higher education in particular.

特別是高等教育

But I'm actually going to start with demography.

但是實際上，我將從人口統計開始

How many of you here are under 35?

在座有多少人是35歲以下的？

OK, that seems pretty representative of the country;

好的，似乎佔了這個國家很大的比例

65% of India is under 35.

印度有百分之65的人口是35歲以下

How many of you are under 25?

在座有多少人是25歲以下的？

Then you are not representing

那麼你們便不具代表性了

because half of the Indian population is pretty much under 25.

因為，印度人口有半數以上都是在25歲以下

We are an amazingly young country.

我們印度是一個極度年輕的國家

In fact, if you just take the age group from 10 to 19,

事實上，如果你只是選取10至19歲的年齡層

there are 226 million Indians, poised, in other words, to enter

印度人有2億2千6百萬人口隨時準備好要接受高等教育，換句話說，

higher education, going through school and ready for higher education.

也就是進入高等教育

This is amazing

這是很驚人的一件事

because it's happening at the time when the rest of the world is aging.

因為同時期，世界其他地方的人口正在逐漸老化

If you look at the average age in India today, it's 28.

假如你注意到現在印度人口的平均年齡，是28歲

Of course, don't ask about the gap - since we heard about gaps -

當然，不考慮代溝 - 一旦我們聽到存在於印度人平均年齡

between the average age of the Indian person

和印度內閣平均年齡之間

and of the Indian cabinet.

的代溝

I think we hold the world record for that.

我想，我們可以保持平均年齡的世界紀錄

But, that's another TED talk, right?

但是，那將是TED talk的另一個主題了，是吧？

But what you've got with the average ages

但是，隨著世界一直在變化，我們有著這樣的平均年齡，

at a time when the rest of the world is changing,

我們得到了什麼？

is that by 2020, the average age in Japan is going to be 47,

2020年的時候，日本的平均年齡將會是47

in China it's going to be heading well past 40,

而中國的平均年齡將會超過40

Europe, 46, the United States, beautiful US, also 40,

歐洲是45，美國，美麗的美國，也是40

and India's average age is going to be 29.

還有印度，平均年齡將會是29

So we are potentially the people

所以，我們是那些潛在的人口

who are youthful, productive, dynamic, young population,

那些年輕、有生產力、充滿活力的年輕族群

ready to work, and transform the world, the kinds of role that, say,

準備就業，以及改變這個世界的族群，這種角色可以說是

China played in the last generation could be ours in the next.

中國上一代所扮演的角色，可能就是我們下一代的角色

In fact, International Labor Organization has worked out that by 2020,

事實上，國際勞工組織算出2020年的時候

we'll have 160 million people in the age group of starting work,

印度將會有將會有1億6千萬人落在可以工作的年齡

- 20 to 24 is what they calculate -

他們計算出這個人口數的年齡層是20至24歲

and China will only have 94 million, at the same time.

同時間，中國的工作人口只會有9千4百萬

So we really are poised to do that.

所以我們很處之泰然地面對這件事

But, and by the way, other countries will have a serious deficit

但是，順道一提，其他國家將會有嚴重的赤字

that's estimated that the US will have 17 million short

據估計，美國就所需的工作年齡層而言

in terms of how many people they need of working age.

會不足1千7百萬人

We, in India, have the people.

而在印度的我們，則有這些人口

But do we have the ability to equip the people to take advantage of this,

但是，我們是否有能力可以讓這些人具備利用這個優勢

to be the workforce of the work engine for the world?

成為世界上工作引擎的員工的能力嗎？

See, if we get it right, we educate and train them, we really transform

看，假如我們是對的，我們教育且訓練這些員工，我們真的

not just our own economy and our society, but the world.

不只改變我們的經濟和社會，也改變了這個世界

If we get it wrong, the demographic dividend

如我們錯了，人口會瓦解

that I'm talking about becomes a demographic disaster.

那我所說的這一切將成為人口上的災難

Because, we've already seen in 165 of our 625 districts

因為，我們已經看到我們625區當中的165區

what happens when unemployed, frustrated, undereducated young man

當失業、失意、教育程度不足的年輕人

become prey to the blandishments of the Maoists

成為毛派哄騙下的獵物

and prey to the gun and the bullet.

以及槍林彈雨下的獵物時，會發生什麼事

So education in our country is not just a social or economic issue,

所以，我們國家的教育不只是社會或經濟的議題

it's even a national security issue.

而是國家安全的議題

We've got equip our people

我們必須培養我們的人民

to take advantage of what the 21st century offers them.

利用21世紀賦予我們的優勢

This is the story in a nutshell:

這是一個一言以蔽之的故事

for E's, Expansion with our first priority in education.

因為E，即是擴展，隨著教育的首要之務擴展

Why? Because the British

為什麼呢？因為英國人

- and I wouldn't even ask if any of you are here -

還有，我不會問你們當中是不是有英國人

left us in 1947, with a 16% literacy rate.

英國人在1947年離開了我們，當時我們只有百分之16的識字率

there were only 400,000 four-lakh students in the entire country in higher education.

當時整個國家只有40萬名學生在受高等教育

We had 26 universities, fewer than 700 colleges.

我們有26個大學，將近700所院校

So obviously, expansion was essential;

所以很明顯的，擴展是不可或缺的

we've gone right from that 16% to 74% literacy today,

一路走來，這個假設並沒錯，因為我們從百分之16的識字率到今天的百分之74

we've gone from 26 universities to 650 universities,

我們從26所大學擴展到現在的650所大學

we've gone from those 400,000 students, four-lakh students,

我們從40萬名學生

to 20 million students in higher education today,

到現在接受高等教育的2千萬名學生

and we have 35,000 colleges as well, instead of 700 colleges we had then.

而且，我們現在也擴展到3萬5千所院校，而不再是當時的700所

So expansion has taken place.

所以，擴展成功了

We've also had to fight for the second E of Equity.

我們也必須進攻第二個E，平等

That is, including the excluded from the education,

也就是，包含被排除在教育之外的事物

trying to reach out to the unreached,

試著去觸及尚未被注意到的部分

the people who didn't get a fair shake in education

沒有在教育中獲得公平待遇的人

for reasons they couldn't help: gender, an obvious reason.

他們幫不上忙的原因，顯而易見的是性別

When we had had that 16% literacy rate,

當我們有百分之16的識字率

do you know what the female literacy rate was?

你知道女性的識字率是多少嗎？

8.9% at the time of the independence.

在獨立時期是百分之8.9

Just one out of 11 Indian women could read and write.

11個印度女性中只有1個會讀寫

Caste, region, religion, all sorts people got left out of system.

社會等級、區域、宗教，人類被分成好幾類

We had to bring them in.

我們必須將大家融合在一起

And that became a big challenge and a priority for education.

而這便成為教育上的挑戰與當務之急

In getting those two things more or less right,

為了將這兩件事或多或少做對

I don't know how well we did on the third E,

我不知道我們第三個E可以做得多好

which is the E of Excellence.

第三個E是優秀

Obviously, you need quality.

很明顯地，你需要品質

And we set about setting up institutions of great quality in our country.

而且，我們著手於建立國家高品質的機構

The IITs are a good example, in fact, it's part of Jawaharlal Nehru's vision

印度理工學院是很好的例子，事實上，這是賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯願景的一部分

that IIT in Kharagpur was established in 1956, the year I was born,

印度理工學院於西元1956年，也就是我出生那年，創立於印度的克勒格布爾

and it was done on the site of a British detention center,

校區位於之前英國殖民統治的

the Hijili detention center.

Hijili拘留中心

So a symbol of political oppression became instead a symbol of hope,

因此希望的標誌取代了政治壓泊的標誌

of technology, of looking to the future.

為了科技，以及未來的希望

But, for the IITs, the IIMs, a few good institutions,

但是，對於印度理工學院而言，印度管理學院是少許的優良學院之一

I'm sure you could all pick your few around the country,

我相信你們一定可以從你們的國家選出

these have tended to be islands of excellence

平庸之中少許

floating on the sea of mediocrity.

卓越的校院

The average Indian higher education institution is simply not of the quality

印度平均的高等教育校院，並不只是你、我、甚至是所有的聽眾

that you and I, all of us, in this audience would like to see.

想要看見的素質

And that ties into the fourth E I've added to this catechism: Employability.

而是和現在要談的第四個E，就業能力息息相關

Talk to employers, talk to CEOs, what would they tell you?

談到員工、總裁，他們會跟你說什麼？

That they're simply not satisfied

說的不外乎是他們不滿意

with the quality of the graduates they're getting.

他們新進畢業生的素質

Even in the T of TED, the technological area,

甚至TED當中的T，技術範圍

engineering graduates, half a million engineering graduates a year,

工程職類的畢業生，每年有50萬的工程職類畢業生

but if you talk to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry,

但是如果談到印度工商聯合會

they did a survey and 64% of employers are not satisfied

他們做過的調查顯示，百分之64的員工不滿意

with the quality of graduates they're getting.

新進畢業生的素質

Some companies are running, essentially, re-education places,

本質上而言，有些公司正著手進行再教育，

like the gigantic campus in Mysore.

有如邁索爾的廣大校園一般

And it's not on the job training which big companies tend to do,

而且，並非大公司在做的那種在職訓練

it is, in fact, a full-year's education for the people they've already hired,

事實上，這是員工的全年教育

to make up for the deficiencies

以彌補他們學習

of what they've learned or not properly learned in the college.

或學校所學的不足

Now, that's the scale of the challenge that we face.

而現在，這便是我們所面臨的挑戰

What are we doing about it? A great deal needs to be done.

我們怎麼處理這種狀況呢？我們需要做很多事

Of course, we are trying to put in kids into the system at an early age,

當然，我們試著讓孩子提早學習

the RTE, the Right to Education Act,

RTE就是受教育權法

if kids were out of school in the old days,

以前小孩如果沒上學

it was their parents' fault;

那是父母的錯

today, if there are out of school it's a state's fault.

現在，如果小孩沒上學，那是州政府的錯

The government is committed to actually getting them an education.

政府承諾要讓他們受教育

We've got more and more money

我們透過各個層級的系統

being pumped in by the system at all levels.

得到越來越多的錢

For example, many of you may have gone to prestigious universities;

舉例來說，很多人也許讀過明星大學

lots of people in India don't.

而另一些人沒有

They go to state universities which are grossly under-financed.

他們讀的是資金嚴重不足的州立大學

We've come up with a scheme to pump central money into the state universities,

我們想到了一個計畫，將中央的資金投入州立大學

so they actually have the resources to do something

所以他們擁有他們的學生

with the students they have there.

實際上是有研究資源的

Money isn't the whole answer.

資金不是所有的答案

There is an entire challenge, in terms of addressing things

這是一個全然的挑戰，提到像性別差異這種事

like the gender gap - that's a gap, but despite what mister...

這確實是種差異，但是不論是先生說的

or what an earlier speaker said, we don't want to embrace, right? -

還是更早的演講者所說的，我們都不想接受，不是嗎？

that we must, must overcome.

而這種差異，是我們必須克服的

Right now, women's literacy is 66%, better than the 8.9, but it still means

現在，女性的識字率是百分之66，比8.9好很多，但是這仍然是

that, you know, one out of every 3 Indian women still can't read and write.

你知道，每3個印度女人中，還是有1個無法讀寫

We have to overcome that.

我們必須克服這個問題

And we need to catch the ones who've been left out of the net:

而且我們必須找回一直流失的那些：

adult literacy; huge challenge.

成人識字率、巨大挑戰

I went off to a village in Tamil Nadu, not far from Khan Jibran,

我去了泰米爾納邦裡的一個村落，距離Khan Jibran不遠

but I've met women, who in their 50s and 60s,

但是我遇到50歲至60歲間的女人

were learning to read and write.

在學習讀寫

And people think sometimes what's the point,

而人們有時候認為這是重點

some of their own family members, their husbands, think what's the point.

一些他們的家庭成員、他們的丈夫認為這是重點

The answer is it changes their lives, it empowers them in real ways.

答案是，這將改變她們的生活，這將在實際面強化她們

I spoke to a woman called Chitra Mani,

我和一位名為Chitra Mani的女士聊天

who proudly wrote her name in Tamil on a piece of paper.

這位女士為能用泰米爾文把自己的名字寫在紙上感到驕傲

I said: "So, what does being able to read and write mean to you?"

我問說：所以，讀寫對妳而言的意義是什麼？

And she said: "Now I can see the destination of a bus,

她回答說：現在我看得懂巴士要去

where it's going;

的目的地了

I don't need to ask somebody where that bus is going.

我不需要問別人巴士去哪裡

I know where I can go.

我知道我可以去哪裡

When I get to the big city of Gandhi Puram,

我什麼時候會到Gandhi Puram這個大城市

I can read the street signs, I can find where I need to go,

我看得懂街道標誌，我知道我需要去哪裡

I don't feel helpless anymore."

我不再感覺無助了

That kind of empowerment is what literacy gives people

識字，用一種非常基本和真實的方式

in a very fundamental and real way.

賦予人類這種能力

And we're trying to do that of course, for those who've dropped out early on,

然後，我們當然會在識字率達到百分之74之前

in the days before we got to that 74%.

試著為那些之前輟學的人盡些力量

Younger kids, we've got them into school now.

我們將年輕的孩子們重新拉回校園

We've something called a gross enrollment ratio,

有個叫做總入學率的名詞

the percentage of children of a certain age,

就是特定年齡適合其教育等級

of the appropriate one for a particular level of education.

孩童的百分比

But at our primary school now, our gross enrollment ratio is 116%.

但是現在我們主要的學校，我們的總入學率是百分之116

We've actually enrolled more kids than we thought existed at that age group,

我們實際召收了超過我們認為該年齡族群應有的孩童數

because some of the older ones are coming in too.

因為有些比較年長的孩童也加入了

Bad news is, as you go up the level, it starts dropping,

壞消息是，當你提高等級，總入學率開始下降

So by the 8th grade, I'm afraid it's down to 69%,

以致於在8年級，恐怕會降到百分之69

by the 10th grade, 39%,

10年級則是百分之39

and by college, our gross enrollment ratio is about 18%,

p而了大學，我們的總入學率大約只有百分之18

against the global average of 29%.

而全球平均為百分之29

So, clearly, we still need to do more. Our expansion hasn't gone enough.

所以，很清楚地，我們還是需要再努力。我們的擴張還不夠

We haven't managed to get everyone to stay in the system.

我們還無法做到管制每個人在這個系統裡

Some of them actually need vocational training.

有些人的確需要職訓

They're not all going to become white collar clerks,

他們不會全部成為白領階級

or officials, or IAS officers, right?

或政府官員，或印度行政服務官員，是吧？

We need to try and catch them, and get them into vocational training.

我們需要嘗試、掌握，並將他們納入職訓

But how do you do that in the culture where, for 3,000 years,

但是，你在一個3000年文化的地方該如何施行這個政策

if you wanted to become a cobbler or a carpenter,

如果你想成為皮匠或木匠

you'd better have an uncle or father who's a cobbler or a carpenter,

你最好有一個父執輩的人是皮匠或木匠

because nobody else is going to teach you.

因為不會有其他人教你

The transmission of knowledge, of trade craft in our country,

我們國家知識及貿易工藝的傳遞

has always been through the gene pool,

一直都是透過基因庫

the reason why the sons of politicians tend to be politicians also, you know.

這也就是為什麼政治家的兒子會成為政客的原因，你知道的

And with the Bollywood movies stars, same story. (Laughter)

而且和寶萊塢電影明星一樣，有著相同的故事(笑聲)

So we need to get master craftsmen.

所以，我們需要有工匠

Why is it with a country of 1.2 billion that we should have a nationwide shortage

為什麼一個有120億人口的國家，會有著全國性

of masons, of plumbers, of certified electricians?

泥瓦匠、水電工、或合格電子人員的短缺？

We need to get more vocational training into the system,

我們需要在系統中加入更多的職訓

we're doing that, we're now rolling out the whole concept of community colleges

我們正著手進行，我們現在推出社區大學的整體概念

so that kids can go in, have some academic learning,

所以孩子們可以在那裡學區理論

lots of vocational training,

很多種職訓課程

and at the end of 2 years, if they show tremendous academic promise

而且，最後兩年，如果他們對於學術非常有興趣

they can go back to a university, if not,

他們可以重回大學，如果沒有

they leave with a 2-year certificate, and they go off and do a useful trade

他們可以帶著2年的證書離開，在社會上做一些有用的留易

in a society that is clamoring for these skills.

至少有著一技之長

So these are the kinds of changes

所以，這些就是我們試著

that we're trying to bring about, and move along.

要做的改變，而且要持續下去

But there's a change that the government alone can't do.

但是，有一個改變是政府本身做不到的

You know, if you look at the need for research and innovation,

你知道，如果你看到研究與創新的需求

- you've heard a lot of that, I'm sure in the course of the TED talks -

你一定聽說很多，我確定在TED演說的課程中

research is something which...

研究是一種…

The government wants to double the amount of money

政府想要將他們在研究上，花費國內生產總值百分之2

they are spending on research for 1% of GDP to 2%;

裡的百分之1加倍

we haven't had the money to pump into it yet,

我們還沒有足夠的資金來做這件事

but, innovation requires new ways of thinking.

但是，創新需要新的思考模式

I heard you had a talk about hyper-thinking; I've missed it.

我聽說你有一個跟超思維有關的演講，可惜我錯過了

But new ways of thinking means learning to think out of the box,

但是新的思考模式指的是學習跳出框架思考

learning to create, I know we're famous for ”jugaad”, right?

學習創造，我知道我們一jugaad一享負盛名，對吧？

If you Google the word 'frugal innovation, '

如果你在GOOGLE上搜尋frugal innovation

and top 20 hits will all relate to Indian inventions.

前20個結果都會和印度創新有關

We invented the world's cheapest electrocardiogram,

我們發明了世界上最便宜的心電圖

the simplest and cheapest EKG, the cheapest insulin injection,

最簡單且最便宜的心電圖，最便宜的胰島素注射液

the world's cheapest small car, the TATA Nano,

世界上最便宜的小車，TATA Nano

but all these've been things invented elsewhere

但是這所有的東西在別的地方都已經發明過了

that we have stripped down, made more affordable, more replicable,

我們只是使這些發明更加實惠、得以複製

more relevant to our conditions.