產品作為替代

This substitute cost nine dollars a pound,

這替代品一磅才九塊美金，

whereas real heparin, the real ingredient,

但真正的肝磷脂

cost 900 dollars a pound.

一磅需花九百塊美金

A no-brainer.

毫無疑問地,

The problem was that it killed more people.

這會害更多人葬送性命

And so you're asking yourself,

所以請捫心自問:

"How come the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

美國聯邦食品藥物管理局

allowed this to happen?

為何會容許這件事發生呢?

How did the Chinese State Agency for Food and Drugs

中國政府的食品藥物部門

allow this to happen?"

為何會允許這件事發生呢?

And the answer is quite simple:

這答案相當簡單:

the Chinese define these facilities

中國定義這些工廠為化學工廠,

as chemical facilities, not pharmaceutical facilities,

而不是製藥工廠

so they don't audit them.

所以中國政府並沒有檢驗這些工廠

And the USFDA

又加上此事

has a jurisdictional problem.

有管轄權的問題

This is offshore.

所以美國聯邦食品藥物管理局無法可管

They actually do conduct a few investigations overseas --

實際上美國聯邦食品藥物管理局也很少進行海外調查

about a dozen a year -- maybe 20 in a good year.

大約一年十二次，多則二十次

There are 500

在中國，

of these facilities

有五百家工廠

producing active ingredients in China alone.

生產這些活性成分

In fact, about 80 percent

事實上，

of the active ingredients in medicines now

運用在藥品上的活性成分

come from offshore,

百分之八十都來自海外，

particularly China and India,

特別是來自於中國和印度

and we don't have a governance system.

而我們沒有一個管理系統

We don't have a regulatory system

也沒有一個監督系統

able to ensure

能確保

that that production is safe.

這些生產過程是安全的

We don't have a system to ensure

我們沒有一個能使

that human rights, basic dignity,

人權和基本尊嚴受到保障

are ensured.

的系統

So at a national level --

以國家層面來講

and we work in about 60 different countries --

我們機構

at a national level

在六十個不同國家中工作

we've got a serious breakdown in the ability of governments

在他們的土地上，

to regulate production

我們的政府對於管理生產方面

on their own soil.

有很大的漏洞

And the real problem with the global supply chain

而全球供應鏈真正的問題

is that it's supranational.

是沒有邊界的

So governments who are failing,

所以那些失敗的政府

who are dropping the ball

總是在推卸責任

at a national level,

就國際水平來說

have even less ability to get their arms around the problem

他們根本沒有能力

at an international level.

解決這些問題

And you can just look at the headlines.

再來看看新聞頭版

Take Copenhagen last year --

以去年在哥本哈根的聯合國氣候變遷會議來說

complete failure of governments

在面對國際挑戰下

to do the right thing

政府為了做正確的事情

in the face of an international challenge.

而導致政府失靈

Take the G20 meeting a couple of weeks ago --

退回到幾個禮拜前的

stepped back from its commitments of just a few months ago.

G20高峰會來說

You can take any one

你可以就任何一個我們這星期已討論過的

of the major global challenges we've discussed this week

全球主要的問題

and ask yourself, where is the leadership from governments

並捫心自問，當政府面對這國際問題

to step up and come up with solutions,

需快速做出回應

responses,

及想出辦法時，

to those international problems?

他們的領導能力在哪?

And the simple answer is they can't. They're national.

簡單來說是，他們沒有能力；

Their voters are local.

這是國家性問題，他們的選民是當地的

They have parochial interests.

他們有著地方性利益

They can't subordinate those interests

無法隸屬於更強大的

to the greater global public good.

全球公共利益

So, if we're going to ensure the delivery

如果我們要確保

of the key public goods

國際水平上的

at an international level --

公共利益

in this case, in the global supply chain --

在全球供應鏈下--

we have to come up with a different mechanism.

我們必須想出不同的機制

We need a different machine.

不同的機構

Fortunately, we have some examples.

所幸我們有一些例子

In the 1990s,

在1990年代,

there were a whole series of scandals

有一連串關於

concerning the production of brand name goods in the U.S. --

美國製造名牌產品的負面新聞:

child labor, forced labor,

被迫害的童工及勞工們

serious health and safety abuses.

受到嚴重的健康與安全的侵犯

And eventually President Clinton, in 1996,

在1996年，柯林頓總統

convened a meeting at the White House,

在白宮召開議會

invited industry, human rights NGOs,

邀請有關人權及工業性的非政府組織、

trade unions, the Department of Labor,

勞工工會

got them all in a room

把他們全部召集起來

and said, "Look,

並說道

I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.

「我不想要全球化成為底層下的競爭

I don't know how to prevent that,

也並不知道要如何防止這種狀況，

but I'm at least going to use my good offices

但至少我可以使用我的權力

to get you folks together

讓你們團結，

to come up with a response."

想出一個解決之道。」

So they formed a White House task force,

所以他們成立了白宮專案小組

and they spent about three years arguing

花了三年的時間去爭論:

about who takes how much responsibility

誰需要在這全球供應鏈下

in the global supply chain.

負起責任

Companies didn't feel it was their responsibility.

這些公司並不覺得這是他們的責任，

They don't own those facilities.

他們沒擁有這些工廠、

They don't employ those workers.

沒雇用這些工人、

They're not legally liable.

他們沒有法律責任

Everybody else at the table

在座的各位都說:

said, "Folks, that doesn't cut it.

「流言，它不會自己停止。」

You have a custodial duty, a duty of care,

你有監督與保護的責任

to make sure that that product

來確保這個產品

gets from wherever to the store

從儲存到商品上架

in a way that allows us to consume it,

到我們買賣它們的過程中

without fear of our safety,

不會危及我們的安全

or without having to sacrifice our conscience

或者不必違背自己的道德良知

to consume that product."

來消費產品

So they agreed, "Okay, what we'll do

因此他們同意了,"好吧,我們將做的

is we agree on a common set of standards,

是在商品上運用一套

code of conduct.

標準的管理

We'll apply that throughout

我們將在整個全球供應鏈上

our global supply chain

運用這套管理，

regardless of ownership or control.

無關於擁有權或控制權，

We'll make it part of the contract."

我們都使它成為契約的一部分"

And that was a stroke of absolute genius,

這絕對是致命的一擊

because what they did

因為他們做的

was they harnessed the power of the contract,

是產生合約的力量

private power,

以私人的力量

to deliver public goods.

提供公共利益

And let's face it,

舉它來說

the contract from a major multinational brand

主要跨國品牌的合約

to a supplier in India or China

對中國或印度的供應者來說

has much more persuasive value

比當地的勞工法.

than the local labor law,

當地的環境法規、

the local environmental regulations,

當地的人權標準，

the local human rights standards.

有更多的說服力

Those factories will probably never see an inspector.

那些工廠可能將不會見到調查員

If the inspector did come along,

如果調查員來

it would be amazing if they were able

他們能抵制這個賄賂

to resist the bribe.

是很了不起的

Even if they did their jobs,

即使他們做了，

and they cited those facilities for their violations,

並檢舉違法的設施，

the fine would be derisory.

這罰金也微不足道

But you lose that contract

但是這樣就失去了

for a major brand name,

主要品牌的合約

that's the difference

這會使企業面對兩種選擇:

between staying in business or going bankrupt.

是要繼續經營這企業或是走向破產

That makes a difference.

這就是差異所在

So what we've been able to do

所以我們能做的

is we've been able to harness

是促使

the power and the influence

這些跨國公司

of the only truly transnational institution

使用他們的

in the global supply chain,

權力與影響力

that of the multinational company,

去做對的事情

and get them to do the right thing,

也在全球供應鏈下

get them to use that power for good,

利用這權力

to deliver the key public goods.

去生產主要的公共利益

Now of course, this doesn't come naturally

當然，一般跨國公司

to multinational companies.

不會一開始就抱持這個理念

They weren't set up to do this. They're set up to make money.

他們創辦公司並不是為了這個，而是為了賺錢

But they are extremely efficient organizations.

他們是極高效能的組織

They have resources,

且擁有資源，

and if we can add the will, the commitment,

如果我們的意志和承諾夠強烈

they know how to deliver that product.

將使他們知道如何供給這產品

Now, getting there is not easy.

現在，達到這目標並不簡單